1、 新视角，新解释理解和翻译不能拘泥于表面形式，对于语法规则应该活学活用，甚至于在特定的语境采用新视角，予以新解释。这里先以英语非限定动词主谓关系短语为例加以说明。问题的起因是网上曾经有人求解下面的句子：People would love to be able to support that guy.His job, in a way, is to let them, in part by not being just another operative, plaything, or grievance-monger of the left-liberal establishment and l
2、eft-liberal thinking. By standing, in fact, for real change. (人们会乐意，能支持那个家伙。他的工作，一方面是要让人们支持，在一定程度上，所依靠的，他不只是左翼自由主义机构和左翼自由主义思想的另一个操作者、所玩弄者，或兜售不满情绪的人，而实际上靠的是提倡现实改革。)句中 by 后的非限定动词短语，实质是未出现行为主体的主谓关系短语，比较：His job is to let them support him by the way that he is not just another operativebut he stands for
3、 real change.非限定动词短语相当于句子的这种用法，在各种文体的文章中均屡见不鲜，如小说中：1.Barney hates anyone knowing his business. (巴尔尼嫌恶任何人知道（打听）他的事业。)比较 He hates it when anyone knows his business.2. They heard him urging her from time to time. (他们听说，他时而怂恿她。)比较 They heard that he often urges her.3. Could you imagine us working in tha
4、t school, bringing up that little tinkers baby.（你能想象到我们在那样的学校里工作, 抚养那小修铁匠的孩子的情形。 ）比较 Could you imagine how are we working in that school4. Well, do you see me getting married? （那么，你发觉我已婚了？）比较 Well, do you see that I got married?5. She considered the money well spent. （她考虑钱要花的得当/要好好花钱。 ）比较 She consid
5、ered that she should spend the money well. / the money should be well spent.6. Imagine his family being held up to anyone as an example of domestic bliss! (可想而知，他的家庭展示给大家的是家庭无上幸福的典范。)比较 Imagine what is his family held up to anyone as an example7. Its extraordinary, Rosemary being so famous.（洛斯玛丽如此著名
6、，非同一般。 ）比较 Its extraordinary that Rosemary is so famous.按照英语传统语法，此种情况属于分词短语用作宾语补足语。要正确理解和翻译，仅知道是补足语还不够，必须进一步了解分词与宾语之间的逻辑关系。作为宾语的名词或代词与作为补足语的现在分词之间系潜在的主体与行为的关系，相当于主谓关系。如果是过去分词，与宾语的关系则是行为与客体的关系，相当于动宾关系，或则说被动主谓关系。这两种情况，不必细分宾语和补足语，不妨视为主谓结构或主谓关系短语作宾语，汉语语法称为复合宾语，通过句型转换，两相比较看得一清二楚。如果分词短语独自作宾语，前无名词或代词，其行为主体
7、或者逻辑主语与句子的主语同一。例如8. He hated being in the office and loved being out with clients. (他不愿呆在办公室，爱陪同顾客出去。)9. He said he didnt remember picking up the chair. (他说，他不记得拎起了椅子。)介词后的分词短语，语法上分别有两种解释，现在分词为动名词，其行为主体用物主代词表示，过去分词则视为作介词补语的补语，其实性质和上述一样，只不过行为主体可用物主代词表示，也完全可以看作是主谓短语，只不过用介词表示与相关词语的关系而已。这样理解便于翻译。例如10. I
8、 dislike him / his driving my car. (我不愿意他开我的车。)11. We look forward to you / your becoming our neighbour. (我们期望你们成为我们的邻居。)12. She heard her sister and brother-in-law make no mention at all of anything being a waste of money. (她听说，她的姐姐和姐夫完全不提什么东西是浪费钱的。)13. Ria thought about telling him what the fortun
9、e-teller had said about her having a businessof her own one day. (瑞雅想要告诉他，算命先生说过，总有一天她会有自己的企业的。 )14. Anyway, theres nothing wrong with my hoping that friendships will continue into the next generation. (无论如何，我希望 我们的友谊将传续到下一代，这是不会错的。 )15. She was right about my being pregnant. I went to the doctor ne
10、xt day. (她说的对，我怀孕了。我明天去看医生。)16 She didnt know her mother was sitting there with the letter telling her that her working life was over. (她不知道，她母亲正拿着那封信坐在那儿，信中告诉她，她的打工生活已经结束。)17. If you saw that little hussy up at the school, with her stomach stuck out in front of her, and now it appears that her moth
11、er doesnt want to bring it up, so theres more drama. (你要是看见在学校那小家伙挺着肚子沉默不语，显然是她母亲不想抚养了，那简直是一场戏。)18.Oh, please dont make a joke about it, its a nightmare. Ive never been so upset. I could tell you, not with all this going on. ( 哦，请别拿它开玩笑，那是一场恶梦。我从来没这样心烦意乱过，我可以告诉你，完全不会让这继续下去的。)19. “There is nothing wo
12、rse than being ordinary.“ （being ordinary = people are ordinary）无比糟糕的是寻常（随大流） 。如果分词省略，只有名词或代词+形容词或名词，那便成为无动词主谓结构或短语，其间可加上 being, 如19. Hilary said, her face soft in sympathy and quite unlike the envious Hilary(希拉里说，面部表情温和，显示同情，完全不像好嫉妒的那个希拉里)20. Never had she seen her so happy. (她从未见过她如此高兴。)21. She fe
13、lt that he found her attractive. (她感觉到，他发觉她有魅力。)22. She thought that he found the world too harsh and unloving a place(她认为他感到这世界太苛刻，是不招人爱的地方)23. You should keep the cabbage fresh. (你应该保持大头菜新鲜。) 24. The secretary left all the letters unopened. (秘书留存所有信件均未开封。)25. Her mother thinks of her still as a th
14、irteen-year-old and says she should be more like me.(她母亲认为她还象十三岁的样子，并说她应该更像我。)有些动词要连带动词不定式短语，有时动词不定式和分词均可用，但所表示的意思不同，如26. She wants me to be friends with these awful people(她想让我跟那些可怕地人做朋友。)27. Jack prefer his wife to drive the truck. (杰克宁愿他妻子开大货车。)28. I hate the children to quarrel. (or without TO)
15、(我讨厌孩子吵架。)29. They dont like the house to be left empty. (我不愿意让房子空闲。) 比较 They dont like the house (being) empty.30 its hard for me to talk about this with you. (要我跟你谈论这个，那可太不易了。)31Hence: they value with all their self to act for the world,they can be entrusted with all world. （道德经英语译文） value with al
16、l their self to act for the world. 介词 with 引导的短语用作状语，说明如何估价，their self to act 系主谓关系，意思是“以其自己对世界的所作所为来估价”以上简要说明由非限定动词组成的主谓短语和由名词与形容词或名词组成的主谓短语从属于动词或与介词连用的情况，如果独立为句，就是所谓独立主格，若无行为主体，则是主题句或述题句,如：31. His brothers were in London, both of them. One married, one living with a girl. They didnt come home much
17、. ( 他的两个哥哥在伦敦。一个已经结婚，一个和女朋友住在一起。他们不常回家。)32 He had been about to leave the office when she arrived, Pretty as a picture but definitely slurring her words. He didnt need a conversation with her now(他刚要离开办公室，她就来了。貌美如画，一定没留心听她讲话。此时此刻，他不必和她交谈。)其次，再谈谈简单句表示复合句的意思。 道德经有多种英语译文，在翻译比照中发现有许多奇特的表达形式，其中之一是以简单句，甚至
18、于短语的形式表达复合句的意思（复合命题） 。这里简略介绍一些例句，供大家分享。1 Heaven attains wholeness with its clarity. 这里 with 表示伴随的意思。The Myriad Things attain wholeness in life 这里 in life 的意思是在于生存 ，亦即表现为生存 。这类句子的谓语部分为复合命题，潜在因果关系，所以可按复合句翻译：天达到统一则清明；万物达到统一则生存。其实，那两句是省略谓语动词，比较 Heaven attained oneness and became clear.2Heaven without cl
19、arity would fall. 这类句子表面上看是简单句，without clarity 用作定语，若从逻辑意义上看，根据 would 表示虚拟意义，这类句子可看做是简单句表示复合句的意思，witout clarity 可当做谓语，只不过省略谓语动词（is ） ；比较 If Heaven clacked clarity, it would fall.3. .Attain honour without being honoured. 此句可视为省略主语的复合句：If you attain honour, you would not be honoured. （如果你）争得荣誉（你）不（会）受
20、人尊敬。4. Heaven must have been One to be clear. 这类句子也是简单句表示复合句的意思，其中 to be clear 表示目的或结果：为了清晰，若清明：天若清明必为一体。5. When temptation arises to leave the Tao, banish temptation, stay with the Tao. 这两个小句也是表示复合句的意思：邪念起则背离道，抛弃邪念则与道同在。6. Heabens not clear would split. Without life, all things would expire. 这类句子也是
21、简单句表示复合句的意思：天不清则崩（分裂） 。万物无生则亡。7. The sky is whole and clear. 这类句子表面看是简单句，谓语是并列关系，但从逻辑意义上看，谓语系因果关系，所以属于简单句表示复合句的意思。有时应依照逻辑关系重新组合，如1. Love is when you look into someones eyes and go all the way inside; to their soul, and you both know . instantly!“ Angela Chase鉴于 Love is 缺少表语；you both know 又缺少宾语；从逻辑关系
22、上看，两者正该合而为一： Love is what you both know instantly when you look into someones eyes现有译文：爱是当你直视某人的眼睛,一路走到他们的灵魂, 和你都知道马上试译：当你注视某人的眼睛而一直进入他的心灵，你们俩便立刻都意识到的，那就是爱。（主语和表语置换）2. I love a hand that meets my own with a grasp that causes some sensation.“ 现有译文：我喜爱这样的一只手，它的力度让我有几分感觉的手。注释：meets my own 满足我自己的（欲望、要求）
23、 ；with a grasp 用作状语，表示满足的途径；that 引导的定语从句，若依从逻辑关系，可理解为原因状语。此句可先直译：我喜爱手， （因为）手一抓便满足我自己的， （因为）一抓就引起某种感觉。然后调整：我喜爱手，手一抓则引起某种感觉，便使我自己满足。 3. “Two souls with but a single thought, two hearts that beat as one.“ - Friedrich Halm现有译文：两个灵魂有着同一个思想，两颗心像一颗心一样跳动。两颗心灵思无二意，两颗心脏律动如一。(with but = with only a single thou
24、ght) 比较：Love is two minds, without a single thought.现有译文：爱是两个人， 同个想法。注释：a single thought 在上句可译为单一，一个，同一 ；在后句中却不能译为没有单一或同一的想法 ；可见 single 的深层涵义是单一 不合一 分别各自 ，所以without a single thought 可直译为 没有各自的想法 ，亦即想法一致，想到一块儿 。按此思路，上句的 with but a single thought 可理解为 without a single thought 没有各自的想法；前句也可译为：两颗心灵，思无二意；
25、两颗心脏，律动如一。怪哉！英语 get 表义多，用法杂，却与汉字 得 如此相似英语 get 这个词，词义多，用法杂，很难理解和掌握。在综合考察该词的意义和用法时 发现，get 与得几乎完全一致。汉语大辞典给出得的释义：1.获得，得到；捕获；2. 成功，完成；3.演算得出的结果；4. 有（存在，发生，出现） ；5. 得益，适宜，得当；满足，得意；6. 中（伤害，考中） ；7. 知晓，明白；8. 与，给； 9. 到，抵达；10. 行，可以； 11. 能够（在动词前或后） ，可能；12. 需要，必须；13. 将要。英语词典给出 get 的释义：1. obtain, receive; 2. achie
26、ve, gain, acquire; 3 go for ad return with（找得= 弄到） , take, bring; 4. capture（捕获）; 5. cause to become/be; 6. cause to move, bring sth to a start, reach the start if an activity（使得，让）; 7.become ill with（得病=患）; suffer（遭受，挨）; 8. ascertain by calculation（算得）; 9. establish communication with, reach; 10. c
27、ause to do（使得，让） , induce, persuade（使令）; 11. learn through study, master（学习掌握，心得）; 12. receive as punishment（得到惩罚）; 13. make ready, prepare（准备）; 14. arrive in time or go aboard（到达，达到） ; 15. possess, have（有）; 16.beget; 17.succeed in (doing)（成功）; 18.informal be obliged, be a necessity（应该，必须）; 18. info
28、rmal to understand, comprehend（理解，明白）; 19. informal cause a response of annoyance, annoy, excite; 20. informal to puzzle; 21.slang hit; 22 slang overcome; - v.i. e to or reach a certain place （到达）; 2. move, come, go; 3. be in a specified condition; 4. gain or acquire wealth（得益）; 5. informal go away
29、, immediately, be off (MacMillan Contemporary Dictionary; Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English)注：现在完成时 have got 意指现在，表示有 ， 必须，应该 。例句：I got a letter today.我收到一封信。He got first prize in the spelling contest.他获得拼写竞赛一等奖。He got sick. 他（得）病了。I have got a bad cold.。我得了重感冒（患重感冒了） 。Where did you get tha
30、t hat? 你那帽子在哪弄得（买的）？He finally got the answer to the algebra problem. 他终于找到这代数题的答案。I got a blow on the head. 我头上挨了一击。The ball got him in the eye. 球击中他的眼睛（撞了） 。The bullet got the soldier in the arm.子弹击中他的胳膊。 How stations can you get on your radio set? 你的无线电收音机能收到多少电台？The police got the escaped prison
31、er. 警察逮捕了逃犯（捕获） 。Guess what Ive got in my hand. 你猜我手里有什么。 Ill come and see you if I get time. 如果我有时间（得空）我会来看你的。Ill get something to eat before I go out. 我出发前要弄点东西吃。Ill get (you ) that book you wanted.我会给你弄到你想要的书（找到） 。 If we divide12 by 3 we get 4. 12 除以 3 得 4. Getting and spending, we lay waste our
32、power. (Wordsworth,1806) 得而失，我们白白浪费精力（得益） 。 Get to work on time. 得按时工作（必须） 。If I get to see him, Ill ask him about it.如果我得以见他（能看见他） ，我会问他这件事。 At last Ive gotten to go to Buckingham Palace.我终于能去白金汉宫了。 The soldier got leave to go home. 这士兵可以离开回家了。I got home early last night. 我昨天晚上到家早。Your letter got h
33、ere yesterday. 你的信是昨天到这儿的。When did you get here? 你什么时候到这儿的？ It is getting colder. 天逐渐（变）冷了。Please get me a glass of water.请给我（弄）杯水。Dont get nervous when you take the test.你考试时别（不要）紧张。His problem often get him down.他的问题常使他沮丧。 This question gets me. 这问题使（令）我烦恼。What gets me is how so many people can be
34、lieve his lies. 让我迷惑不解的是怎么那么多人能相信他的谎言。Do you get me? 你明白我的意思吗？I dont get it; why did he do that? 我不明白（理解）他为什么做那件事（那样做） 。 I dont get you; what do you mean? 我不明白，你是什么意思？ She got her brother to walk the dog. 她让她的弟弟遛狗。They got the fire under control.他们使火得到了控制。 （他们能控制住火了。 ） Try to get him to come too. 尽量
35、也让他来。We have got to win.我们得（必须）赢。 We have got to leave early.我们得早离开。 It has got to (must) be done today. 那得（必须）今天做。Shes got to work hard for her living.为了生活她得努力工作。其中最难理解和翻译的是 This question gets me. Do you get me? I dont get it. What gets me is 此类句子必须根据上下文去理解和翻译。1. 得 d 可引申为 得到，获得、收到、取得、得益、有、找到、弄得、弄到；遭受，挨 2. 得到 可引申为 达到、到达、成功、完成、变得、得以、能够、可以 3. 得到 可引申为 得知、知晓、明白4. 得 可引申为 使得、给与、让 5 . 得 可引申为 必得、必须，应该，可以（用于否定：不可）英汉词义如此相近，完全是由于人推演扩展词义的思路相同，亦即思维模式一致。
