1、主从复合句(状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句)【考点分析】状语从句1.when, while, as 引导时间状语从句的区别;2.名词词组 the minute, the moment, the first time, each time, any time等用作连词，引导的时间状语从句;3.before,和 since引导时间状语从句的用法以及常见的几个句型;4.till 和 until的用法;5.although, though, as 以及 even if, even though引导让步状语从句的用法;6.结果状语从句中“sothat”与“suchthat”的区别;7.条件状语从句 un
2、less, providing/provided, suppose/supposing等引导词的用法;8.“疑问词+ever”和“no matter+疑问词”引导从句的用法;9. in case 引导的状语从句;10.where 引导的状语从句;11.once 引导的状语从句。12.与祈使句、定语从句、名词从句、倒装句以及与强调句型的混合考查。名词从句1. that 和 what引导名词性从句的区别;2.名词从句的语序和时态;3. it 作形式主语、形式宾语的几种情况;4.宾语从句的否定转移;5.whether 和 if的用法区别;6.what 在名词性从句中的使用;7.doubt 后的名词性
3、从句的使用;8.Who / whoever, what / whatever 等的用法区别;9.连接词 that的省略;定语从句1.that 与 which引导的定语从句的区别;2.who、whom 与 whose引导的定语从句的区别;3.关系副词 where、when 与 why引导的定语从句的区别;4.对“as”引导定语从句的考查;5. suchas 与 suchthat的区别;the sameas 与 the samethat的区别;6.对“介词+关系代词”的考查;7.the way 作先行词时,定语从句的引导词作状语用 in which ,that 或者省略;8.含有插入语的定语从句;
4、9.与并列句、状语从句、同位语从句以及与强调句型的混合考查。1 限定性定语从句与非限定性定语从句的区别1.限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用，而非限定性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。非限制性定语从句中，先行词与定语从句往往有逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列从句、状语从句等。He gave up the plan, which (=though it) was a very good one.I met john, who (=and he) told me the news.I will take this one, which (=for it) seems to be the be
5、st.He has two sons, who work in the same company. (He has only two sons.)He has two sons who work it the same company. (Perhaps he has more than two sons.)2.非限制性定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的用法关系代词和关系副词在任何情况下都不能省略。Who(主语) whom(宾语) which(主语，宾语)不能用 that代替，也不能互相替换。在“介词+which/whom 从句”结构中，介词不能移到后面。When where可以用于非限制性定语从
6、句中。2 关系代词的用法 1.关系代词的作用和分类关系代词的作用有三个：连接作用 关系代词引导从句吗，把它和主句连接起来。替代作用 关系代词在从句中替代它前面的先行词。成分作用 关系代词在从句中总是充当句子成分。2.关系代词的分类用于限制性和非限制性定语从句 用于限制性定语从句从句关系代词格 指人 指物 即指人又指物主格词 who宾格词 Who(m) which that属格词 WhoseOf whomWhoseOf whichwhose关系代词的用法与分类有三点依据：根据所引导的从句的限制性和非限制性。根据所替代的先行词是指人还是指物。根据它在句子所充当的成分主语、宾语、表语或定语。关系代词
7、 that和 which的用法3.限制性定语从句中，必须用关系代词 that 的情况：当先行词是不定代词 all, much, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none, the one时。如：Do you have anything that you want to say for youself?You should hand in all that you have.当先行词被 the only, the very(恰恰，正好)，any, few, little, no, all 等词修饰时。This is the ve
8、ry person that Im waiting for.The only thing that we can do is to give you some money.当先行词是形容词最高级或者先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时：This is the best that has been used against pollution.This is the most interesting film that Ive ever seen.当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时：This train is the last that will go to Suzhou.What is the
9、 first American film that you have seen?当先行词既有人又有物时：Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about?当主句的主语是疑问词 who 或 which时：Which is the bike that you lost?Who is the boy that won the gold medal?有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词用了 which,另外一个宜用 that:They secretly built up a small factory, which produc
10、ed things that could cause pollution.当先行词在在主句中作表语，而关系代词在从句中作表语时：Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.4.定语从句中，必须用 which的情况：在非限制性定语从句中，只用 which,不用 that:Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.当动词短语中的介词提前时，只用 which,不用 that:Th
11、is is the house in which Luxun once lived.Tips:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中，又有动词和介词不可分割，因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前：This is the pen (which/that) Im looking for.关系代词 who, whom , whose 的用法当先行词指人：1 在定语从句中作主语时，用 who/that,不可省略；2 在定语从句中作宾语时，用 whom/that/who，可以省略；3 在定语从句中作定语时，用 whose,不可省略：She is the girl who/that lives next door.先行词在
12、定语从句中作主语Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.先行词在定语从句中作宾语This is the scientist whose achievements are well-know. 先行词在定语从句中作定语。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house, the window of which broke last night.This is the house, of whicg the window broke last night.介词+关系代词引导的定语从
13、句“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词只能用 which(指物)或 whom(指人)，即：介词+which/whom1. 当介词放在关系代词的前面时，关系代词只能用 which或 whom,且关系代词不能省略：Is this the house in which she was born?In the dark street, there wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.Recently I bought an ancient vase, the price of which was very reasonabl
14、e.The gentleman about whom you told me yesterday proved to be a thief.2. 在限定性定语从句中，当介词位于定语从句的末尾时，可用 that/which, that/whom/who作介词的宾语，而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略：This is the hero that/who /whom we are proud of. 可省略This is the pen that /which I wrote the letter with.3.”复合介词短语+关系代词 which”引导的定语从句，这种结构引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗
15、号分开，定语从句常用倒装结构：He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tall tree.3. “介词+ which/whom +不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house to live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.The beggar has no money with which to buy food.=The beggar has no
16、 money to buy food with.=The beggar has no money that/which he can buy food.关系代词 as引导的定语从句关系代词 as即可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as 在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：1.Such + 名词 + as 像一样的，像之类的The same + 名词 + as 和一样的其中关系代词 as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语：We have found such materials as are used in their factory.These houses
17、 were sold at such a low price as people expected.He is not the same man as he was2.such asSuch为代词，意为“这样的人或物”,as 在从句中担当成分，修饰先行词 such:This book is not such as I expect.关系代词 as和 which的区别1. as 引导的非限制性定语从句，既可以放在主句前，又可以放在主句后，有时可插入主句中，而 which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。相同的是两者都可以替代主句的整个内容，而不是主句中的某一个词：the weather t
18、urned out to be very good, which was more than we could expected.2.当非限定性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用 as:As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month.=The moon travels round the earth once every month, as/ which is known to everybody.=It is known to everybody that the moon travels r
19、ound the earth once every month.=What is know to everybody is that the moon travels round the earth once every month.(后两句属于名词性从句范畴)Tips: as的习惯性用语As anybody can see, as is well-known= as is known to all, as we have expected, as often happens, as has been said before, as is mentioned above2. 当定语从句放在主句
20、后面时，也并不是 as就永远等于 which:当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时只能用 which:He came here very late, which was unexpected.当 as在从句中作主语时，后面常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported, be announced等。如果从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般用 which作主语：She has been absent again, as is expected.Tom has made rapid progress, which makes me very happy.3.
21、as常用在 as(it)seems likely, as (it)often happens, as(it)was pointed out,as(it)was said earier, as I remember (it)等结构中：Jack has won the first prize, as it often happens.She has read widely in Romantic literature, as it appears from her essay.4. as任然保持了作连词时常有的某种含义：David is tall, as are my brothers.He op
22、posed the idea, as could be expected.关系副词的用法1. 当先行词在定语从句中作状语时，要用关系副词。其中 when=表时间的介词（in, at, during等）+which; where=表地点的介词（in, at, on, under等）+which；why=表原因的介词（for）+介词I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=of which)Can you tell me the office where he works? (where=in which)Do you
23、know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which)2. 介词+关系代词（which）= where/when.有时为了表达清楚，还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词 from,to等。China is the birth place of kites, from where kite-flying spread to Japan, Korea and India.3. 高考试题中对于 where的考查趋于复杂化，从先行词为明确的地点转化成了模糊化的地点。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.PS: that is where you are mistaken.Where will this trouble lead?
