1、语法讲座系列之名词性从句名词性从句的界定与分类：名词性从句相当于名词，可分别作主句中的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此，名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。从属连词 that, if, whether;连接代词 who, whoever, whom, whomever,which, whichever, what, whatever,whose;连接副词 where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用, 在从句中不充当任何句法成分 连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分 名词性从句均不能用逗号和主句分开。一、主语从句定义：一个从
2、句在复合句中作主句的主语，这个从句就叫主语从句。（一）主语从句的表现形式：。由从属连词引导的主语从句：a. Whether the country should build a nuclear power station is something we must discuss. b. That light travels in straight line is known to all .。由连接代词引导的主语从句：a. What we need is more time. b. Whichever book you choose doesnt matter to me.c. Whoever
3、 comes will be welcome.。由连接副词引导的主语从句：a. When the plane is to take off hasnt been announced b. Where he has been is still a puzzle. c. How much water is flowing can be measured easily. （二） 、关于形式主语 it主语从句放在句首往往显得头重脚轻，不太平衡，因此，在大多数情况下都是在主语的位置上用一个形式主语 it，而把主语从句移到句未去。关于形式主语 it: 以 it 作形式主语，把主语从句后置的常用句型有：（1
4、）It + be + 形容词 + that 从句It is quite clear that Tom was fond of music.（2）It + be + 名词 + that 从句 It is a pity that she has made such a foolish mistake.（3）It + be + 过去分词 + that 从句Its not yet decided that when the test will be given. （4）It seems, happens 等不及物动词 + that从句It happened that I didnt take any
5、money with me. 但以下情况往往必须用 it 作形式主语，主语从句一般不能放在句首。a. It doesnt matter whether he likes or not. b. Its said that the highway will be open to traffic next year. c. Is it likely that it will snow in the afternoon?二、表语从句定义：一个从句在复合句中作主句的表语，这个从句就叫作表语从句。可以接表语从句的连系动词有 be, look, remain, seem 等。1.The problem is
6、 that millions of people die of illnesses caused by smoking.2.The question remains whether we can win the people. 3.Thats just what I want. 4.This is where our problem lies. 5.The difficulty is how I can help smokers kick their habit. 注意：1、表语从句的表现形式除了用从属连词，连接代词和连接副词引导以外，还可以由 as, as if as though 引导.T
7、hings were not as they seemed.It looks as if it is going to rain.2、另外还要注意以下常用的两种结构：The reason whyis that (不用 because。)It ( this, that ) is becauseThe reason why he was dismissed is that he didnt work hard. It is because the tobacco companies want to remain in business.三、同位语从句定义：在复合句中，用作同位语的从句称为同位语从句
8、。同位语从句一般由 that, whether 等连词引导，常放在 advice, doubt, fact, hope, idea, information, message, news, order, possibility, problem, question, reason, truth, word, suggestion.等名词的后面，说明该名词的具体内容。l. The news that he had landed on the moon spread all over the world. 2. I have no idea when he will be back. 3. The
9、 thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 4. He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由 that 引导，例如：1) The kings decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is gi
10、ven by the general. 同位语在句子中的位置同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别(1) 定语从句中的 that 既代替先行词，同时以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语） ，而同位语从句中的 that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。(2) 定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述定的性质或特征；同位语从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如：1)
11、 The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.（他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。 ） （第一个 that 引导的从句是定语从句，that 在从句中作宾语）2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.（汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。 ）（同位语从句，that 在句中不作任何成分）四、宾语从句定义：一个从句在复合中作主句的宾语，这个从句就叫作宾语从句。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾词，介词的宾语，某些形容词的宾语以及非谓语动词的宾语。1及物动词后的宾语从句：She w
12、ill give whoever needs help a warm support.I wonder why she refused my invitation.2介词后的宾语从句：I always think of how I can improve my spoken English.The teacher is satisfied with what she has said. 3某些形容词后的宾语从句：I am sure that you will make greater progress in English through hard work.We are surprised
13、that he has left without saying goodbye to us.4非谓语动词后的宾语从句：Realizing that it was just a difference in custom, the foreigner smiled and said nothing. On being asked whether he had had a good time in Australia, he answered “Terrible ”. 关于形式宾语 itWe must make it clear that anyone who breaks the law will
14、 be punished. I find it necessary that we should ask him for his advice. 学习名词性从句时要注意以下几点：1. 在名词性从句中，疑问句要用陈述句的语序。例如：Someone is ringing the doorbellGo and see _ （2000 上海）Awho is he Bwho he is Cwho is it Dwho it isCan you make sure _the gold ring ？（MET90）Awhere Alice had put Bwhere had Alice put Cwhere
15、 Alice has put Dwhere has Alice putYou cant imagine _ when they received these nice Christmas presents （94 上海）Ahow they were excited Bhow excited they wereChow excited were they Dthey were how excited2. 动词 doubt 用在疑问句或否定句时，其后宾语从句常用 that 作连接词；用在肯定句时，连接词用 whether 或 if 皆可，而不用 that。Do you doubt that he
16、will win ? I dont doubt that your proposition is wrong . He doubt whether I know it . 3. 否定转移问题。在主句为第一人称主语后跟 think , believe , suppose , expect , guess , imagine 等动词时，宾语从句的否定形式应转移到主句中。We dont expect he will come tonight , will he ?4. 主谓一致问题。What he wanted to see was an end to all the armies of the w
17、orldWhat I bought were three English books5. 语气问题a. 在含有 suggest, order, demand, propose, command, request, insist, desire, require, advise 等表示要求、命令、建议、决定 等意义的动词后，that 从句常用“（should） + 动词原形”的结构I suggest we (should) set off at once. b. 在 It is 过去分词that 的主语从句中 decided，demanded，desired，insisted，ordered，p
18、roposed，suggested，recommended，requested， required 等。It is desired that we（should）get everything ready this evening c. 在表语从句或同位语从句中。 The suggestion that the mayor (should) present the prizes was accepted by everyoned. 在 It is（was）形容词that 从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should ）动词原形，表示建议、不满、惊奇等情绪。常用于此类的形容词有 essential，imp
19、ortant ， natural，necessary ，possible，strange，等。 It is necessary that a college student _ at least a foreign language （上海 1993） Amasters Bshould master Cmastered Dwill master 6What 引导名词从句的特殊含义 :What was once regarded as impossible has now become a reality(what 为“所 的事”，相当于 “the thing that ；all that ；e
20、verything that ”)After _ seemed a very long time，I opened my eye and found myself in bed （M ET93） Awhat Bwhen Cthat Dwhich (what 相当于 “the time that”，表示“时间”)He is not what he was a few years agoWho is it that has made Fred what he is now？(what 表示“ 的人”，相当于 “the person that ”)What is now the North Saha
21、ra Desert was once a civilized world(what 表示“ 的地方 ”，相当于“the place that ”)Our income is now double what it was ten years ago(what 表示“ 的数目 ”，相当于“the amount number that ”)巩固练习1What are you eager about？ _ A. How can we succeed B. Whether we can succeed C. When can we succeed D. If we can succeed 2. It w
22、as true _ Alice did surprised her mother. A. that what B. what that C. that that D. all that 3. You cant believe _ promise he makes. A. anything that B. which C. whatever D. whose 4. It was at the very beginning_ Mr. Fox made the decision _ we should send more firefighters there. A. when, which B. t
23、hat, that C. where, what D. when, that5. Who should I give the prize to？ To _ can work out the problem . A. whoever B. who C. no matter who D. whomever 6. _is well-known _ much progress has been made in China in the past 20 years. A. What；what B. It；that C. It；what D. That；that 7. _ gets home first
24、is to cook the supper. A. Who B. No matter who C. Those who D. Whoever 8. _ surprised us very much that Tom left without a word. A. He B. It C. This D. That 9. _ he has enough time to finish the work is still a problem . A. Whether B. That C. If D. What 10. Maria has to baby-sit. Thats _ she cant co
25、me out with us.A. why B. how C. when D. what11. -I went to see you at about ten this morning, but you were not in the office.-Oh, that was probably_ I was talking with the headmaster.A. when B. why C. what D. that12. We agreed to accept_ they thought was the best tourist guide.A. whatever B. whichev
26、er C. whomever D. whoever13. _ is where to go for a holiday.A. What they worry B. What worries them C. What is worried D. What they are worried14. It worried her a lot_ she had developed a terrible disease.A. while B. if C. that D. for15. All finished, we sat down to enjoy _ we thought the most deli
27、cious dinner.A. that B. which C. what D. it16. You have not yet answered my question _ I can join in the party tonight. A. whether B. if C. which D. that17. Do you really believe there is human race in outer space?So far there is no proof _ people from other planets do exist. A. which B. how C. what
28、 D. that18. In some countries, _ is called “equality” does not really mean equal rights for all people.A. that B. what C. which D. how19. You may give the film ticket to _ you think needs it.A. no matter who B. whomeverC. whoever D. no matter whom20. Rice is comforting food, _ the season is.A. however B. wherever C. whatever D. whenever
