1、改错笔记2012-04-05 17:35:56语法之改错笔记 2006-2-3 名词 (一)名词做定语的单复数问题 (名词做定语，即名词修饰名词) 1.名词 1 修饰名词 2 时，要求名词 1 必须是单数，名词 2 没有要求 如：employment agencies，trees trunks，sentence form，tomato crop 例外：a greetings card a savings banks a communications satellite 通讯卫星， bank of communications 交通银行 a sports car，sports meeting 运
2、动会 a sales girl，sales tax 销售税 a systems engineering 系统工程 2.man 或 woman 作定语时，其单复数应随所修饰的名词变 如：women boxers，women nurses 3.表示某一学科的教授、学生或教科书等与教学相关的名词时，应用学科名本身去修饰名词。 如：the highest scientific award = the highest science award A biological book = a biology textbook a mathematics professor a physics student
3、 (二)名词的单复数与限定词的关系 1.many+复数可数 n.，much+不可数 n. eg：(1)The general sales tax (has been) a major source of income for state governments, (much) of which derive more than (half) of their budgets (from) it. (muchmany)(2)as many as 50 percent of the income (manymuch) as much as 2,000 kilometers (muchmany) 2
4、,000 kilometers (is) a long distance (3)many 可为代词 by many =by many people/something many are 其中的 many 代替前文中提到的某个复数名词 2.some 和 any 均可加单/复数 some kind 某一种 均可加可数和不可数 some money / time 均可为代词 some /any of the books eg：For thousands of years, people (have used) (some kind) of refrigeration (cooling) bevera
5、ges and preserve (edibles). (coolingto cool)3. few 否定 little a few 肯定 a little 可数 不可数 eg：Because they are (generally) taken simply to obtain (a recognizable) and relatively (clear) image , most non-professional photographs demand (few) equipment. (fewlittle)解题技巧： a few/few+复数名词(复数 n.一定有 s) 如：few equ
6、ipment 中 equipment 没有 s，故错。 too few extent 中 extent 没有 s，故错。(extent 程度) a few/few 也可做代词，如：a few of the boys 4.every 和 each 后跟单数可数名词 如：each main styles (stylesstyle) 例外：each ten boys 每 10 个男孩， every four years 每 4 年 5.数词 twelve years，five aircraft(单复数同形)，several settings(several 后一定加 s，settings 环境) 6
7、.one of +复数可数，如：one of the philosophers among +复数可数，如：among the schools 看到 one of，就往后找复数 n.。有时候会在离 one of 很远的地方出现单数 n.，错！ eg：John Dewey is generally (considered) one of the (greatest) modern (educational) (philosopher). (D)7.first， only， single 三者既可加单数又可加复数。 如：the first school 第一所学校 (北大)，the first s
8、chools 第一批学校 a single +单数名词，no single +单数名词，two single rooms 两个单人间 the only friend 唯一的朋友，the only friends 唯一的一些朋友 8.数量词(hundred，thousand，million) 有数词时，量词一定是单数。如：five thousand，如没有数词则为 thousands of。 表达“一亿本书”： hundred millions books hundreds million books hundreds millions books (这 3 种均错) 应为：hundred mi
9、llion books (hundred 数词，million 量词) 9.another+单数可数名词，例外：another two boys other+复数 (the other+单/复数)，例外：other part 除外(s 可省略) any other+单数(非 TOEFL 中，非正式书面语中，少数情况下也可加复数) 10.a number of +复数名词+复数谓语 the number of +复数名词+ 单数谓语 （表什么什么的数量，人数之类的） (三)重要的名词 eg：Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an adverti
10、sing) must be as old (as barter) and trade. (C)分析：advertising 广告业( 不可数) 1.常考的不可数名词 equipment 装备 information 信息 wealth 财富 evidence 证据 news 消息 poetry 诗歌的总称 machinery 机械的总称 research 研究 advice 建议 weather 天气 pressure 压力 extent 程度 foliage 树叶的总称 furniture 家具(a piece of ) merchandise 商品 photography 摄象术 adve
11、rtising 广告业，advertisement 广告 (可数) 规律： 流体：air，smoke，coffee，oil 自然现象：weather，light，darkness，thunder，sunlight (例外：a heavy rain，rain drops) 微粒：salt，rice，powder ，sugar 抽象：intelligence 情报，evidence，wisdom ，advice 学科：economics，politics，mathematics ，statistics (若指“统计学学科”则是不可数 n.，若指“统计数据”则为复数 n.) 医学疾病：measles
12、 麻疹，mumps 腮腺炎，diabetes 糖尿病 总称名词：poetry，machinery，weaponry ，scenery 2.常考的可数名词 discovery 发现 cloud 云 mineral 矿物质 metal 金属 material 材料 substance 物质 population (“人数”不可数， “人群”可数) effort (make great efforts to do) effect 影响 animal 动物 plant 植物 mammal 哺乳动物 insect 昆虫 tree 树 herb 草本植物 shrub 灌木 element 元素 funct
13、ion 功能 feature 特征 picture 图象 result 结果 clue 线索 star 星星 reason 原因 audience 观众 device 设备 structure 结构 human，human being (不加 s 泛指“人类” ，加 s指“许多人”) system 系统 fashion 时装/时尚 resource 资源 source 源泉 origin 起源 pioneer 先驱 automobile 汽车(the manufacture of automobile 错，加 s) purpose 目的 style 风格 response反应/响应 numbe
14、r 数量 amount (an amount of +不可数) variety (a variety of +可数/ 不可数) quantity 数量 type 种类 emotion 感情(指一类感情，两类感情 ) influence (have an influence on sth.) 3.常见的不规则单复数 tooth/teeth(tooth 在 TOEFL 一定错 ) foot/feet(当指 “步兵”时，复数依然为 foot) goose/geese 鹅 analysis/analyses crisis/crises hypothesis/hypotheses 假设 axis/axe
15、s 轴 alga/algae 水藻 larva/larvae 昆虫幼体 fungus/fungi 真菌 stimulus/stimuli 刺激 radius/radii 半径 datum/data 数据 bacterium/bacteria 细菌 medium/media 多媒体 spectrum/spectra 光 mouse/mice phenomenon/phenomena basis/bases 4.常见的单复数同形的名词 sheep aircraft，spacecraft(-craft 后缀的词，单复数同形) series(a series of) species means(a m
16、eans)deer salmon(鲑鱼) ，trout(鲑鱼 )，carp(鲤鱼)( 鱼类在考试中通常是复数 starfish are fish 的复数为 fish/fishes)5.单数形式与复数形式意义有差异的词 air-airs(气派) sky-skies(气候) water-waters(水域) good(n.好处，利益 )-goods(货物) part-parts(部分；才能) mean(n.中庸U)-means(方式，方法；财富；手段) arm-arms(武器) custom-customs(习俗；海关) letter-letters(文学) spectacle(光景)-spect
17、acles(眼镜) force(力量)-forces( 武装部队) 6.即可数又不可数的名词 room(空间)-rooms(房间) work(工作；作品 )-works(工厂；工程；工事；著作) military works 军事工程 time(时间)-times( 倍数；次数 ) area(面积)-areas(区域，地区) paper(纸)-papers(论文；报告；文件) collection 由不同种类收藏品组成 -collections 同一类收藏品(three collections of stamps) art 艺术：in art be described as an art 被描
18、述成一种艺术 all arts life 生命：their lives(具体名词 C) the meaning of life(抽象名词U)生命的意义 rock 岩石：指小块的碎岩则是U 指大块的岩石则是C 规律： 当不可数名词与“种类”相关时可转化为可数名词 newspaper：18 张报纸 eighteen pieces of newspaper 18 种报纸 eighteen newspapers (不说 eighteen kinds of newspaper) food 一般情况下是不可数，但指各种各样的食物时是可数 art 泛指艺术不可数，表示一种或各种艺术时可数 如何把握一个词是可
19、数还是不可数？ 有没有数的概念 the meaning of life in art 是抽象还是具体 life 具体指生命是可数，抽象就是不可数 study 泛指研究是不可数，具体就是可数 冠词 the oxygen/nitrogen (气体前不加 the) 在自然界 in the nature (不加 the) the economics (economics 经济学 学科 n.前不加 the 国家的宏观经济状况，也不加the) (一)不定冠词 (a, an 划线 80%错) 1.a/an 的混用 加 an： undergraduate(本科生) understanding herb hon
20、est hour oyster(牡蛎) 加 a：unique unit yawn university 2.a 与复数名词混用 3.不定冠词的遗漏 固定短语中 a 的遗漏： highly rhythmic piece of 加 a (出题者把定语加长，容易忽视 a) a series of 一系列 a set of 一系列 a wide range of 大量的 a variety of 各种各样的，大量的 a collection of 许多的 a wealth of 许多的 a piece of a group of something consists of core group of
21、boys 加 a 注意：a piece/group/wealth of 后不能加 a/an + n. 单数可数名词一定有限定词，复数名词前的限定词可有可无 限定词：指示代词(this, those) 人称代词(his, her) 不定代词(some, each) 冠词(an, the) 所有格(Toms) 规律：(这 2 个规律每次考试必考难题) 1.prep. +单数可数名词 the hardness of mineral = the hardness of a mineral the manufacture of automobile = the manufacture of automo
22、biles 2.v. +单数可数名词 operated sewing machine(操作缝纫机) = operated sewing machines form grid(形成格子) = form a grid 或 form grids cover area of 120 square meters = cover an area of 120 square meters 例外： 1.part of = a part of eg：(1)Canadian scarlet-clad (guards) and Mounties (with) horseback are (part) of the
23、(summer scene) in Ottawa.分析：with on (part 在 TOEFL 中永远对) (B) (2)each category of shoe = each category of shoes 2.表“种类”的名词后所接名词可单独使用 a kind of，a sort of，a type of 之后的名词可加 s，也可不加 s，也可不加 the 或 a 如：a kind of car 3.固定词组中的单数可数名词例外 in response to in honor of in danger of 4.in + 单数名词，可以表示在某一方面，某一行业，某一领域 如：in
24、 color，in shape，in size，in stage(在舞台领域) ，in medical science(在医学领域) eg：All cells differ widely in function. 分析：function 可数名词，但在此是不可数， “功能方面” 5.表身份、职务、亲属关系的名词可单独使用 身份职务：chief 首领 president 总统 前面均可不加 the 亲属关系：Little bush, son of George Bush, is running for the office of president. (son 之前的 a可加可不加)eg：All
25、an Pinkerton, (founder) of (the famous) detective agency that bears (him) name, directed a Civil War espionage system (behind) Confederate lines. (B)分析：founder 是表示身份的名词，前面的 a 可加可不加，应 himhis (二)定冠词 1.表示“独一无二”要加 the Great lakes are = The great lakes are(五大湖) the sun，the moon，our earth 其他星球都不加 the (如：金
26、星 Venus) the Great Wall (不加 the 则是“大墙”) 2.序数词做前置定语修饰名词时，前面必须加 the。不作定语不一定加 the。 如：Utah ranks first among ranks first among 是固定词组 A is second only to B 固定用法， “A 仅次于 B” 出题方式： 年代：in nineteenth century = in the nineteenth century 排序：the four constitution = the fourth constitution 3.形容词最高级只有做前置定语才加 the e
27、g：(1)Proteins form (the most) of the (structure of) the (body) and also (act as) enzymes. (A)(2)the most desolate region 陷阱：most 的非最高级用法一定不加 the 别的成分做前置定语修饰名词，前面不加 the eg：Pandas are most plentiful in China. (most plentiful 是表语) 4.表示“开始”与“结束”时，必须加 the the beginning(s) the end 5.河流、海洋、湖泊前必须加 the winds
28、 from Atlantic Ocean = winds from the Atlantic Ocean the Pacific Ocean 太平洋 6.城市名、州名、国家名前不加 the in Beijing = in the city of Beijing 例外：the United States (联合名词例外 ) a United States delegate (United States 相当于 adj.) 7.nature (1)在自然界，in nature 不加 the (2)of nature (不加 the) 发自内心的；本质上 faith of nature 发自内心的信
29、仰 8.history histri (1)泛指“历史上 ” in history (绝不能加 the) (2)特指某种历史 in the history of New Oriental school 9.气体、学科、元素前不加 the eg：(1)(The nitrogen) makes up (over) 78 (percent of) the Earth atmosphere, the gaseous mass (surrounding)the planet. (A) (2)the economics (3)铁元素 the iron the metal iron 铁金属 10.常用的 2
30、 个习惯表达： 人体 the human body human body human bodies 普通人the average/common person (不能少 the，不能加 s) 11.most 的用法 (1)adj. 大多数的 most + n.(泛指) most mammals (不加 the) (2)pron. 大多数 most of + n.(n.可数/不可数都可，但其前必须有限定词) most of the mammals (特指) (3)adv. 修饰 adv.或 adj.，表最高级 (4)adv.极其，非常(=very) a most beautiful girl 不加
31、 the (5)most 与 mostly 的区别： most 作为 adj.修饰 n.，作为 adv.修饰 adj.或 adv. mostly 只修饰动词和介词 如：the mostly intense of sth. be composed most of water be composed mostly of water 12.乐器( 外国人的乐器加 the，我国的乐器不加 the) play the piano 例外：play erhu (二胡) 代词 (90%错) 1.代词的五种形式间的混用： 主格(he) 宾格(him) 所有格(his) 反身代词(himself) 名词(self
32、)不是反身代词 (1)主格与宾格之间的混用 (2)宾格与所有格之间的混用 (3)主格、宾格、所有格三者之间的混用 考点： (1)名词前应使用所有格 bears him name (himhis) 以他的名字命名 make she debut (sheher，debutn.) 初次登台演出 His studies in genetics won him the Nobel Prize. (双宾语结构： sth. win sb. sth.) (2)反身代词：必须与所在句子的主语一致 (反身代词无一例外改宾格) 比较：He killed him. 他杀另一个 He killed himself. 自
33、杀 (3)self 在改错中永远错 (通常用于哲学里指抽象的自我) 2.代词的单复数混用 eg：(1)The continental divide refers to an imaginary line in the North American Rockies that (divides) (the waters) flowing (into) the Atlantic Ocean from (it) flowing into the Pacific. (A)分析：divide sth. from sth. 分开 itthose (2)In 1920 the presidential can
34、didate Warren Harding (coined) the word normalcy to (express) social and (economic)conditions (they) promised the nation. (D) 分析：coin vt.杜撰 theyhe 归纳 经常混用的单复数： its/their it/they he/they it/those that/those one/those himself/themselves 3.代词的性别混用 eg：(1)Many critics (believe) that Amy Lwells most impor
35、tant (work) is not poetry, but (his) biography, John Keats,(published) the year of her death. (B) 分析：注意人名和表示性别的词！Amy 为女，后面有 the year of her death。 (2)By distinguishing (himself) as a (judge) in Arizona, Sandra Day OConnor (caught) President Reagans attention and (was appointed) the first woman justi
36、ce on the Supreme Court. (A) 代词的性别混用只有 2 个考点：his/her，himself/herself 划线 除了这 4 个词划线才可能跟性别有关，其他的就不要考虑性别问题。 4.them 与 those 的区别：them 特指 those 泛指 eg：The (sounds) of jazz are not (similar to) (them) of (traditional orchestra). (C)分析：them=sounds of jazz those=sounds 5.代词人与物的混用 (it/he) eg：Although (he is) e
37、mployed in the scientific and (technical) fields, the metric (system) is not generally (utilized) in the United states. (A)6.关系代词间的混用 who 指代人 which 指动物，事物均可 that 指人，动物，事物均可 主要考 who 和 which 的混用 who 主格 指代人 whom 宾格 指代人 whose 所有格 指代人或物均可 主要考 who 和 whose 的混用 eg：Charleston, West Virginia, was named for Ch
38、arles Clendenin, who son George acquired land at the junction of the Elk and Kanawha rivers in 1787. (be named for 以命名) (B)that 与 which： that： (1)关系代词，用于引导定语从句，在从句中做主语或宾语，后接不完整句 (2)连接副词，用于引导主语、宾语、表语和同位语从句，在从句中不做任何成分，其后接完整句 which： which 只可以用于定语从句，是关系代词，在从句中一定做成分，其后接不完整句 在定语从句中 which 与 that 的用法区别： (1)
39、that 不可引导非限制性定语从句，which 则可。(非限制性定语从句：句子， which) eg：The term “dinosaur” refers to those animals, real or imagine, that existed millions of years ago.分析：imagineimaginary，real or imaginary 做插入语。that 前面如果有插入语，可以允许逗号存在。 (2)定语从句中，that 前不可有 prep.，which 则可。 (3)先行词中有 only、序数词、最高级、或不定代词时只可用 that，不可用 which 引导。
40、 如：anything that the only students that 7.从句引导词 从句引导词，最根本的作用是标明从句的位置。 从句=从句引导词 +句子 从句是主句的一个句子成分 (1)一般意义区别： 看到以下结构一定错： who+n. which+完整句 prep.+which+完整句 n.+what prep.+what+完整句 whose+谓语动词 when+孤立名词 where+谓语动词 (2)what/which/who/whom/that(+定从) 等关系代词在从句中必须做成分 (主语或宾语) (3)although / if / until / why / as /
41、since / even though / how / when / where / while / after / because / as soon as 等状语从句引导词后必接完整句。prep.+which / that(+同位语从句) 后接完整句。 但别忘记 although / if / even though / when / while 可以发生省略。 (4)从句内不可有与引导词重复者 (5)在定语从句中，that / who /whom /which 前必有名词做先行词，若没有则错 (6)任何从句都是正常语序 介词 be credited about doing = be cr
42、edited with/for/to doing 常考词对：the distance between the stars (只有两者之间才有 distance) among the two separate realms (among 后面一定是三者以上) rank first among 在排名第一 1.in / for / since (一般不单独考，与时态有关) in： in +时刻点 in 1979 用一般过去时 in +一段时间 in recent years/in the past few years 用于完成时态 in two days 用于将来时态 for： 介词：for +一
43、段时间 for three years 用于过去时态和完成时态 并列连词：只可位于句中 句子，for+句子. (for=because) since： 介词：“自从” +时刻点，用于完成时态 连词：“因为” ，引导原因状语从句 eg：Tom was elected president last semester, but he has since devoted few of his spare time to his job. (D)分析：few little 此处 since 是 adv. since 作为副词： 与完成时连用：“自从” ，表示从过去的某个时间、某个事件至今（9710 第
44、16 题） eg：Eleanor Roosevelt (set) the standard against which the (wives) of (all) United States Presidents since (have evaluated). (have evaluatedhave been evaluated) (D) 与过去时连用时 since =ago Tom died many years since. 2.through 和 throughout eg：Serving as chief of the United States Childrens Bureau fro
45、m 1921 to 1934, Grace AbBott fought for the rights ofwomen and children through the world. (D) 分析：sever as 担任某职务(用主动时态 ) throughthroughout through 和 throughout 的区别： through：穿过(某一具体物体 ) through the earth through the world 通过(某一具体方式) through X-ray analysis throughout：throughout +时间， “贯穿” throughout hi
46、s lifetime throughout their existence throughout +地点， “遍布” throughout the world =all over the world= all across the world3.in / inside / into in 和 inside 表示静态(强调状态) air into a house air inside a house into 表示动态 (强调动作过程) shot the arrows in the sky shot the arrows into the sky into commerce in commerc
47、e(在某个行业、领域应该用 in) 4.of of 的遗漏 eg：Christopher Plummer is a Canadian actor who has starred in stage, television, and film productions on both sidesthe Atlantic Ocean. (D) 分析：in+单数 n.，表示在某一行业/ 方面/领域，故 in stage 不能改成 on stage。 of 的多余 eg：When she was forty years of old, Mary Morris Vaux became the first w
48、oman to climb Mount Stephen in BritishColumbia. (A) of 的误用 eg：(1)a common use of gold a common use of gold (with 强调工具的使用，of 强调所有关系) (2)The Allegheny Mountain range is rich of coal. (D) 分析：be rich in = be abundant in 5.by be done by：除了固定搭配 /词组以外，只要是 be done，后面一定是 by eg：(1)(The ceremony) of marriage (
49、in the) United States (can be) (performed from) a justice of the peace. (D)(2) Algebra is the (branch) of mathematics concerned with operations on (sets) of numbers or other (elements) that are often represented (at symbols). (D)by doing：通过某种方式 (只要不是固定词组，一般都是 by+doing) eg：(Along the) east coast, American Indian womens councils (could veto) (a declaration) of war at refusing to supplymoccasins (at refusing) to supply moccasins and field rations.
