1、1句子成分一、介绍与其重要性句子是写作的基本单位，只有写好句子才有可能写好文章。英语的句子成分有八种： 主语、谓语动词、表语、 宾语、定 语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。学会判断句子成分对以后学习难 句奠定了基础。英语句子的构成也有其特定的规律，掌握了句子的基本句型、常 见句式和词语的习惯搭配，就能写出完整、正确的句子。二、句子成份1、主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. （数词） Seeing
2、is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）2、谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状 态和特征。谓语由动词或动词短语担任。助动词或情态动词加其他动词的适当形式也构成谓语动词。 Action speaks louder than words. The chance may never come again.
3、 Mary has been working at the dress shop since 1994. 3、表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主 语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. （介词短语）My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分
4、词）His plan is to seek work in the city. （不定式）My first idea was that you should hide your feelings. （表语从句）常见的系动词还有: 1）.表感官的：be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound;2）.表状态延续的：remain, stay, keep, continue, stand;3）.表状态变化的：become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow;It sounds a good idea. The
5、 sound sounds strange.Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.The door remains open. Now I feel tired.4、宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。 宾语一般放在 动词或动词短语之后。介词后也会跟宾语。（1）动作的承受者动宾2I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词） I enjoy workin
6、g with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he said? （宾语从句）（2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.（3） 双宾语间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.5、宾补：英语有些及物动词，除了要有 宾语之外，还 要加上宾语补足语，才能使句子的意义完整。We el
7、ected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容词） We found nobody in. (副词)Please make yourself at home. (介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning.（现在分词）
8、Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 宾语和宾语补足语一起构成动词的复合结构,也叫做复合宾语6、主补：对主语的补充。如果上述结构变成被动语态，原 宾语成为主语，原宾语补足语相应地变为主语补足语He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 7、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、 词组或句子。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。He is a chem
9、istry teacher.（名 词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2.（现在分词）The trees planted last year are
10、growing well now.（过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式） You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）8、状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、 结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 以下例句按上述顺序排列I will go there tomorrow. The meeting will be held in the meeting room.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studie
11、s hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he can do it well. 六种简单句的基本句型基本句型一： （主谓） 基本句型二： （主谓表）基本句型三： （主谓宾） 基本句型四： （主谓间宾直宾） 基本句型五： （主谓宾宾补）基本句型
12、六：There be 句型句型一： （主谓） 主语+不及物动词+状语3此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。 The sun was shining. The moon rose. They talked for half an hour. 他们谈了半个小时。 The pen writes smoothly.这支笔书写流利。 句型二：主语+连系动词+表语此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词
13、。This is an English-Chinese dictionary. 这是本英汉辞典。 The dinner smells good. 午餐的气味很好。He fell in love. 他堕入了情网。 Everything looks different. 一切看来都不同了。He is growing tall and strong. 他长得又高又壮。 His face turned red. 他的脸红了。The trouble is that they are short of money. 麻烦的是他们缺少钱。Our well has gone dry. 我们的井干枯了。 句型三
14、：主语+及物动词+宾语此句型句子的共同特点是：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。Who knows the answer? 谁知道答案？ She smiled her thanks. 她微笑表示感谢。He has refused to help them. 他拒绝帮他们的忙。 He enjoys reading. 他喜欢看书。They ate what was left over. 他们吃了剩饭。 He said “Good morning.“ 他说：“ 早上好！I want to have a
15、 cup of tea. 我想喝杯茶。 He admits that he was mistaken. 他承认犯了错误。句型四：主语+及物动词+间宾+ 直宾此句型的句子有一个共同特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（指物直接宾语），另一个是动作的间接承受者（指人间接宾语）。 通常间接宾语用一个介词 for,to 来连接，当间接宾语在直接宾语之前时，这一介词往往被省略。 She ordered herself a new dress. 她给自己定了一套新衣裳。She cooked her husband a delicious meal. 她给丈夫煮
16、了一餐美馔。He brought you a dictionary. 他给你带来了一本字典。He denies her nothing. 他对她什么都不拒绝。I showed him my pictures. 我给他看我的照片。I gave my car a wash. 我洗了我的汽车。I told him hat the bus was late. 我告诉他汽车晚点了。He showed me how to run the machine. 他教我开机器。句型五：主语+及物动词+宾语+ 宾语补足语此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个
17、补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。 常用于这句型的动词有：appoint, call, choose, elect, entitle, find, make, name, nominate(命名)。 They appointed him manager. 他们任命他当经理。They painted the door green. 他们把门漆成绿色。4This set them thinking. 这使得他们要细想一想。They found the house deserted. 他们发现那房子无人居住。What makes him think so? 他怎么会这样想？We saw him o
18、ut. 我们送他出去。He asked me to come back soon. 他要我早点回来。I saw them getting on the bus. 我看见他们上了那辆公共汽车。句型 6 There be 句型 此句型是由“there+be+主语+状语”构成，用以表达存在关系可以称“有”。它其实是倒装的一种情况，主语位于谓语动词 be 之后，there 仅为引导词，并无实际语意。此句型有时不用 be动词，而用 live, stand, come, go, lie, remain, exist, arrive 等。如：There stands a hill in the middle
19、 of the park.Once upon a time there lived an old king in the town.Be 与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化。如：现在有 there is/are 过去有 there was/were 将来有 there will be；there is /are going to be.现在已经有 there has/have been 可能有 there might be.肯定有 there must be /there must have been. 过去曾经有 there used to be 似乎有 there seems
20、/seem/seemed to be 碰巧有 there happen/happens/happened to be 这个村子过去只有一口井。There was only a well in the village.客人当中有两名美国人和两名法国人。Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.天气预报说下午有大风。The weatherman says therell be a strong wind in the afternoon.灯亮着，办公室里肯定有人。The light is on. There must be someone ion the office.战前这儿一直有家电影院的. There used to be a cinema here before the war.
