1、第六部分：非谓语动词一、学习指导非谓语动词，顾名思义，即动词经过变形后（如加 ing，ed 或 to）不再作为句子的谓语部分，而是充当其他成分使用的语法现象，它们没有人称和数的变化，但仍保留动词的某些特征，如及物动词可有宾语，可带状语，甚至还有时态和语态的变化。非谓语动词分为三类：动名词，不定式和分词（现在分词和过去分词） ，下面就辅以例句逐一讲解.（一）动名名：I. 概念及构成：动词加-ing 后作为名词使用，则称之为动名词。注意：动名词虽在句法中与名词作用类似，但意义仍有本质的区别。动名词更强调动作性，而名词则偏重物质性。如：home 为房屋，具体实物；而 housing 则指安顿人居住这
2、一动作或状态，故住房问题应译为：housing problems. 又如：Once your business becomes international, _ constantly will be part of your life.A. you fly B. your flight C. flight D. flying此处应选 D。因其强调空中旅行频繁这一动作，而非一次航班 flight.II. 句法功能：象名词一样，动名词通常在句中充当主语，表语，宾语及定语。1：动名词作主语表示抽象或习惯性的动作，谓语动词多用单数形式。如：Watching TV was, and still is,
3、a major pastime for many people. 看电视对许多人来说曾是且仍然是一种主要的消遣活动。Collecting all sorts of information is very important to businessmen.对商人而言收集各类信息相当重要。如主语部分过长，则可用 It 来作形式主语，将动名词短语后移。例如：It is no use arguing with such a boneheaded person.同这样固执己见的人争论是无用的。注意：（1）通常用动名词作真正主语的结构有：It is no use / good doing sthIt is
4、 not any use / good doing sthThere is no doing sth例如：It is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。There is no telling what will happen. 不知道会发生什么。（2）有时需认真辨识方能看清动名词作主语的情况。如：- What do you think made Mary upset?- _ her new bicycle.A. As she lost B. Lost C. Losing D. Because of losing此处的发问词不是 why 而是 what，故选
5、动名词作答句的主语。 Losing her new bicycle made Mary upset.2：动名词作表语置于系动词之后。例如：Her job is teaching foreigners Chinese. 她的工作是教外国人中文。Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。3：动名词作宾语有动词宾语同介词宾语之分。（1）动名词作动词宾语。词法与句法密切相关，应当记住在下列动词后多用动名词作宾语。建议同学利用近义词和反义词的关系成对对记忆。高中阶段常用的动词有：admit/confess/deny, suggest/advise/propose, delay/postpone
6、, excuse/pardon/forgive, permit/allow/forbid, avoid/escape, involve/include, appreciate, consider(考虑), imagine, practise, risk, resist, dislike, fancy, quit, mention 等。例如：Peter advised saving unnecessary expenses.She just couldnt imagine living a hard life like that.同时需要记住的还有一些动词词组，如：feel like, give
7、 up, put off, cant help (情不自禁), cant stand/resist, be (well) worth doing 等。（2）动名词作介词宾语。介词后多加名词或相当于名词的动名词作宾语。如：We left without saying anything.Do you know what prevented him from pursuing his goal?值得注意的是介词 to 与 in。a. to 即接动词原形构成 to do 的不定式结构又可作介词表示方向性。同学们应当记住以下的to 均为介词，后接动名词：be used/accustomed to, ob
8、ject to, devote . to, get down to, be reduced to, with a view to, what do you say to, look forward to, pay attention tob. in 则往往被省略，造成同学们对其后的 doing 无从分析成分。其实也是动名词作介词宾语的现象。spend/waste time/money (in) doing sth 花时间浪费时间金钱做某事have trouble/difficulty (in) doing sth 做某事有困难There is no point (in) doing sth 做
9、某事是无意义的4：动名词作定语。与名词作定语表修饰对象的用途一样，动名词也有此作用。如：a shopping arcade = an arcade for shoppinga swimming pool = a pool for swimmingIII. 其他形式：根据表达的需要，动名词也可做各种变形。1：动名词的时态与语态变化主动式 被动式一般式 完成式 一般式 完成式doing having done being done having been done注意：否定式的 not 置于最前部。例如：I am sorry for not having kept my promise.又如：_
10、to sunlight for too much time will do harm to ones skin.A. Exposed B. Having expose C. Being exposed D. After being exposed答案选 C。句中的主语应由动名词充当，且意思是 “曝露在阳光下过久对皮肤衣有伤害” ，故选被动态 being done。2：动名词所有格旨在说明动作的执行者是谁。如：Fathers coming back is what we have expected. 父亲的归来是我们所期盼的。作宾语的动名词短语中，所希有格s 可省略。如：She didnt mi
11、nd Tom(s) coming late.Victor apologized for _ to inform me of the change in the plan.A. his being not able B. him not to be ableC. his not being able D. him to be not able弄清摆放位置，选 C。（二）不定式不定式的基本结构为 to 加动词原形，其用途比动名词更为复杂：既可充当句子的主语，宾语等，又可起修饰作用，作定语，状语，补语。分类说明如下。I. 句法功能1：不定式作主语。与动名词一样，不定式也可作为句子的主语。如：Seei
12、ng is believing.也可译成 To see is to believe.（考虑到与主语平行，表语也用不定式 to believe）区别仅在于：（1）动名词用于泛指一类情况，而不定式多特指具体某个动作。试比较：Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火是危险的。To go on like this is dangerous. 再这么干下去是危险的。（2）另外，在有些结构中仅用不定式做真正的主语，如：It is easy/difficult/wrong/important/necessary/essential (for sb) to do sthIt is
13、a(n) pleasure/pity/honor (for sb) to do sthIt takes/costs/requires + n. (for sb) to do sthNothing is more + adj. than to do sth* 加上 for sb 可说明不定式中动作的执行者。注意：It is adj. for sb to do sth 与 It is adj. of sb to do sth 的内在结构区别。前者是不定式做真正的主语，即To do sth is adj. for sb.如：It is convenient for you to buy your b
14、reakfast in a bakery.在面包房里买早餐对你而言十分方便。而后者是不定式补充说明形容词，等同于 sb is adj. to do sth. 故此句型中的形容词多为可修饰人的形容词，如：brave, careful, clever, considerate, cruel 等。例如：Its kind of you to think so much of us. = You are so kind to think so much of us.你真好，那么替我们着想。2：不定式作表语。置于系动词后补充说明主语。如：My mission is to help patients. 我的
15、任务是帮帮助病人。注意：（1）在对梦想或对将来打算的描述中，多用不定式而非动名词做表语，如：My hope/idea/proposal/plan/aim/intention is to .（2）当 seem/appear 做系动词时也用不定式做表语。（3）be to do 的特殊含义：The school regulations are to be observed. (必须)The highway leading to the neighboring province is to be open to traffic on October l.（将要）（4）不定式做表语时，如主语部分出现了实
16、义动词“do” ，则此时“to”可省略。如：All I did was (to) give her a little push. 我所做的仅仅是给了她一点督促。3：不定式作宾语，分动词宾语和介词宾语两种。（1）不定式做动词宾语。以下列出的是高中阶段常见的后跟不定式做宾语的动词：afford, agree/refuse, intend/attempt/plan/choose/decide, wish/hope/expect, demand, offer, learn, manage, pretend, threaten 等。有时会带 sb 做间接宾语，如：tell/teach/show sb +
17、 wh- to do当有宾补构成复合宾语，则多用 it 来做形式宾语，而真正的宾语即不定式后移。如：find/think/consider/feel/believe it + adj./n. to do sth注意：前面已提到某些动词后只可跟动名词或不定式，取其一构成固定搭配。但另一些动词则是既可跟不定式又可跟动名词做宾语的。a. 意思接近：begin/start/continue; hate/like/love/prefer 等，后跟 doing 与 to do 意义差别不大。b. 意思不同：remember/forget, regret, mean, try, stop, go on 等。
18、后跟 doing 和 to do 意思相去甚远。如 mean doing - 意味着，而 mean to do 则是“打算 ”。c. 形式不同： need/want/require/deserve 表被动意时，或用动名词主动态 doing 或用不定式被动态 to be done. 如：The shoes need polishing. = The shoes need to be polished. 鞋子要上光了。（2）介词宾语。介词宾语多由动名词充当，在少数介词后可用加 wh-的不定式做宾语。如：He wrote a book on how to cook vegetarian meals.
19、 他写了一本如何烹饪素食的书。注意：在介词 but/except（除了）及 besides（除了词）之后的不定式常省 to，条件是前半部分出现了实义动词 do，试比较：I have no choice but to wait.I cant do anything but wait.又如：What do you like to do besides swim?还有结构 cant but do，cant help but do 也属做介词宾语的不定式省 to 的现象。4：不定式做宾语补足语，补充说明宾语所做的动作。如：The cold weather caused the plant to die
20、. 寒冷的天气气导致植物死亡。（1）常跟不定式做宾补的动词有 persuade/advise, permit/allow, force, ask sb. to do sth.等。注意：hope 与 demand 无此种用法。（2）常跟不定式做宾补的动词词组有：arrange for/wait for/rely on/depend on/count on/call on/appeal to sb. to do sth.（3）think/consider/suppose/imagine sb (to be) .want/order/wish/like sth (to be) done .这两个结构
21、中作宾补不定式 to be 常被省去。如例句所示：He is considered (to be) my friend. 他被认为是我的朋友。My boss wanted the job (to be) done at once. 我老板要求工作立刻完成。（4）感官动词后作宾补的不定式通常省 to，如：see/watch/hear/notice sb do sth注意：变为被动语态时，应将 to 复位。如：She was seen to come in.（5）部分使役动词后作宾补的不定时也不带 to，如：make/let/have sb do sth注意：变为被动语态时，将 to 复位，sb
22、is made to do.但 let 是个例外，即使在被动态中也不加 to，如：She was let go by the police at last. 最后她被警察放了。5：不定式作定语。放在所修饰的名词之后，相当于一定语从句。（1）被修饰名词与不定式内动词构成主谓关系。如：He is not a man to flinch before difficulties. 他不是个会在困难面前退缩的人。= He is not a man who will flinch before difficulties.注意：被修饰的部分中含有 the first/the last（序数词）/the be
23、st（最高级）/the only/the next，则多用不定式作定语。如：She was the only woman to win the prize.（2）被修饰的名词与不定式内的动词构成动宾关系。如：Each of us has a role to play in society. 我们中的每个人都要在社会中扮演角色。= Each of us has a role which we should play in society.注意：此句的主语 each of us 是不定式内动词 play 的执行者，故不定式一定要用主动态。但 There is nothing to do/There
24、 is nothing to be done.由于没有明确的动作执行者，则两句均成立。（3）被修饰的名词与不定式内介词构成介宾关系。如：There are five pairs of pants to choose from. 有五条裤子待选。When I handed the report to John, he said George was the person to send it to.= When I handed the report to John, he said George was the person whom I should have sent it to.= Wh
25、en I handed the report to John, he said George was the person to whom to send it.（正式语体中也会将不定式与关系代词合用）注意：此时的中心词是介词而非动词宾语，故介词不可漏。Here is pen for you to sign with. (X)Here is pen for you to sign with.(/)但如果被修饰的中心词是 time, place, way 则可将不定式中的介词略去。如：Taking a plane is the fastest way to travel.（4）被修饰的名词与不定
26、式构成同位关系。如：He made a promise not to do that again. 他承诺再也不那么做了。= He made a promise which was not to do that again.如动词与不定式搭配，则其名词形式也多跟不定式作定语修饰，如 choice, decision, wish, need, desire, ambition, failure, intention, plan, ability to do sth.6：不定式作状语。（1）不定式作目的状语表示“为了” ，等同于 in order to 或 so as to，如：Although
27、he is not rich, he sets aside some money to help the poor children in the mountain areas every year.尽管他并不富喜裕，但他每年留出些钱去帮助山区的贫穷孩子。注意：a. 此时不可用 for doing 来充当目的状语。I came here for seeing you. (X)I came here to see you. (/)b. 句子的主语应与不定式的逻辑主语相一致，避免垂悬结构。In order to improve English, a lot of tapes were bought
28、. (X)In order to improve English, Jenny bought a lot of tapes. (/)（2）不定式作结果状语多用于如下结构中：too . to （太 以至于不能） ，so . as to, such . as to（如此 以至于） ，only to ., enough to 如：He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet. 他搬起石头砸了自己的脚。Would you be so kind as to help me out? 你能好心帮个忙吗？（3）不定式作评注性状语，置于句首，对整句话而非一个
29、动作进行评注。To be honest/frank, To be exact, To tell the truth, To begin with, To make the matter worse, To cut the long story short，等。7：不定式作形容词补足语，置于形容词之后，补充说明形容词。如：Im glad to meet you. 很高兴见到你。如上文所提到过的，有时该句型可转化成 It is adj. of sb to do .，如：He is clever to say so. = It is clever of him to say so.注意：（1）不定式
30、补充说明形容词时，多用主动态表被动意。如：The question is difficult to answer. 这题很难回答。(/)The question is difficult to be answered. (X)He is hard to talk to. 很难跟他搭上话。（2）We are only too pleased to accept your invitation.此句中的 to 引导的不定式并非结果状语，故不能译为 too . to， “太以至于不能” ，而是不定式补充说明形容词 pleased，表示我们只是太高兴能收到你的邀请了。II. 其他形式：不定式也有各种时
31、态与语态的变化。根据表达的需要，取适当形臣式。1：时态与语态主动式 被动式一般式 进行式 完成时 完成进行时 一般式 完成式to do to be doing to have done to have been doing to be done to have been done否定式的 not 或 never 置于最前面，例如：When his mother returned, he pretended to be reading the English novel.Thirty-six people was reported to have been killed.注意：以下结构含虚拟意：
32、was / were to have done 本算做而未做的；hoped / expected / meant / would like to have done = had hoped / mean / expected to do2：不定式的省略a. 不定式省略通常保留符号 to，如：- Will you go with me?- Im glad to.I dont want to go there but I have to.b. 如果不定式里的动词是 be 或 have，常保留 be 或 have (been)e.g.：- He hasnt finished yet.- Well,
33、he ought to have.c. 由 and 或 or 并列的不定式后半段常省 toTell them to stay there and wait till I come back. 告诉他们呆在那儿等我回来。d. 强调对比关系则应保留 toTo try and fail is better than not to try at all. 尝试后失败总比不尝试好。（三）分词I. 概念与构成 与形容词和副词类似，分词在句中往往起修饰作用，充当定语，状语或补语成分。具体分为现在分词和过去分词两种。下表列出了可能存在的变形。现在分词 过去分词主动式 被动式一般式 完成式 一般式 完成式doi
34、ng having done being done having been done doneII. 句法功能1：分词作为句子的表语成分：强调主语所处的状态，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动。如：The news is frustrating. 消息是令人沮丧的。The audience remain seated. 观众们坐着不动。注意：此时的系动词加过去分词结构与动词的被动语态有本质的区别：前者强调状态，而后者强调动作。试比较：The pen is broken. 笔是断的。The pen was broken by my brother. 那支笔被我弟弟折断了。2：分词作定语。如形容词一样
35、修饰一个名词，这是分词的主要用途之一。单个分词多置于被修饰词前，而分词短语则习惯作后置定语。如：the following day 接下来的一天the man standing by the window 站在窗边的男人分词作定语时需注意以下几点：（1）区别现在分词与动名词作定定语时的不同。现在分词是真正的修饰语，可转化成定语从句，如：an entertaining performance = a performance that entertains；但动名词仅能说明被修饰名词的用途 a walking stick a stick which/that walks，而是 a stick fo
36、r walking. 在构词时应当谨慎选择。（2）现在分词强调主动，过去分词强调动作是被执行的。如：freezing weather“冻死人的天气” ；但 frozen food“被冷冻起来的食品” 。如难以判断建议转化成定语从句来看主被动。如：the flower which smells sweet = the flower smelling sweet（系动词 smell 表示“闻起来”时，应用主动态） 。注意：迁移现象。a worried look, a frightened voice, a puzzled feeling, an excited manner. 本是修饰人的分词，迁
37、移至其表情，声音，感觉上。（3）对于不及物动词，则现在分词强调动作正在进行，而过去分词强调动作已经完成。如：the changing society“不断变化巾的社会” ；an escaped prisoner“一个已逃狱的犯人” 。加上前面已分析的不定式，三者做定语修饰同一名词时差异主要在于时间上。试比较 the problem to be settled（不定式：有待被解决的问题） ；the problem being settled（现在分词：正在被解决的问题） ；the problem settled（过去分词：已经被解决的问题） 。注意：现在分词的完成态 having done 和完
38、成被动态 having been done 一般不作定语修饰名词，直接用过去分词即可表达出该意。如：一个改变如此之大的人：a man having changed so much(X)a man changed so much(/)修饰语中的动作如发生在主句动作之前或有明显时间状语时，不能分词短语修饰名词，只能用定语从句。如：They built a monument to the soldiers dying in World War II. (X)They built a monument to the soldiers who died in World War II. (/)又如：th
39、e tsunami happening in the Indian Ocean in 2005 (X)the tsunami which happened in the Indian Ocean in 2005 (/)3：分词做宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的状态。现在分表主动，正在进行中；过去分词表被动完成。如：I found the room broken into. （对于宾语“房间”而言，应是被闯人）I found him working hard on his book.（对于“他”而言，是主动在写书，故用现在分词 working)注意两类动词：如 see, hear, watch, no
40、tice, observe 等。其后可跟分词或不带 to 的不定式做宾补，意思各不相同。以 see 为例：see sb do（不定式做宾补）看见整个过程，如：I saw the girl walk across the street.see sb doing/see sth being done（现在分词做宾补）看见动作面中，如：I saw the truck being unloaded. 我看到卡车正在被卸货。see sth done（过去分词做宾补）看见动作以被完成，如：I saw the door locked.有些感官动词如 smell, catch, listen to, look
41、 at, 因其意思的限定，后多跟现在分词做宾补。如：Cant you smell something burning? 你难道没闻到有东西烧起来了吗？（2）使役动词。使役动词 set 后一般用现在分词做宾补，如：What you said set him laughing.make 后则有两种情况：make sb do（不带 to 的不定式做宾补）表主动；make sth done 让某事被做。同样有两种宾补的还有 keep 和 leave。keep/leave sb doing（主动） ；keep/leave sth done（被动） 。最为复杂的宾补结构当属 get 和 have，各有三种
42、。get sb to do 让某人一次性做某事get sb doing 让某人不停做某事get sth done 让某事被做have sb do 让某人一次性做某事如：The teacher had him fetch some chalk.have sb doing 让某人不停地做某事如：Lets have the fire burning all night long.have sth done 让某事被做如：He had his foot injured in the race.* 有时会见到 have sbs doing sth，如：I wont have you(r) telling
43、 me what to do. 此时 have 为及物动词译为“容忍” ，并非“使” ， “让”的意思。还有，have sth to do，如：I want to have a book to read.中的 have 也不是使役动词，而是实义动词“有” ，不定式 to read 是定语修饰 a book， “我想要本可以读的书 .”4：分词做状语。可以与各类状语从句切换。在选择现在或过去分词做状语，应认真研判句子的主语。对主语而言，如动作是主动的，则用现在分词；如是被执行，则用过去分词。（1）时间状语。When I looked through the essay, I noticed a
44、few mistakes.= Looking through the essay, I noticed a few mistakes.有时可在分词前加一些连词如 when, while, until, as soon as 等以明确时间性。如：When heated, gas expands.但 after, before, on （一就 ） ，since 往往被看作是介词，后面只跟动名词 doing 或 being done，不跟过去分词。After being examined, the new model car was put into use. (/)After examined,
45、the new model car was put into use. (X)如想体现分词动词与主句动作的时间关系，还可灵活借用现在分词的不同形式，如 being done“正在被” ；having done“已经完成” ；having been done“已经被”等。如:：Being repaired, the road is blocked. 维修期间此路不通。Having suffered from heart trouble for years, he decided to turn to a new hospital.受心脏病之苦多年，他决定去另一家医院看看。Having been
46、shown around the school, we left.在被带着参观过了校园之后，我们离开了。（2）原因状语。如：As she was frightened of losing her job, she kept it a secret.= Frightened of losing her job, she kept it a secret.又如：Made of wood, the chair is light.因为是木头做的，这个椅子很轻。注意：此时用过去分词即可，不必用 being done 或 having been done 强调时间性。（3）条件状语。如：If you ar
47、e given another chance, youll do it better.= Given another chance, youll do it better. 再给一次机会，你会做得更好。也可根据表达的需要在分词前加 once, unless 等连词。如：Unless invited to speak, you should keep silent. 除非被邀请发言，否则请保持沉默.（4）让步状语。前面多有 even if, although, whether 等词加以说明。如：Although tired out, they didnt stop to have a rest.
48、 虽然以筋疲力尽，他们没有停下休息。（5）方式状语。表伴随状态，一般与主句动作同时发生。如：He cooked the dinner in the kitchen, singing cheerfully to himself.他快乐地唱着歌儿，在厨房堅做着晚饭。The teacher stood there, surrounded by the students. 老师站在那儿，被学生围着。有时同学们会会发现这样的结构：With winter coming, trees are beginning to sheds. 冬天来了，树开始落叶了。He lay there, with his lef
49、t leg broken. 他躺在那儿，左腿断了。此时分词的主语并非句子的主语，而是独立存在，如第一句里的 winter，第二句中的 his left leg.这种分词有独立主语的现象被称为“独立主格” 。除了作方式状语外，也可作原因，条件等其他状语。如：Mother being ill, I had to stay home. 因为母亲病了，我不得不留在家。Time / Weather permitting, well go on a trip this spring.如果时间 / 天气允许的话，我们今年春天要旅行一次。注意：有些固定结构中，只用现在分词，就不必考虑动作与主语的主被动关系了。如：Judging from/by . (据 . 判断 )，Generally / Strictly speaking（总的 / 严格来说） ，Considering（鉴于） ，Regarding（关于） ，Talking of / Speaking of（说起 .）非谓语动词属高中语法中的难点，理论易懂，但需通过大量的练习方能熟练掌握和运用。近年来重大考试中非谓语动词的考察呈现出以下三个趋：（一）利用复杂的句子结构来制造障往碍。如：The sci
