1、 非谓语动词一不定式原形动词前加 to，构成动词不定式。不定式不做谓语，属非谓语动词。第一节 不定式的时态和语态一、不定式的时态1、 时态的构成不定式常用的时态有：一般式，完成式和进行式。其构成见表（以 do 为例）：时态 构 成一般式 to do完成式 to have done进行式 to be doing2、 时态的用法（1） 一般式的使用范围 不定式所示动作或状态与谓语动词所示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生或存在，用一般式，如：I am glad to see you.高兴见到你。I saw her enter the room just now.。我刚见他进房间去了。 不定式所示动作或
2、状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之后，也用一般式，如：My uncle asked me to see him this summer.我叔叔要我今夏去看他。I am glad to take my younger sister to the countryside.我很高兴下星期天带我妹妹到乡下去。（2） 完成式的使用范围不定式所示动作或状态发生在谓语动词所示动作或状态之前，用完成式，如：I am glad to have seen your mother yesterday.我很高兴昨天见到你母亲。He is said to have written a novel about the L
3、ong March.据说他写了一本关于长征的小说。I regret to have been with you for so many years.我遗憾和你呆在一起这么多年。（3） 进行式的使用范围当谓语动词的动作或状态发生时，不定式动词所示动作正在进行时，用进行式，如：They seemed to be talking about you.他们好像是在谈论你。The two workers pretended to be working hard.这两个骗子假装在拼命工作。You are said to be writing a paper on pollution.据说你正在写篇关于污染
4、的论文。二、不定式的被动语态1、 被动语态的两种时态不定式被动语态常用于两种时态，一种是一般式被动语态，一种是完成式被动语态，其构成见表（以 do 为例）：被动语态 构成一般式 to be done完成式 to have been done（1） 一般式举例：These students want to be sent to work in our company.这些学生想要分到我们公司工作。（2） 完成式举例：He is said to have been killed.据说他已被杀害了。The assistant seemed to have been fired .这位助手好像被解雇了
5、。三、不定式的主动语态代替被动语态在下列情况下，不定式可用主语语态代替被动语态：1、 当不定式与最近的名词（代词）有动宾关系，且与句中另一名词（代词）有主谓关系，如：He has nothing to eat.他没有什么东西好吃。I will give you a book to read.我将给你一本书读。I have a lot of papers to type.我有许多文件要打。Would you bring me a bench to sit on? 给我拿条凳子来坐好吗？Please lend me a pen to write with.请借支钢笔给我用用。2、 当不定式在“主语
6、+表语（形容词） ”结构中作状语，且句中主语是这个不定式的逻辑宾语时，如：This text is easy to recite.这课很容易背。The washing-machine is too expensive for me to buy.这台洗衣机对我来说太贵了，买不起。3、 当不定式修饰 there (here) be 引导的句子中的主语时，如：There are two tractors to repair.有两台拖拉机要修理。Here is baby to take care of.有个婴孩要人照顾。当然也可用被动语态，如：There is nothing to fear(to
7、be feared ).没有什么好怕的。句中不定式如有逻辑主语，则只能用主动语态，如：There is nothing for us to fear.我们没有什么可怕的。4、 to let, to blame,等不定式一般只用主动语态，如：The house is to let.房子要出租。I am to blame .我要受责的。第二节不定式的语法功能一、做主语（1） 直接用作主语，如：How to get rid of these things is a big problem.如何清除这些东西是个大问题。Not to have a correct political point of v
8、iew is like having nor soul.没有正确的政治观点，等于没有灵魂。（2） 用 it 代替不定式作形式主语，如：It is good to see all my teachers and friends again.又能见到老师和朋友有多好。It is bad manners to be rude to people.对人粗鲁是不礼貌的。It is important for us to keep the balance of nature。对我们来说保持自然界的平衡是很重要的。How much did it cost you to send the telegram?发
9、这封电报花了你多少钱？It made us very happy to hear from him.收到他的信使我很高兴。 。二、作宾语1、 可用不定式直接作宾语的动词Want,like,wish,hate,prefer,hope,continune,refuse,manage,try,ask,offer,start,forget,promise,mean,pretend,begin,decide,learn,agree,care,choose,determine,expect,afford 等动词可直接接不定式作宾语，如：The crops begin to grow.庄嫁开始生长。Jenn
10、ey tried to explain.詹妮试图解释。The boy pretended to have finished it.男孩假装做完了它。He decided to do some experiments to test Aristotle is theory.他决定做实验来证明亚里士多德的理论。He wanted to have a cup of tea.他想喝下午茶。 。2、 需要 it 代不定式作宾语的动词find, make, think, consider ,feel 等动词不能直接接不定式做宾语，需要 it 代不定式作形式宾语，如：He found it importan
11、t to study the situation in China 他发现研究中国的形势很重要。This has made it necessary for agriculture and industry to develop very quickly.这就使得工农业必须迅速发展。I thought it impossible to arrive there in half an hour.我认为半小时到达那儿是不可能的。I feel it my duty to say that you are wrong.我觉得我有责任说你是错的。三、作宾补1、 不定式作宾补(1) John asked
12、me to help him with his lessons this evening.约翰请我今晚帮他复习功课。He ordered the hunter to bow before his hat.他命令猎人在他的帽子前鞠躬。（2）make ,have ,let 等使役动词以及 see ,watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, hear, listen to 等感官动词可接不定式作其宾语的补语，但在主动语态中，不定式中的 to 应省略去，如：I can let you have one ticket.我能让你得到一张票。It made her fee
13、l better.这使她感到好多了。Listen to me read the text.听我读课文。但在被动语态中，这个 to 不能省，如：The boy was seen to fall suddenly from the tree.人们看到这个小孩突然从树上掉下来。Was the thief noticed to leave the house? 有人看见贼离开这幢房子吗？四、作状语 作目的状语，如：In those days people seldom did experiments to test their ideas.在那个时候人们很少做实验来检验他们的想法。She did al
14、l she could to save him.她尽自己所能来救他。To master a language, words and grammatical rules are not enough.要掌握一门语言，光单词和语法规则是不够的。 作结果状语（表示意料之外的结果） ，如：They lifted a rock only to drop it on their own feet.他们搬起石头砸自己的脚。 作原因状语，：在某些表示喜、怒、哀、乐等的形容词后作原因状语。如：Im sorry to hear your grandma is ill.听到你奶奶生病真遗憾。Im surprised
15、 to see you here .在这里见到你，真让我感到吃惊四、作表语不定式作表语很普遍，如：Her wish is to become a nurse.她的志愿是当个护士。So all the driver could do was to go back home.司机能干的就是回家。To him the most important thing is to save lives.对他来说，最重要的事就是救命。注意：在很多情况下，不定式作表语可转换为做主语，如：His job is to raise pigs.= To raise pigs is his job.养猪是他的工作。五、作定
16、语1.不定式作定语与它所修饰的名词存在下列三种关系： 动宾关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑宾语，如：Has the visitor had anything to eat? 来访者吃了东西了吗？The cadre told me that he had an important meeting to attend.这个干部告诉我他有个重要的会议要参加。注意：如果这个不定式是不及物动词，他后面应有必要的介词，如：My cousin hired a room to live in.我表兄租了间房子住。There was no place for people to walk on.这儿没
17、有地方供人们散步。 主谓关系：不定式所修饰的名词是这个不定式的逻辑主语，如：The hunter isnt a man to bow before difficulties.这位猎人不是向困难低头的人。Her younger sister was the first girl to work out the problem.她妹妹是第一个解出这道题的女孩。 所属关系：不定式与所修饰的名词存在一种所属关系。可形成这种关系的名词有way,meed,time,plan,right,chance,opportunity,movement,reason,promise,wish,effort,strug
18、gle 等，如：Liu Mei is on her way to see a film.刘梅正在去看电影的路上。The farmers began to think of ways to kill hawks.农民们开始想杀死鹰的办法。2最高级,序数词或有最高级,序数词及 only 修饰的词后,非谓语动词中只能用不定式作定语.如:He is the oldest athlete ever to win an Olympic gold medal.第三节 不定式应注意的问题1.不带 to 的不定式(1)在 feel, hear, listen to, see, look at, watch, n
19、otice, observe, make, let, have 等感官动词和使役动词后,动词不定式作宾语补足语时不带 to,若句子为被动语态,不定式则应带 to. help 后可带也可不带 to.(2)在 had better, had best, would rather, would ratherthan, rather than 等结构后面用不带 to 的不定式.如:He insisted on going back to his work rather than stay in hospital.(3)在以 why 引导的简短疑问句中不带 to.如:Why worry about it
20、 (4)在 cannot choose but, cannot (help)but 之后的不定式不带 to.如:I cannot(help)but admire his courage.(5)介词 but, except 之前有行为动词 do,其后的不定式不带 to,否则要带 to.如:She could do nothing but cry.I have no choice but to accept the fact.(6)不定式作表语,若主语部分( 含修饰主语的定语从句)已有行为动词 do,可省略 do.如:What a fire-door does is (to) delay the
21、spread of a fire.What you need to do now is (to) have a good rest.另外,help 后的不定式无论作宾语还是作宾语补足语,均可省 to.3.注意作宾语时不定式与动名词在用法上和意义上的区别若干动词之后既可以跟动名词也可以跟动词不定式作宾语,但它们当中有些词在运用时,或是在特定的条件下有特别的用法要求,或是存在意义上的区别,列举如下:(1)当动词 need, want, require 作“需要“解,且句子的主语与作宾语的非谓语动词是被动关系时 ,其后必须用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义,或用不定式的被动式作宾语.如:The wind
22、ow needs (requires, wants) cleaning.The window needs (requires, wants) to be cleaned.(2)在 should (would) like/love/prefer/hate 后,习惯上用不定式作宾语.如:“Can I give a lift “ “No, thanks. Id prefer to walk.“(3)在 begin 和 start 的进行式之后,要用不定式.如:Im beginning to learn French.另外,当作它们宾语的动词为一些表示心理活动的识知动词时,应用不定式.如:I bega
23、n to understand the importance of English.(4)forget, remember, go on, mean, regret, stop, try 等动词后可带动名词或不定式作宾语,但意义上有较为明显的区别.试比较: I remember reading the book. (记得过去曾有过的经历)I must remember to read the book. (别忘记届时去做某事) Ill try to improve my spoken English. (是“努力“力图“的意思)Try knocking at the back door if
24、nobody hears you at the front door.(是“尝试“的意思) Stop talking. (动名词即停止的内容)He stopped to talk. (不定式是停止的目的 ,即停下来去做某事 ) I mean to come early today. (表示“打算“)Missing the train means waiting for another hour. (表示“意味着“) I regret not having accepted your advice. (是对已做过的事表示后悔 )I regret to say I havent given you
25、 enough help. (表示对将要做的事表示遗憾,主要用于宣布坏消息.) Lets go on discussing the question. (讨论的是同一个问题)Lets go on to discuss another question.(讨论的是另外的一个问题 )4注意不定式与现在分词作宾语补足语时的区别1）.在 feel, hear, listen to, look at, notice, observe, see, watch 等感官动词后作宾语补足语时,不定式为不带 to 的一般式的主动形式 (不含 be 动词),表示不定式的动作已发生 (即动作的全过程已结束),若强调谓
26、语动词的动作发生时 ,不定式的动作正在进行,应用现在分词.如:I often hear him sing the song.When I passed his house, I heard him singing the song.2）.在 have, let, make 后的宾语补足语中, let 和 make 不能用现在分词作宾语补足语,只有have 既可跟不定式也可跟现在分词作宾语补足语,两者的区别只须记住 :表示动作正在或一直在发生时用现在分词,其余的情况用不定式.如:.She had us working day after day. 她让我们天天干活.5不定式、现在分词、过去分词作
27、定语的区别如下：1）不定式做后置定语，表示将要做（还没有做）I have something (to do this evening). 2）.现在分词做定语时,位置不定，如果是一个现在分词，前置，如果是短语后置。表主动。The (flying )kites are high in the sky.The boy (sitting by the window )is Tom.3）过去分词作定语，如果是一个过去分词，前置，如果是短语后置。表被动。The (damaged )bike was sent to the repairman.The boy (named Tom )was hurt in the car accident.4）. the bridge to be built next year (将要建造的)/the bridge being built now (正在建造的)/ the bridge built last year (去年建造的 )
