1、第二讲 非谓语动词非谓语动词是动词的变体， 是为了满足动词作除了谓语之外的其他成分而产生的。非谓语动词的考查是语篇型语法填空以及短文改错的考查重点：(其中 2016 年高考语法填空全国卷甲、乙、丙分别为 1、2、2 个；短文改错分别为 1、0、1 处)(1)语法填空对非谓语动词的考查主要集中在作定语、宾语， 此外作主语、表语、状语和补语也是考查的重点；(2)在短文改错中， 有动词形式的错误， 如本该用动名词作主语却用了原形；在介词或某些动词后本应接动名词的却用了谓语动词形式；本该用现在分词的却用了过去分词。另外， 不定式符号 to 的多用或少用也是常考点。不容置疑， 以后的高考将继续加强对非谓
2、语动词的考查， 而且对非谓语动词作定语、宾语、主语、表语的考查仍会是重点。非谓语动词作状语、补语可能会成为高考语篇型语法填空及短文改错的难点， 但试题的难度将会有所控制。考点一 非谓语动词的形式及意义非谓语动词 主动语态 被动语态 意义一般式 to do to be done不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或在其后发生进行式 to be doing不定式的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生不定式完成式 to have done to have been done不定式的动作发生在句中谓语动词的动作之前一般式 doing being done其表示的动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或基本
3、上同时发生现在分词/动名词 完成式 having done having been done其表示的动作先于句中谓语动词的动作发生过去分词一般式 done与句中主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成(北京高考)There are still many problems to be solved before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.在我们准备在月球上长住之前， 还有很多问题仍需要解决。(江西高考) Having spent nearly all our money, we couldnt afford to stay at a hotel.我们
4、几乎已经花完了所有的钱， 没钱住旅馆了。【即时训练】单句语法填空1(2015天津高考单项填空)_ (work) for two days, Steve managed to finish his report on schedule.答案：Having worked2(江西高考)He is thought _ (act) foolishly. Now he has no one but himself to blame for losing the job.答案：to have acted3The railway tunnel _(build) now over there is by far
5、 the longest one in the line through the mountains.答案：being built考点二 非谓语动词作状语(一) 不定式作状语1作目的状语，可用 so as to/ in order to 替换， 但 so as to 一般不可置于句首， 意为“为了；想要” 。(2016北京高考单项填空)To make it easier to get in touch with us, youd better keep this card at hand.为了更容易与我们取得联系， 你最好把这张卡片放在手边。2作结果状语， 常表示出乎意料的结果，常用于下列结构
6、中：only to do；enough to do(足够做 )；too. to do.(太而不能)；so/such. as to.(如此以至于)等。George returned after the war, only to be told that his wife had left him.乔治战后归来， 却被告知他的妻子已经离他而去。3作原因状语， 常用在“主语系动词形容词to do”结构中。这类形容词有：easy, difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, fit, comfortable, heavy, good, important, impossibl
7、e, dangerous, surprised, astonished, delighted, disappointed 等。(辽宁高考)We were astonished to find the temple still in its original condition.令我们吃惊的是， 这座寺庙仍保持着最初的样子。在“主语be形容词不定式”结构中， 句子的主语和不定式构成逻辑上的动宾关系， 且形容词表示主语的特征或性质， 此时不定式通常用主动形式表示被动意义。另外需注意的是在该结构中， 不定式中的动词必须是及物动词，若为不及物动词， 则要在其后加上适当的介词， 使之构成及物动词短语。O
8、nce plastic pollution arises in most public areas, it is hard to deal with.一旦白色污染在大多数公共区域产生， 就很难处理了。 (二) 分词作状语非谓语动词作状语时， 其逻辑主语通常要与句子的主语保持一致。现在分词作状语时，现在分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的主动关系。过去分词作状语时， 过去分词所表示的动作与句子主语之间构成逻辑上的被动关系。(四川高考) Offered an important role in a new movie, Andy has got a chance to become famo
9、us.由于在这部新电影中担任重要角色， 所以安迪有了出名的机会。(2016浙江高考)Looking back, I honestly dont know how she did it. 回首往事，我真的不知道她是怎么做的。(陕西高考)More highways have been built in China, making it much easier for people to travel from one place to another.中国又建了更多高速公路，这使人们从一处到另一处的出行变得更容易了。(1)部分过去分词源于系表结构， 作状语时不表示被动， 也不表完成， 而表示一种状
10、态。常见的有：located (坐落于), lost(迷路的), seated(坐着的), hidden(躲着的), lost/absorbed/buried in(沉溺于), dressed in(穿着), tired of( 厌烦的), faced with(面对着)。(2)有些分词或不定式短语作状语， 其形式的选择不受上下文的影响 ， 称作独立成分。常见的有：generally/frankly/roughly/strictly speaking, talking of, speaking of, judging from/by, taking everything into consid
11、eration, compared to/with, to be frank, to tell (you) the truth, to be honest, to make things worse 等。 【即时训练】单句语法填空1(2017湖南长郡中学月考) _(shock) at the terrible working conditions, we decided to quit the job.答案：Shocked2(2017江苏泰兴四中质检)On hearing the news, the girl rushed out without hesitation, _(leave) th
12、e luggage lying on the floor, and disappeared in the dark.答案：leaving3(2015北京高考单项填空)_(catch) the early flight, we ordered a taxi in advance and got up very early.答案：To catch考点三 非谓语动词作定语 (一) 不定式作定语1不定式作定语通常放在所修饰词之后， 表示将来的动作。不定式与其所修饰的词之间往往是动宾关系， 若该不定式是不及物动词， 其后应有必要的介词。Suddenly a good idea occurred to h
13、er, but she couldnt find any paper to write on.突然她想到了一个好主意， 但是她找不到纸写下来。2序数词， 形容词最高级， the last, the only 等后或被这些词修饰的名词 /代词后， 常用不定式作定语。(2016全国卷乙)In 1931，Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. 1931 年，亚当斯成为第一个获得诺贝尔和平奖的美国女性。He is always the first to arrive at the school and t
14、he last to leave the school.他总是第一个到校， 最后一个离校。3被修饰词是抽象名词时， 常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有：ability, chance, idea, hope, wish, fact, excuse, promise, attempt, way 等。(辽宁高考)And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。(湖南高考) The ability to express an idea is as important
15、as the idea itself.表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。不定式作定语时，当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时， 不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时， 不定式使用被动式。Have you got anything to buy?你有什么东西要买吗？(不定式 to buy 的动作执行者是 you)Have you got anything to be bought? 你有什么要(我或别人)买的吗？(不定式 to be bought 的动作执行者是“我”或“别人” ，因此只能用动词不定式的被动形式作后置定语) (二) 分词作定语
16、作定语的及物动词的分词形式有：现在分词、 “being过去分词” 、过去分词。当被修饰的名词与分词之间为主动关系时， 用现在分词；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表示正在进行时， 用“being过去分词” ；当被修饰的名词与分词之间为被动关系且表完成时， 用过去分词。(2016浙江高考单项填空)To return to the problem of water pollution, Id like you to look at a study conducted in Australia in 2012.回到水污染这个问题， 我想让你看看 2012 年在澳大利亚所做的一项研究。(北京高考)
17、Last night, there were millions of people watching the opening ceremony live on TV.昨天晚上， 有几百万人观看了开幕式的电视直播。We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词只表示动作已完成， 不表被动。falling leaves 正在下落的叶子；fallen leaves 落叶 非谓语动词作定语的解题思路表示被动、完成用过去分
18、词(done) ；表示主动、进行用现在分词(doing)；表示被动、进行用 being done；表示主动、尚未进行用 to do；表示被动的动作尚未进行用 to be done。试比较：The bridge built in 2016 was designed by a local company.Today there are more airplanes carrying more people than ever before in the skies.The bridge being built now was designed by a local company.The brid
19、ge to be built next year was designed by a local company. 【即时训练】单句语法填空1(2016全国卷甲)Several others checked the instructions and made something according to one of the model plans _(provide)答案：provided2(山东高考)Theres a note pinned to the door _ (say) when the shop will open again.答案：saying3Volunteering gi
20、ves you a chance _(change) lives, including your own.答案：to change考点四 非谓语动词作宾语 1只接不定式作宾语的动词：agree, intend, plan, demand, promise, prepare, decide, refuse, choose, wish, hope, expect, fail (未能), pretend, manage, determine, beg, arrange, threaten, claim, hesitate，happen (碰巧 )等。She seated herself at a s
21、mall table in the restaurant, waiting to be served.她坐在餐馆里的一张小桌子旁等着被服务。2只接动名词作宾语的动词及短语：admit, avoid, consider, escape (避开), imagine, mind, miss, practise, suggest, feel like, give up, put off, object to, look forward to 等。此外， have difficulty/trouble (in) doing sth.; have fun (in) doing sth.等句型中也用动名词作
22、宾语。I avoided mentioning the subject in case he should be offended.我回避提及这个话题， 以免冒犯他。(陕西高考)Its quite hot today. Do you feel like going for a swim? 今天很热。你想去游泳吗？3接不定式与动名词作宾语意义不同的动词：(1)try to do 尽力做；try doing 试着去做；(2)mean to do 打算做；mean doing 意味着 ；(3)regret to do 遗憾要去做；regret doing 后悔做过 ；(4)remember to d
23、o 记得去做；remember doing 记得做过；(5)forget to do 忘记去做；forget doing 忘记做了I remembered locking the door before I left the office, but forgot to turn off the lights.我离开办公室之前记得关门却忘记关灯了。We still remember once being taken/having been taken round the famous tower when we were young.我们仍然记得在我们小的时候我们曾经被领着参观那座著名的塔。(2
24、016上海高考语法填空)Was she worried about how I would react or that I would stop buying the groceries if I found out?她是担心如果我发现这件事情我的反应还是担心我不再给她买食品杂货呢？(1)动词 want, need, require 作“需要”讲时， 其后要用 v.ing 形式的主动形式或不定式的被动语态作宾语。与此用法相同的动词还有 deserve(值得)。(2)不定式作动词(短语)learn, decide, know, wonder, show, tell, understand, ex
25、plain, teach, advise, find out 等的宾语时， 前面常带引导词 how, what, whether, where, when, who 等。(3)介词后一般要接 v.ing 形式作宾语， 但介词 but/except 后接不定式作宾语， 若前有实义动词 do, 不定式要省略 to。【即时训练】单句语法填空1(2016浙江高考单项填空)I had as much fun sailing the seas as I now do _ (work) with students.答案：working2Nervous and anxious, Jill failed _ (
26、make) a good impression at the job interview.答案：to make3Weve had a good start, but next, more work needs _(do) to achieve the final success.答案：to be done/doing考点五 非谓语动词作宾补(一) 不定式作宾补不定式作宾补时， 宾语和不定式之间在逻辑上是主谓关系， 不定式表将来、主动。常用不定式作宾补的动词(短语 )：advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force
27、, intend, invite, order, persuade, prefer, require, remind, tell, want, warn, wish, call on, depend on 等。(山东高考)If we expect people to give up the habit of driving, we must give them an alternative they can rely on.如果我们期望人们放弃开车的习惯， 我们必须给他们可以依赖的选择。As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasnt all
28、owed to go into the sports club.由于杰克把他的会员卡忘在家里了， 所以他不被允许进入体育俱乐部。(1)有些动词，如 think, consider, believe, suppose, feel, find, understand 等后常用 to be 作宾补或主补。Chinese people are considered to be the most hardworking people in the world.中国人被认为是世界上最勤劳的人民。(2)在 sb. be said/believed/known/reported/considered/thou
29、ghtto do/to have done 结构中， 不定式用作主语补足语。He is thought to have invented the first telephone in the world.人们认为他发明了世界上第一部电话。 (二) 分词作宾补1现在分词作宾补时， 动词与宾语之间存在主谓关系， 且强调正在进行的主动动作。可接现在分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, get), find, leave, keep, catch 等。(湖南高考)Listen! Do y
30、ou hear someone calling for help？听！你听到有人正在呼喊救命吗？2过去分词作宾补时， 动词与宾语之间存在动宾关系。可接过去分词作宾补的常见动词：感官动词(see, watch, observe, notice, hear, listen, feel), 使役动词(have, make, let, get), find, leave, keep 等。(2015陕西高考)Back from his twoyear medical service in Africa, Dr. Lee was very happy to see his mother taken goo
31、d care of at home.李博士在非洲进行了两年的医疗服务， 回来后看到他的母亲在家里被照顾得很好，他很高兴。(1)使役动词 have, get 后接非谓语动词作补语的异同点： have sth. doneget sth. done让别人做某事；have sb./sth. doing 让一直做某事；get sth./sb. doing 使开始做某事；have sb. do sth.get sb. to do sth.让某人做某事。注意：have sth.to do 表示“有某事要做” ， 此结构中， 不定式作后置定语。Alexander tried to get his work r
32、ecognized in the medical circles.亚历山大尽力使他的工作被医学界认可。(2)let 最常用的结构为：let宾语do, 表示“让做” 。(3)with 的复合结构为：with宾语现在分词。表示主动和动作正在进行；with宾语过去分词。表示被动和动作已完成；with宾语不定式。表示将来。切记：不定式在 with 的复合结构中用主动形式表示被动含义。The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following them.这老两口常常在晚饭后到公园里散步， 他
33、们的宠物狗则在后面跟着。With such a short time left before the deadline, it doesnt seem likely that John will finish the job.截止日期之前只留下很短的时间， 约翰似乎不可能完成工作了。With a lot of work to do, she wasn t allowed to leave her office.由于有许多工作要做， 她不被允许离开办公室。【即时训练】.单句语法填空1The little boy saw the dog _(kill). He was frightened.答案：
34、killed2(2016全国卷甲)I turned around and saw a pleasant woman with a big smile on her face _ (wave) to wish me a safe trip. 答案：waving3(四川高考)The manager was satisfied to see many new products_(develop) after great effort.答案：developed.单句改错1With her health broken down, she had to quit the job she loved._答案
35、：broken breaking2Barbara often makes a schedule to get herself reminding of what she is to do in the day._答案：remindingreminded3(2015浙江高考)The position of the classroom with its view made me felt like I was dreaming._答案：feltfeel考点六 非谓语动词作主语和表语(一) 不定式作主语和表语1不定式作主语时， 一般表示具体某一次的动作。若不定式太长， 常用 it 作形式主语而将不定
36、式后置。(北京高考)Its important for the figures to be updated regularly.定期更新数据是很重要的。2不定式作表语时：表示预定要发生的动作；当主语是 aim, purpose, idea, plan, wish, decision, choice 等词时， 常用不定式作表语；主语为 what 引导的名词性从句时， 表语多用不定式。His wish is to be a doctor in the future.他的愿望是将来当一名医生。What I want to do most in senior high is (to) improve
37、my English.我在高中最想做的事就是提高我的英语水平。(二) 动名词作主语和表语1动名词作主语表示一般的、抽象的、泛指的概念， 常用 it 作形式主语， 动名词作真正的主语放在句末。常用于固定句型：Its a waste of time doing.；Its no use/good doing.；It is useless doing.等中。(浙江高考) Facing up to your problems rather than running away from them is the best approach to working things out.直面你的问题而不是逃避它们， 是解决这些问题最好的方法。Its no use complaining without taking action.不采取行动而只是抱怨是没用的。2动名词作表语时相当于名词， 用于解释主语的内容， 表语和主语常常可以互换位置。My job is cleaning the house three times a week.我的工作是每星期打扫三次房子。不定式和动名词作主语时， 谓语动词都用单数， 这是短文改错中经常出现的错误。 3现在分词、过去分词都可作表语， 但现在分词意为：令人的；过去分词意为：
