1、目的状语句型目的句型主要分两类:一类是表达正面的目的,称为正面的目的句,或一般目的句;另一类是表达反面目的的句子,称为反面目的句。反面目的句不同于否定句:从结构上看,反面目的句的谓语不一定是否定式,而且大多不是否定式;从意义上看,反面目的不是表示对目的的否定,而是从另一个方面即相反的方面来表示一种心情,大多是担心,害怕,唯恐等思想感情。详见下面各句型的例句。正面目的句主句 + that (so that) +目的从句 (may、 might)说明:that 和 so that 都可以引导目的从句,它们只能作纯粹连词,不能在从句中作任何句子成分。从句中常使用情态动词 may 或 might,表示
2、委婉语气;偶尔也可用 Can, could 或 will,但很少见。从句中如有 not,意即“以免 ”,相当于反面的目的句。例如:1. We are working hard that we may accomplish the splendid goal of the four modernizations. 我们正在为实现四个现代化的宏伟目标而努力工作。2. Man does not live that he may eat,but eats that he may live. 生存不是为着吃饭,吃饭则是为着生存。3. I stepped aside so that she might (
3、or could) go in. 我站开好让她进去。4. He told us to keep quiet so that we might not disturb others. 他叫我们保持安静,以免打扰别人。(从句带有 not,表达反面目的)5. Da Vinci would walk the whole length of Milan that he might alter a single tint in his picture of the Last Supper. 达芬奇为了要改变最后的晚餐 一画中的一种颜色,常常跑遍整个米兰市。主句 + in order (to the end
4、) that +目的从句说明:本句型从句中也常用 may 和 might,但本句型二式的从句中还可用 shall 和 should;但一般不用 can、 could 或 will .例如:1. He raised his hand in order that the bus might stop. 他举手招呼,要公共汽车停车。2. In order that everyone may understand it, write it in simple language. 为了使人人都能懂得,请用简明的文字来写。3. They opened several technical training
5、courses in order that (or so that) the workers could (or might) attend them during their spare time. 他们开办了几个技术训练班,使工人们在业余的时间可以去学习。4. He shouted at the top of his voice to the end that (or in order that) he might be heard. 他尽力大声叫喊,为的使人能够听见。5. The steamboat was fully furnished with life preservers, to
6、 the end that the passengers might be saved in case of accident. 轮船上到处都备有救生圈,目的是在于一旦发生事故乘客便可以得救。主语 + 谓语 +目的状语 in order (so as) (not) to + 动词原形说明:本句型表示“为了” 、 “使”, “目的是” 等意义。但在用法上完全不同。本句型表示目的的方式是状语形式。本句型中不定式的逻辑主语必须与句中的主语是同一的。此外, so as to 引导的状语除了表示“目的 ” 以外,还兼有 “结果” 的意味。例如:1. Science must investigate th
7、e world in order to control it. 科学要想控制世界,则非研究世界不可。2. We took off our shoes upon entering, in order not to soil the soft white mats. 我们在进门时都将皮鞋脱去,以免弄脏柔软的白地毯。3. I got up early so as to be in time for the first train. 我清早起床为的是赶上第一班火车。4. He listens attentively so as not to miss a single word. 他聚精会神地听着,不
8、让漏掉一个字。5. I kept as far as possible from the edge so as not to fall off. 我尽量不挨着桌子边,以免摔下来。6. In order to serve the people better in the future we should study hard now. 为了在将来更好地为人民服务,我们现在必须努力学习。注 与本句型类似的句式还有 “on purpose to +动词原形” 。其中 “on purpose” 原有“ 故意”、 “特地” 的意思,有增强语气的作用。例如:I went to Germany on pur
9、pose to study this question. 为了研究这个问题,我特地到德国去。主语 + 谓语 +目的状语 to 十动词原形十其他( for +-动名词或者名词)说明:本句型的两个句式是应用最广泛的目的状语。不定式的逻辑主语通常就是句子中的主语;如果另有主语,则可在不定式前加上“for + 逻辑主语”,如例。1. We eat to live but we do not live to eat; we live to serve the people heart and soul, to strive for the emancipation of mankind, for Com
10、munism. 我们吃饭是为了活着,可活着不是为了吃饭。我们活着是为了全心全意为人民服务,是为人类的解放事业-共产主义而斗争。2. I stood aside for her to enter. 我站到旁边去,是为了让她进来。3. Keith shuddered; he had to grasp the chair not to fall down. 克兹打着颤,他不得不抓住椅子以免跌倒。4. We use a hammer for knocking in nails, a spanner for tightening bolts. 我们用锤子钌钉子,用扳手旋紧螺栓. 5. “Whats th
11、at used for?” -“This thing is used for pulling out nails.” “那是作什么用的?” “ 这个东西是拔钉子用的。 ”反面目的句主句 + for fear (that) + 目的从句 (虚拟式谓语 ) for fear of + 动名词 说明:fear 本来就表示担心害怕,由此字产生的两个习惯用语,都含有这些意思。因此本句型二式都常译为“唯恐” 、 “以免”,表示反面的目的。第一式 for fear that 引导的从句,总是用虚拟式作谓语,表示由于担心害怕而设想的一种情境;但地可以用 may + 不定式来表示一种可能。有一点需要特别注意:不
12、可在从句的谓语里再加 not 等否定词。第二式是一种紧缩的简略式,表示的意义同第一式完全一样。例如:1. The captain didnt let him go alone, for fear some misfortune might overtake him. 船长不让他一个人单独出去,为的是怕他遭到祸事。2. Take all umbrellas with you for fear it may ram. 带一把伞去吧,说不定会下雨的。3. He is working hard for fear(that) he should fail. 他非常努力,唯恐失败。4. She sent
13、me for fear of your tiring yourself. 她派我去,为的是怕你过于疲劳。5. He dared not fire for fear of hitting someone. 他不敢开枪,怕击中别人。6. She hurried back to school for fear of missing too many classes. 她赶忙回到学校去,为的是怕缺课太多。主句 + lest (in case) + 目的从句 (虚拟式谓语 )说明:本句型在意义和用法上几乎同前一句型完全一样。lest 多用于书面语中,口头上常用 in case代替。例如:1. Take
14、care lest you fall. 请当心,以免跌倒. (=Take care that you may not fall)2. Grown people should never say or do anything wrong before children, lest they should set them a bad example. 成年人不要在孩子面前说不正当的话,作不正当的事,以免给他们不好的榜样。3. 1 will not make a noise lest 1 wake the child. 我不做声了,以免惊醒孩子。 (注意本句和第一例句的从句动词前均省略了 shou
15、ld。因此主语后用动词原形也是一种虚拟式。)4. Please remind me of it again tomorrow, in case I (should) forget. 明天请再提醒我一下,以免我忘记。5. She explained again and again in case comrades should misunderstand her. 她一再解释, 。唯恐同志们发生误会6. I shall ring you up in case you should forget to come. 恐怕你忘了来,我会打电话给你的。注 lest 用在 fear、afraid、dang
16、er 等词的后面时,是连接名词从句,等于 that,但意义有所不同,例如:1 was afraid lest (=that) he should come too late. 我怕他来得太迟So we came to the island of the wild goats, where we found our comrades, who indeed had waited long for us in sore fear lest we had perished. 于是我们到了野山羊的岛上,在那里我们遇见了我们的伙伴,他们的确等了我们很久,生怕我们已经死了。(注 现代英语中已很少使用 le
17、st,在口语中最好用别的说法代替它。例如:“ 最好带上围巾以免冻着。 ”当然可以译为“Better put on a scarf lest you(should)catch cold.” 但在口头上最好用 “Better put on a scarf in case you catch cold.” 也可用“Better put on a scarf in order not to catch cold.” 甚至用“反是条件句” 更好,如 “Better put on a scarf, or you may catch cold.”(附注) 表示目的的句式还有以下一些。1) “see (to
18、it) that”,表示“ 使”, 但含有“努力设法使达目的” 之意。如:We must see (to it) that the job is finished ahead of schedule. 我们一定要努力设法提前完成任务。2) “for the purpose of”,表示“为了目的”。如:Im not here tonight for the purpose of making a speech. 我今晚并非为了演说而到此地来的。 3) “for the sake of”, 表示“为了 ”。例如:Huang Chi-kwang gave his life for the sake
19、 of our motherland. 黄继光为祖国献出了生命。4) “for the good (或 benefit) of” 表示“ 为了”,指“为了的利益”。例如:The teacher repeated part of his previous 1ectHre for the good (or benefit) of those who had been absent. 为了缺课的学生,教师又把上次讲稿中的一部分内容重讲了一遍。5) “with a view (or an eye) to + 动名词 ”,表示“鉴于” 、 “有见于”、 “为了”等意思。例如:He reads aloud
20、 a great deal with an eye or a view) to improving his pronunciation. 他高声朗诵目的在于改进读音。6) “with the view (或 aim, intent, object) of + 动名词” ,这些都表示“为了”一个观点、目的或打算而去做什么。例如:He does everything with the view of (或以上其他各式) serving his motherland and the people. 他做任何事都是为了对祖国和人民有所贡献。She has gone downtown with the intent (或以上其它各式) of making some purchases. 她到市中心买东西去了。