1、非谓语动词用法具体讲解（1）非谓语动词是英语中一个重要的语法点，也是一个难点。非谓语动词按传统语法分类，有不定式、动名词和分词。对非谓语动词在某些方面所具有的相同的语法功能作一番比较，尤其是从它们的内涵上进行区分是很有必要的。这里从他们的成分不同进行详细讲解：1.动名词和不定式都可以作主语，两者所表达的意思是一样的。例如：To see is to believe.Seeing is believing.不过，使用动名词时，通常暗示说话者曾经做过某事，有过某种体会，使用不定式时，可能仅表示说话者的看法。试比较：Going to college was difficult for me.上大学对我
2、来说是困难的。（说话者曾考过大学，固有此体会）To go to college is difficult.上大学是困难的。（说话者仅仅提出看法）2.动名词短语和不定式短语都可以 it 用作形式主语，而把真正的主语，即动名词短语和不定式短语放在后面，一般可以互换。例如：It takes half an hour for me to go from here to my home.It takes half an hour my going from here to my home.一般来说，在此类句子中用不定式作真正主语的比较多，而动名词作真正主语的请况，常见于 no good,no use(或
3、 useless),worthwhile,a waste.dangerous等词作表语的句子中。例如：It is no good your waiting here.It is no use asking him about it.It is worthwhile learning another language.Its a waste of time arguing about it.Its dangerous playing with fire.3.动名词能在 There is no否定结构中作主语。例如：There is no joking about such a serious m
4、atter.There is no knowing whether he will agree to our plan.在上述句型中，动名词不能带逻辑主语，也不能与不定式替换，如不能说：There is no your joking with him.或 There is no to joke with him.4.在疑问句中，句首总用动名词，而不用不定式。例如：Does our saying that mean anything to him?Is his saying true?二、作表语。1.动名词和不定式都可以作表语，正象它们作主语一样，很难说出它们之间严格的语义差别，可以互换。一般而
5、言，在表示比较抽象的一般行为，多用动名词，在表示具体某动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。例如：Our duty is serving the people heart and soul.This is foe him to decide.His wish is to be a doctor.2.分词也可作表语，此时分词相当于形容词，因此分词不能代之以动名词或不定式。例如：The news was exciting.The time is pressing.动名词和不定式做表语时，起名词的作用。因此可以和主语换位，而分词作表语时，起形容词的作用，不能和主语换位。例如：我们能将“Our dut
6、y is serving the people heart and soul.“换为“Serving the people heart and soul is our duty.“但是我们不能把“The time is pressing.“换成“Pressing is the time.“3.主语如果是动名词，则表语也用动名词，主语如果是不定式，表语也用不定式，不能交叉。（仅指同时使用动名词或不定式作主语和表语的情况）。例如：Seeing is beliving.或 To see is to belive而不能说 Seeing is to belive. 或 To see is belivin
7、g.4.分词包括现在分词和过去分词，都能作表语，但现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征（A），过去分词多表示主语所处的状态（B）。非谓语动词用法具体讲解(2)(A)The news is very surprising.The situation is encouraging.The food smells inviting.(B)My brother is quit interested in maths.She looked disappointed.5.动词“be过去分词”这个结构有时可能是 be 表语，有时可能是被动语态结构。这两者的主要区别是：带表语的结构表示主语的特征或所处的状态，
8、被动语态结构仅表示一个动作。例如：The library is niw closed.The library is usually closed at six.The house is surrounded with trees.The enemy was soon surranded by us.6.动词 “be现在分词”这个结构，有时可能是 be表语，有时可能是谓语动词进行体结构。这两种结构的主要区别是：带表语的结构表示主语的特征或补充说明主语的内容（A），谓语动词进行体结构仅说明主语正在进行的动作（B）。例如：(A)His hobby is collecting stamps.The e
9、arth is spinning round all the time.(B)He is collecting stamps. I was doing morning exercises at 7:00 this morning.7.值得注意的是不定式结构做表语时通常带 to ，但在主语部分具有一个动作动词 do 时，不定式也可省略 to。这个 do 可以是限定动词形式，也可以是非限定动词形式，而且不论什么时体形式都可以。例如：All I did was empty the bottle.All you do is talk about cars.All she seems to do is
10、gossip with the neighbours.The only thing I can do now is go on by himself.What I really wanted to do was drive all night.(但 what 引导的主语从句中，如果 do 是进行体形式，则表语必须用动名词。例如：What hes dong is spoiling the whole thing.)三、作宾语。动名词和不定式均可以在一些动词后面作宾语，但有两种情况：（一）在某些动词后只能接不定式，如：wish,decide,hope,refuse,want,agree,care,
11、choose 等,或只能接动名词作宾语，如：finish,enjoy,mind,suggest,practise,keep,avoid 等，还有些动词词组，如：keep on,go on,cannot help 等。(二）在有些动词，如：begin,start,continue,attempt,intend,plan,need,want,require,desire,cannot help,leave off,hate,try,like,love,prefer,propose,mean,remember,forget,stop,go on 等后面既可以用不定式作宾语（个别例外），也可以用动名词
12、，视具体情况比较如下：1.一般说来 begin,start,continue 后面跟动名词还是不定式没有什么区别。但是 know,understand,see,realize, recognize 等表示知觉的词作宾语时，只能用不定式。例如：He began to understand the importance of combining theory with practice.He began to realize his mistakes.2.love,like,hate,prefer 后面跟动名词多表示习惯和经常性的动作，跟不定式多表示一次具体的动作。例如：I like swimmi
13、ng.He prefers to walk rather than ride in a bus.3.在下列情况下要用不定式。(A)在 would like (love,hate,prefer)后表示一个特定的新动作，或 Would you like.?的句型时。例如：Id hate to work with him.Would you like to go with me?非谓语动词用法具体讲解(3)当谓语动词已用于进行体时。例如： Its beginning to rain.Im starting to work on my essay .We are proposing to start
14、at eight. 4.在 remember,forget,regre 后面跟动名词与不定式意义不同。跟动名词时，说明动名词的动作先于谓语的动作，跟不定式时，指不定式动作后于谓语动词的动作。例如：I remember posting the letter.Dont forget to remind him of this afternoons meeting.Ill remember to bring it back.I regret to say that he cant come to help you.I regretted saying this.5.在 need,want 之后，用动
15、名词的主动形式表示被动意义，或用不定式的被动态，意义并无差别，但用动名词较为普遍。例如：The radio needs repairing.或 The radio needs to be repaired.The shoes want mending. 或 The shoes want to be mended.He needs to look after.（He needs to be looked after.）*rewuire,deserve 也能这样用，但不及 need,want 普遍。例如：His letter requires answering to be answered im
16、mediately.The little boy deserves rewarding to be rewarded.6.在 attempt,intend,plan 等动词后用不定式结构比用动名词结构多见。例如：Dont attempt to do (doing) it by yourself.She didnt intend to pay (paying) the bill this month.Mr Smith planned to take (taking) a holiday abroad.7.在 try,cannot help,propose,mean,stop,leave off,
17、go on 后用动名词还是不定式取决于它们本身的含义和用法。试比较如下：(1)He tried to write better.He tried writing with a brush.(2)I couldnt help finishing it.I couldnt help to finish it.(3)I propose to leave for Shanghai at the beginning of next month.He proposed putting off the discussion.(4)I mean to get there before sunset.We kn
18、ow that learning a language does not mean just working in a class.(5)They stopped talking.They stopped to talk.(6)They left off finishing.They left off to fish.(7)He went on explaining the text.He went on to tell a story about Einstein.四、用 it 作形式宾语。动名词（或复合结构）和不定式（或复合结构）在某些动词，如：find,consider,think,co
19、unt,know,believe,judge,imagine,feel,guess,prove,make,realize,see,understand,take,suppose 后作宾语尚需要一个形容词（或名词）作宾语补足语，意思才能完整，此时要用 it 作形式宾语，而动名词（或复合结构）或不定式（或复合结构）则在它的补语后面出现。1.一般说来，使用动名词和不定式，其意义一样，但在表示抽象的一般行为时，多用动名词。而表示某一次行为，特别是将来的行为时，多用不定式。例如：He found it necessary (for him) to work hard at English.We cons
20、ider it wrong knowing him非谓语动词用法具体讲解(4)2.当宾语不足语是 no good,no use,no help,useless,dangerous,no sense,senseless,waste 等时，真正的宾语多为动名词。例如：I think it no good talking again about it.I find it a waste of time watching TV all night.3.动名词比较短的时候，能有两种形式。即可用 it 作它的形式宾语，也可直接用动名词做宾语，但不定式只能用 it 作它的形式宾语。例如：We conside
21、r meeting her foolish.*如果改成不定式结构，就只能用后一种形式。We cosider it foolish to meet her.只是在 think 或 see 与形容词 fit 组成的固定词组 think fit,see fit 中，两者不能分开，不定式做宾语时，才不使用引导词 it。例如：The government thought fit to raise the prices of some foods.We must wait until he sees fit to join us.五、作介词的宾语。动名词能在一切介词后作宾语。例如：Only by work
22、ing hard was the problem solved.He had passed by John without seeing him.I dont like his method of teaching English.而不定式一般不能作介词的宾语，只有个别场合，即在含有否定意义的带有介词 but,except,than 的结构中或 be about 的结构中才能用不定式。例如：(1)They desired nothing except(or:but)to succeed.(2)He did nothing but laugh(3)He did nothing else than
23、 laugh(4)He was about to die(near death).间或也有介词 save,besides 之后跟不定式结构的，但这种用法在当代英语中较为罕见。例如：(5)It had no effect save to make him angry.(6)I hardly remember what I did besides read.（在以上(2) ，(3)，(6)例句中，不定式在介词后没有带 to 是因为句中有实义动词 do.）但带疑问词的不定式结构用作介词宾语的情况却比较普遍。例如：Ive no idea about what to do next.The first
24、was the question of what to call it.六、作复合宾语中的宾语补足语。在 see,watch,hear,feel,notice 等动词后面的复合宾语中，既可以用现在分词也可以用不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语不足语，但含义略有区别。要表示动作的进行，即非全过程，用现在分词。要表示动作的完成，即全过程，用不带 to 的不定式。试比较如下：I saw him cross the street.(He crossed the street.I saw it.)I saw him crossing the street.(I saw him while he was cr
25、ossing the street.)不过，有时候，现在分词和不定式的这种区别并不十分讲究，可以互相通用。例如：I often see old people play/playing chess in the park.如果宾语不足语是由短暂动作动词表示的，有时用不定式也可理解为一次动作，用现在分词则表示反复动作。例如：We heard the door salm.We heard the door salmming.动名词一般作宾语不足语，但它用作宾语的注释，具有同位关系时，可在 name,call（作 name 解释）等动词后作宾语不足语。例如：We call(or:name)such a
26、 way of life“eating the bread of idleness“.表示心理状态的动词，如：consider,declare,find,prove,think,know,believe,discover,imagine,judge,suppose,understand 后的宾补前常用 to be，也可省去。We found him(to be)cruel.七、作定语。非谓语动词用法具体讲解(5)试就两个大的方面做一比较。 （一）作前置定语1.不定式不能单独作前置定语，但不定式一般体被动语态可以和否定词 not,never 或某个副词连在一起作前置定语（A），不定式一般体主动态
27、有时和形容词（或副词）构成形容词作前置定语（B），或一些已成为固定的形容词做前置定语（C）。A.this never-to-be-forgotten daya not-to-be-ignored factthe much-to-be-longed-for placeB.an easy-to-use booka well-to do familyC.wait-and-see attitudehit-or-miss reading2.动名词和现在分词做前置定语，其主要区别如下：(1)现在分词说明名词所做的动作，朗读时，主重音落在后面的名词上。例如：a sleeping child,a walkin
28、g man，而动名词说明名词的性能，朗读时主重音落在动名词上。例如：a sleeping pill， a walking stick(2)现在分词作定语，常表示主动的意思并表示一个进行体中动作，被修饰的名词 是它的逻辑主语。现在分词相当于一个定语从句。例如：a sleeping child 含义是 a man that is sleepinga walking man 含义是 a man that is walking动名词作定语，和名词或有动宾关系（A）或有动状关系（B）或能转换成介词短语来说明名词（C）。例如：A.drinking-water (drinks water)listening
29、 material (listens to the material)B.waiting-room(waits in the room)walking -stick(walks by the stick)C.sleeping-pill(pill for sleeping)cooking-salt (salt for cooking)(3)过去分词作前置定语与现在分词一样，具有同样的语法功能，但它表示被动或完成，其意义较之前三者有明显的不同。例如：excited people(People that were excited)boiled water(water that boiled)（二）作
30、后置定语。1.动名词不能作后置定语，但动名词和介词构成短语时，可作后置定语。例如：They dont approve of his method of teaching students.Have you any objection to going there on foot?另外，在某些名词，如：opportunity,chance,way 后既可用介词加动名词，也可用不定式作定语，含义无差别。例如：I hope to have an opportunity of seeing you again.to seeTherell be a chance of visiting the Summ
31、er Palace,I think.to visitThats the best way of doing it.to do 2.不定式和分词均可以作后置定语，其主要区别如下：（1）不定式作定语，多表示它所说明的词的内容或状态，没有一定的时间性或在谓语动作之后发生。例如：No investigation,no right to speak.He is always the first to come.I have something to tell you.（2）现在分词作定语，表示正在进行的动作（A），或表示经常性动作或(现在或当时）的状态。例如：(A)Tell the children p
32、laying(who are playing)there not to make so much noise.非谓语动词用法具体讲解(6)Did you see the man talking(who was talking)to the teacher.(B)They lived in a room facing(that faced)the south.The building standing(that stands)here is built this year.（3）过去分词作定语，表示其动作或是在谓语动作之前发生（A）或仅表示被动含义，不强调时间性（B）。例如：（A）Yesterd
33、ay he received a photograph sent(which had been sent)by his aunt in Nanjing.（B）He is a man loved(who is loved)by all.八、作状语。除各自做状语的功能外，不定式和分词都能在句子里作结果状语和原因状语。现在比较如下：（一）不定式除用在 enoughto,so as to,tooto,only to 等结构中表示结果外，一般表示一个随后发生的动作，其动作通常是一个未曾料到的不愉快（或愉快）的结果。例如：She hurried back(only)to learn her mother
34、had died in a hospital.He woke up to find that his camel had put his head inside the tent.He got home to find his old friend George waiting for him.而分词作结果状语，表示的是一个比较次要的动作，仅对谓语表示的动作（或状态）加以说明。例如：He dropped the plate breaking it into a hundred pieces.His mother died in 1943,leaving him an orphan.（二）原因状
35、语不定式作原因状语多用在一些表示情绪和愿望的作表语的形容词或过去分词后。例如：(1)Im sorry(glad,delighed,content,anxious,eager,pleased)to hear the news.(2)She seemed surprised to meet us.偶而也用在一些表示情感的动词后。例如：(1)The little girl cried to miss her mother.(2)The old worker shudders to think of his miserable life in pre-liberation days.分词作原因状语，情
36、况就不同了。它相当于一个表示原因的状语从句。例如：(1)Being so poor in the days(As we were so poor.),we couldnt afford to send the boy to school.(2)Not knowing her address(As we didnt know.),we couldnt get in touch with her.(3)Having worked among the peasants for many years(As he had worked.),he knew them very well.(4)Being dong in a hurry(As they were dong.),the exercises were full of mistakes.(5)Influenced(As they were influenced.)by Lei Fengs example,they performed countless good deeds.
