1、语法专题：定语从句基本概念：定语从句：在主从复合句中像形容词一样起修饰或限定作用的句子。Eg:Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture.先行词：被定语从句修饰的是先行词。先行词可以是一个词、短语、或是整个句子。John passed the exam, which made his parents happy.Students who are interested in English may attend the lecture.关系词： 引导定语从句的词是关系词。分为关系代词和关系副词。定语从句的种类：1.
2、限制性定语从句：通常与主句紧密相连，译为“的”如果去掉整个句子所表达的意思就不完整了。Eg: This is the book that I want to read.2. 非限制性定语从句：在结构上通常与主句用逗号隔开，如果去掉的话不影响主句的意思。Eg: The book, whose cover is very beautiful, belongs to him.关系词的作用：1. 引导定语从句，连接主从句。2. 指代先行词。3. 在定语从句中充当成分。 关系代词：主、宾、表、定。关系副词：状关系词先行词从句成分例 句 备 注who 人 主、宾Do you know the man wh
3、o is talking with your mother?The boy (who) you are taking care of is my brother.关系代 词whom 人 宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the warwho，whom, which和 that 在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that， whowhose + n = the + n. of whom =of whom the n.如指物用 w
4、hichEg: I saw a tree whose whose人或物定语（的）I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my desk mate. that人或物主，宾，表（不用于非限和介词后）A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which 物主，宾，表The book (which) I gave you was worth $
5、10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.leaves were black.I sat next to a girl whose name was Marry.as人或物主，宾He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略，常用于 the same as, such as, as as, soas 结构中when 时间时间状语I will never forget
6、the day when we met there.可用 prep. + whichwhere 地点地点状语This is the house where I was born. 可用 prep.+ which关系副 词why 原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for which考点解析：只能用 that 做关系词的情况：(1) 限制性定语从句中，当先行词被强调，如被 any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the only, the very 等修饰。Eg:
7、He is the only man that I want to see.(2) 先行词是不定代词 all, few, little, much, something, nothing, anything, everything时；He told me everything that he knows.(3) 先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级所修饰抑或先行词本身就是形容词最高级、序数词时。Eg: This is the most interesting book that I have read.This is the first book that he has read.(4) 先行词既有
8、人又有物时。Eg: We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.(5) 当句中已有 who, which 时，为避免重复. Eg：Who is the man that is making a speech?（6）先行词在主句中作表语，关系词在从句中作表语时。Eg: Marry is no longer the girl that she used to be.只能用 which 做关系词的情况：(1) 引导非限制性定语从句，指前面的某事物或前面的整个主句并在句中做主、宾语时。Eg: He had failed in th
9、e exam, which made his father angry.(2) 在介词后面，用 which 指代事物。This is the room in which my father lived last year.(3) 当先行词本身是 that 时。Eg: What is that which is flying in the sky?由 as 引导的定语从句的几种常见情况：(1) as 引导非限制性定语从句，说明整个主句的内容，和 which 引导定语从句代替整个句子的区别是：which 不能放在句首，而 as 则可以在句首、句中， as 有“正如” 、“就象”之意，而 which
10、 则没有此意。Eg:They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.(2）当先行词前有 the same，such 修饰时，或在 “so / asas”结构中，表示“那样以致” ，后用关系代词 as 引导限制性定语从句。Eg: He is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant unders
11、tand.(3) 在 suchas 结构中，as 为关系代词，替代先行词，引导的是定语从句；在suchthat 结构中，that 为连词，引导的是一个完整的结果状语从句。Eg: Thats the same tool as I used last week.（同类工具，不是同一把）Thats the same tool that I used last week. (同一把) 定语从句中的主谓一致：(1) 关系词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的单复数由先行词决定。Eg:The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.The studen
12、ts who are in Grade 3 are going to climb the hill tomorrow.(2）当先行词为 one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用复数动词；当先行词为 the (only)one of the +复数名词时，定从的谓动用单数动词。Eg: He is the only one of the students that is never late .他是学生中唯一从不迟到的学生。He is one of the students that are never late .他是从不迟到的学生之一。关系副词相关考点：(1) 当先行词为 situat
13、ion, case, point, job, condition等表示情况、方面的模糊化、抽象化的地方并且从句中缺少状语时，常用 where 引导定从。Eg:Can you think of a situation where we can use this word correctly?After graduation she reached a point in her career where she needed decide what to do.(2) the way 做定语从句的先行词时，如果定从中少状语，用 that、in which 或来引导定语从句。如果少宾语用 that
14、、which 或。如少主语用 that 、which。 Eg: I do not like the way that / in which / he spoke to me.The way (that / which )he told us is useful.关系副词= 介词 + 关系代词(Prep. + which/whom)：We could expect good decisions from you. We thought you were such a person.=We thought you were a person from whom we could expect go
15、od decisions. . You were to buy dog food with the money. The money is gone. =The money with which you were to buy dog food is gone.How to choose the right prepositionsExamples:1. He will never forget the day on which he failed in the exam2. This is the hero of whom we are proud.He is the man on whom
16、 I think you can depend3. Air, without which man cant live, is really importantConclusion：1、_.He will never forget the day _ which he failed in the exam.Now the Internet is a popular channel (渠道）_ the public voice their opinions and show their strength.A. at which B. at that C. through which D. thro
17、ugh that2、_.This is the hero _ whom we are proudHe is the man _ whom I think you can depend 1).Is this the book _ _ you spent 10 yuan?2). Is this the book _ _ you paid 10 yuan?3). He gave me some reference books _ _ I am not very familiar. 3. _.Air, _ which man cant live, is really importantMr. Tom
18、is the boss of us, _ _ I am working.1. 1949 was the year _ which the P.R.C. was founded.2. It is a famous school _ which he graduated 3 years ago.3. That was the pen _ which he wrote the letter.4. Do you remember the day _ which we met the first time?5. The sun gives us heat and light, _ which we ca
19、nt live.注意：在短语动词中介词不能提前,如：look for, look after, take care of 等I saw the watch which you are looking for ?The old man whom I am looking after is better .基本结构的拓展1. 名词+介词+ 关系代词This is the teacher whose daughter is a famous doctor. =This is the teacher _ is a famous doctor.Recently I bought an ancient C
20、hinese vase（花瓶）, _ was very reasonable（合理的）. A. which price B. the price of which C. its price D. the price of whose 2. 数词+介词 +关系代词(含基数词，序数词，分数和百分数） We have three foreign teachers, _are from Canada. (其中的两个）The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad. A. of wh
21、ich B. which of C. of them D. of that 3. 代词+介词+ 关系代词（代词有 all, both, none, neither, either, some, any等） The old woman has two sons, _ are teachers.（两个都是）Last week, two persons came to see the house, _wanted to buy it.A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. all of whom4. 形容词最高级/比较级+介词+ 关系代词
22、China has thousands of islands, _ is Taiwan Island.（其中最大的）There are two buildings, _ stands nearly a hundred feet high. A. the larger B. the larger of them C. the larger one that D. the larger of which 5. 介词+关系代词+ 名词He spent four years in college, _ he studied medicine.（在那段时间内）6. 复杂介词+关系代词 常用于该结构的复杂
23、介词有：as a result of, at the back of, because of, by means of, for want of, in front of, in case of, on account of 等。Eg：We got to a house at the back of which was a large garden.解题基本步骤：1.判断是否为定语从句；2.找出从句中所缺成分(主语、宾语、定语、表语、 状语 )从而判断是用关系代词还是 关系副词 ；3.找出先行词(看是人、物或者是其他状语)注：缺主语：从句中谓语动词前没有主语。缺宾语：1.从句中谓语动词为及物动
24、词，后无宾语时；2.从句中介词后无宾语；3.从句中谓语动词为后可跟双宾语的动词缺表语：从句中系动词后无表语时；缺定语：从句中的主语与先行词表所属关系时；缺状语： 1.被动语态中；2.主系表结构的句子里；3.谓语动词为不及物动词的句子里。既缺先行词，又缺引导词的情况，如：1)Is this factory _ we visited last year?2)Is this the factory _we visited last year?A. that B. which C. the one D.what解析：此类题目我们应先将其变为陈述句。1)变后为：This factory is _ we
25、visited last year。再有其汉语意思“这个工厂是我们去年参观的那一个” 。可知 1)中缺少先行词，答案中只有项 the one 这个代词可以充当。故 1)答案 C。2)变为陈述句后为：This is the factory _ we visited last year。由此可知此句缺少引导词。切先行词在从句中作宾语，因此答案为 A 或B。选择引导定语从句的引导词是学习定语从句的难点。巧用以下口决，可化难为易。一看指人还是物，二看介词在何处；三看句中作何用，四看否属特殊。定语从句 一、考点聚焦1、功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语2、位置：定语从句置于被修饰词之后Th
26、ose who are willing to attend the party, sign here please.3、先行词：被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词（1）先行词一般是名词和不定代词，如:some-, any-, every-和 no 与-boy, -thing 的合成词；或 all、none、any、some、that、those 等代词。数词也可以作先行词，人称代词也同样可作先行词。（2）先行词与关系词是等量关系。必须注意两点：先行词在从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的数由先行词而定。This is the place which is worth visiting.关系词在从句句子中充
27、当了成分，其意思就是先行词的意义，所以在从句中不能重复其意。There are many places we can visit（them）in China.4、关系词：引导定语从句的都称关系词关系代词：who, whom, w hich, that, w hose, as。关系副词：when, where, why。that 偶尔也作关系副词。5、确定关系词的步骤（1）先找关系词，看先行词指的是什么。（2）看关系词在从句中所充当的成分。6、在定语从句 中，当先行词指物时，下列情况的关系词宜用 t hat 而不用 which（1）先行词被形容词最高级 序数词 数词几种词修饰或被 only、an
28、y、 few、little、no 、all 、one of 等修饰时。（2）先行词为 all、much、little 、none 、few、one、something、anything 等不定代词时。（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。He was looking pleasantly at te children and parcels that filled his bus.（4）先行词在主句中作表语关系词在从句中作表语时。The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（5）当主句中含 有疑问词 which 时。Which are t
29、he books that you bought for me ?7、宜用 which 而不用 that 的情况（1）在非限制性定语从句中（2）在关系词前有介词时（3）当先行词本身是 that 时（4）当关系词离先行词较远时8、关系词 who 与 that 指人时，也有不同情况分别用不同的关系词（1）当主句是 there be 句型时，关系词用 who。（2）先行词是为 anyone、those、someo ne、everyone、one 等词时，关系词用 who。（3）当主句是 who 作疑问词时，关系词用 that。Who is that girl that is standing by
30、the window?（4）whom 在从句中只作宾语，可被 who 取代。9、whose 作关系词既指人又指物，在从句中作定语。如：Do you know Mr.Smith whose story is very moving ?The re is a room, whose window faces the river.There is a room, the window of which faces the river.10、关系代词 as,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语。（1）先行词被 such 和 the same 修饰，或句型 as many（much）中，从句都用 as 引导。Su
31、ch books as you bought are useful.The school is just the same as it was 10 years age.注意：区别such that 引导的结果状语从句。They are suchlovely children that we love them much.the same that 引导定语从句。I want to use the same tool that you used just now.（2）无先行词的定语从句用 as 和 which 引导。区别：意义上：as 含有“这点正如一样” 。位置上：as 从句可置句首，也可
32、在另处。He didnt pass the exam, as we had expected.There is lots of air in loose snow, which can keep the cold out.As is known, the earth is round, not flat.11、关系副词 when 与 where、why 、thatwhen 指时间 = in / at / on / during whichwhere 指地点 = in / at / from / whichwhy 指原因 = for which当先行词为 way、day、reason、time
33、时，可用 that 作关系副词。 （非正式场合）I dont like the way that / in which / he talks.当 time 作先行词时，关系词可以省掉。This is the first time I have given you a lesson in French.12、必须注意的问题（1）关系词作主语时，从句中谓语的数。（2）注意区别定语从句与强调句。定语从句中关系词作从句成分，复合句。强调 it 无意义，that / who 不是引导词。强调 it is / was 和 that / who 后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。It is th
34、e museum that / which we visited last year.(定语从句)It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）（3）定语从句与同位语从句的区别。定语从句引导词被称为关系词，that 充当主语、宾语、表语。有时可省略。同位语从句引导词被叫做连词，that 不能充当任何成分，不可省。Word came that their army was defeated.(同位语)We expressed to them our wish that was the same as their.(定语)（4）关系词在从句中
35、省略的情况。关系词作宾语，前无介词时。关系词作表语。（5）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的翻译。（6）关系词前有介词或复杂介词，关系词只能是 which 和 whom。（7）几个特殊的定语从句句型：He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中 one 为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中 students 为先行词）Is this place the one (that) w
36、e visited yesterday?Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ? He stood at the window, from where he could see what was happening.It may rain, in which case the match will be put off. 二、精典名题导解选择填空1. The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.（
37、NMET 2001）A.until B.that C.when D.where解析：答案为 C。本题考查分隔定语从句的关系词的选择。作好本题的关键是要能辨认出该定语从句的先行词 the hours 和关系词被介词短语 to me 所分隔。定语从句的先行词是表时间的名词 hours, 并且关系词在从句中用作状语，故应选择表示时间的关系副词when。2. _ is known to everybody, the noon travels around the earth once every month.(NMET 2001)A.It B.As C.That D.What解析：答案为 B。本题考查
38、 as 引导的非限制定语从句。as 作“正如”解时，引导的非限制性定语从句来修饰整个句子。当 as 在从句中作主语时，常用于下列短语：as is known、as is said、as is reported、as is announced 等。 要注意掌握作关系代词引导定语从句的用法。3. After living in Pairs for fifty years he returned to the small town _ he grew up as a child.(NMET 1996)A.which B.where C.that D.when解析：答案为 B。本题考查限制性定语从句中
39、关系词的选择。定语从句的先行词是表示地点的名词短语 the small town, 且关系词不作定语从句中的主语和宾语而作地点状语，因此定语从句必须用关系副词 where 引导。要注意分清先行词在从句中充当的成分，然后选择适当的关系词。4.The English play my students acted at the New Years party was a great success.A. for which B. at which C. in which D. on which解析：答案为 C。考定语从句。主句部分应是 The English play at the New Year
40、s party was a great success.从句补全为独立句子应是 my students acted in the play。所以应选 in which，其余介词不妥。5.There were dirty marks on her trousers she had wiped her hands.A. where B. which C. when D. that解析：答案为 A。本题考地点状语从句，用 where 引导。句意是“她的裤子上她擦过手的地方有脏痕” 。此处不能用时间状语从句，排除 C，本题易被误认为考定语从句，意为“在她擦过手的裤子上有脏痕” 。定语从句修饰 trou
41、sers，也只能用 where。B 和 D 可引导定语从句，但只作主、宾等成分。定语从句缺少状语，不缺主语、宾语，故不可用。6.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which解析：答案为 A。本题考定语从句，关系代词 which 指代 the journey，定语从句恢复为独立句子应是：The sailing time of the journey w
42、as 226 days,故选 of which。1. Dont talk about such thin gs of _ you are not sure. A. which B. what C. as D. those 2. Is this the factory _ you visited the other day? A. that B. where C. in which D. the one 3. Is this factory _ _ some foreign friends visited last Friday? A. that B. where C. which D. the
43、 one 4. Is this the factory _ he worked ten years ago? A. that B. where C. which D. the one 5. The wolves hid themselves in the places _ couldnt be found. A. that B. where C. in which D. in that 6. The freezing point is the tempe rature _ water changes into ice. A. at which B. on that C. in which D.
44、 of what 7. This book will show you _ can be used in other contexts A. how you have observed B. what you have observed C. that you have observed D. how that you have observed 8. The reason is _ he is unable to operate the machine. A. because B. why C. that D. whether 9. Ill tell you _ he told me las
45、t week. A. all which B. that C. all that D. which 10. That tree, _ _ branches are almost bare, is very old. A. whose B. of which C. in which D. on which 11. I have bought the same dress _ sh e is wearing. A. as B. that C. which D. what 12. He failed in the examination, _ made his father very angry.
46、A. which B. it C. that D. what 13. Were talking about the piano and the pianist _ were in the concert we attended last night. A. which B. whom C. who D. that 14. The girl _ an English song in the next room is Toms sister. A. who is singing B. is singing C. sang D. was singing 15. Those _ not only fr
47、om books but also through practice will succeed. A. learn B. who C. that learns D. who learn 16. Anyone _ this opinion may speak out. A. that againsts B. that against C. who is against D. who are against 17. Didnt you see the man _? A. I nodded just now B. whom I nodded just now C. I nodded to him just now D. I nodded to just now 18. Can you lend me the novel _ the other day? A. that you talked B. you talked about it C. which you talked with D. you talked about
