1、初中定语从句讲解及练习一、定义：在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。引导定语从句的词有关系代词 that, which, who(宾格 whom, 所有格 whose)和关系副词 where, when、why* 关系词常有三个作用：1、引导定语从句 2、代替先行词 3、在定语从句中担当一个成分二、关系代词引导的定语从句* 1.who 指人，在从句中做主语(1)The boys who are playing football are from Class One.* 2. whom 指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。(1) Mr. Liu is the person (wh
2、om) you talked about.注意：关系代词 whom 在口语和非正式语体中常用 who 代替，可省略。(2) The man (who/whom )you met just now is my friend.* 3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ( which 在句子中做主语)(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. ( which 在句子中做宾语 )* 4. that 指人时，相当于 wh
3、o 或者 whom；指物时，相当于 which，在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。(1) The people that/who come to visit the city are all here. (在句子中做主语)(2) Where is the man （that/whom ）I saw this morning? ( 在句子中做宾语)* 5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor. (2) I lived in a house whose roof has fallen
4、in.whose 指物时，常用以下结构来代替(3)The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.=The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.* 具体使用时还要注意下列问题：1、只能使用 that,不用 which 的情况：* 1） 当先行词是：all , any , anything , everything , nothing 或被它们修饰时。Is there anything that I can do for you ? 有什么可以为你
5、做的吗？All that can be done must be done . 凡是能做的都必须做。* 2）当先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词修饰时。例如：That is one of the most interesting books that are sold in the bookshop .The first thing that we should do is to get some food .* 3）当先行词有：the only , the very , the same , the last 等修饰时。例如：My necklace is not the only thing t
6、hats missing .* 4）当主句以 who 或 which 开头时，定语从句中引导词用 that ,不用 which 或 who ，以避免重复。例如：Who is the girl that is wearing a red coat ?* 5）当先行词既有人又有物时，用 that 。The writer and his novel that you have just talked about are really well known .2、只用 which 不用 that 的情况：* 1) 关系代词前有介词时；e.g. This is the room in which Lu
7、Xun lived.* 2) 非限定性定语从句中；作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。That necklace, which you gave me as a present, was lost yesterday./He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.* 3) 先行词本身是 that 时；e.g. The clock is that which tells the time非限定性定语从句的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立 。Charles Smith, who was my fo
8、rmer teacher, retired last year./ There is somebody here who wants to speak to you * 4) which 还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，并可以指人。He did very well in the competition, which made his parents very happy.* 关系代词 whom， which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时，可以
9、和介词一起放于先行词与定语从句之间，有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 与 which 与先行词紧挨着书写，而将介词置于定语从句的后面，That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.* 像 listen to, look at, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.三、关系副词引导的定语从
10、句* 1、when：当主句中的先行词( 即主句中被后面定语从句修饰的词)是表示时间意义的名词时，它只能作定语从句的时间状语，放在定语从句句首。如果定语从句的引导词是作该定语从句的主语或宾语，则要改用关系代词 that 或 which 来引导。例如：Ill never forget the time when we worked on the farm. He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.Ill never forget the day when I was born. (=Ill never forget my birthday.) 我永
11、远不会忘记我出生的日子。It happened in November when the weather was wet and cold. 这事发生在天气又湿又冷的十一月。The day (that) I always remember in all my life is my birthday. 我一生中最难忘的日子是我的生日。(that 作定语从句“that I always remember in all my life“的宾语，that 可以省略)* 2、where：当主句中的先行词是表示地点意义的名词时，它只能作其所在的定语从句的地点状语，放在定语从句的句首。如果定语从句的引导词作
12、该定语从句的主语或宾语时，也要改用关系代词 that 或 which来引导。例如：The factory where his father works is in the east of the cityThis is the room where (in which) I lived last year. Lets look for a place where we can swim. That is the factory (that) they visited last month. * 注意：不要以为在时间名词后就一定用关系副词 when，在地点名词后就一定用关系副词 where，在表
13、示原因的 the reason 后就一定用关系副词 why。到底选用关系副词还是关系代词，关键是看它们在从句中是用作状语(用关系副词)还是用作主语或宾语(用关系代词) 。如：Dont forget the time (that) Ive told you. (that 用作 told 的宾语)Ill never forget the days when I worked with you. (when 用作状语)He works in a factory that /which makes radio parts. (that/ which 在从句中用作主语，且不能省略)He works in
14、 the factory where his father worked. where 作状语)Thats the reason (that /which ) he explained to us. (that 或 which 在从句中用作 explained 的宾语) Thats the reason why she left home. 那就是她离家出走的原因。(why 在从句中作状语)* 英语中的关系副词主要是 when, where, why 三个，不要想当然地将 how 用作关系副词修饰 the way。如不说 This is the way how he spoke，可改为 Thi
15、s is how he spoke(how 引导的是表语从句) ，当然也可说成 This is the way (that/ in which) he spoke.(其中的 that/ in which 可省略)* 另外，when 和 where 可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，而 why 则只用于引导限制性定语从句，不用于引导非限制性定语从句。Sunday is a holiday , when people do not go to work.He took us into the classroom , where there were only a few students.* 在定语
16、从句的使用中，one of 后面的名词是复数，这个复数名词制约后面的定语从句的谓语动词，用复数；而在 one of 前面有 the 或 the only 时，后面引导的定语从句中的谓语动词则用单数形式。He is the only one of the students who is elected? Jasper is one of those people who know about the accident .状语从句状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所
17、以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下:1 时间状语从句常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, while, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day， the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely whenI didnt realize how
18、 special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking. The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard.No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble.2 地点状语从句常用引导词：where特殊引
19、导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhereGenerally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard.3 原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, since特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that, considering that, My friends dislike me because Im hand
20、some and successful. Now that everybody has come, lets begin our conference. The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more.Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable.4 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that特殊引导词
21、：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end thatThe boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly.5 结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, so that, such
22、 that,特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus. Its such a good chance that we must not miss it.To such an degree was he excited that he couldnt sleep last night.6 条件状语从句常用引导词：if, unless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only
23、if, providing/provided that, suppose that, in case that, on condition that Well start our project if the president agrees. You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7 让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even thoug
24、h特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whicheverMuch as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal. The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough.No matter how hard he tried, she
25、 could not change her mind.He wont listen whatever you may say.8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as BShe is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours. The more you exerci
26、se, the healthier you will be. Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。9 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how特殊引导词：the wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss. Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us.10. 状语从句的简化状语从句的省略状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:主句和从
27、句的主语一或从句主语为 it；从句主要动词是 be 的某种形式。从句中的主语和 be 动词常可省略。例如：When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . Hell go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：Im taller than he (is tall ). The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressu
28、re (is ). 就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化“ 。状语从句的“简化“现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。状语从句的“简化 “现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中 :由 if, unless 等引导的条件状语从句;由 although, though, even if / though 等引导的让步状语从句;由 when, while, as, before, after, until / till 等引导的时间状语从句;由 as, as if 等引导的方式状语从句;由 as, than 等引导的比较状语从句。
29、下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。(1)当状语从句的主语是 it,且谓语动词是 be 时,it 和 be 要完全简化掉。例如:If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和 be 动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:a.连词 +形容词As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike. Whenever
30、 (she is) free, she often goes shopping. Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。b.连词+名词While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.c.连词 +现在分词As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a po
31、p song. Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.d.连词+过去分词He wont go there with us unless (he is) invited. The concert was a great success than (it was) expected. e.连词 +不定式He stood up as if (he were) to say something. He wouldnt solve the problem even if (h
32、e were) to take chargef. 连词+ 介词短语She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA. 注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如:When the meeting was over(=The meeting over) , all the people went out of the meeting-room.宾语从句。1语序无论主句是陈
33、述句还是疑问句，宾语从句都必须使用陈述语序，即“主句连词宾语从句（主语谓语）”句式。根据连接词在从句中所担任的不同成分，可分为以下四种：1）连接词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语。常见的连接词有： who，what，which 等。如：Could you tell me who knows the answer，please？2）连接词名词谓语。连接词在从句中作主语的定语。常见的连接词有：whose，what，which，how many，how much 等。如： He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class 3）连接词主语谓语。连接词在
34、从句中作宾语、状语或表语。常见的连接词有：who（m），what，which，how many，how much， when，why，how，where ， if whether（在句中不充当任何成分）等。如：He hasnt decided if hell go on a trip to Wuxi 4）连接词名词主语谓语。连接词在从句中作宾语或表语的定语。常见的连接词有：what，which，how many，how much，how 等。如： Do you know which class he is in ？ 2连接词1）当由陈述句充当宾语从句时，用 that 引导，that 无词义，在
35、口语或非正式文体中常省略。如：He said that he could finish his work before supper2）当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时，用 if 或 whether 引导，意为“是否”。如：I dont know if whether he still lives here after so many years但在下列情况下只能用 whether：在具有选择意义，又有 or 或 or not 时，尤其是直接与 or not 连用时，往往用 whether（ifor not 也可以使用）。如：Let me know whether if he will come
36、or not（Let me know whether or not he will come）I dont know whether if he does any washing or not（I dont know whether or not he does any washing） I wonder whether we stay or whether wego在介词之后用 whether。如： Im interested in whether he likes English 在不定式前用 whether。如： He hasnt decided whether to visit the
37、 old man whether 置于句首时，不能换用 if。如： Whether this is true or not，I cant say引导主语从句和表语从句时宜用 whether。如：Whether she will come or not is still a question 若用 if 会引起歧义时，则用 whether。如： Please let me know if you like the book aPlease let me know whether you like the book bIf you like the book，please let me know3
38、）如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句，只需用原来的特殊疑问词引导。如：Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this morning？3时态含宾语从句的复合句，主、从句谓语动词的时态呼应应包括以下三点内容：1）如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时，从句的谓语动词可根据需要，选用相应的任何时态。如：I dont know when he will come back He tells me that his sister came back yesterday2）如果主句的谓语动词是过去时，宾语从句的谓语动词只可根据需要，选用过去时态即一般过
39、去时、过去进行时、过去将来时或过去完成时的某一种形式。如：The children didnt know who he was He asked his father how it happened3）如果宾语从句所表示的是客观事实、普遍真理、自然现象或习惯性动作等，不管主句用什么时态，从句时态都用一般现在时。如： The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun4注意：if 和 when 既可以引导宾语从句，也可以引导状语从句，应注意它们在两种从句中的意思和用法的不同。if 和 when 引导宾语从句时，分别意为“是否”和“ 何时”，其时态
40、应和主句时态相呼应；它们引导状语从句时，意思分别为“如果，假如” 和“当时候”，当主句时态是一般将来时时，其时态用一般现在时。它们常常放在含有状语从句和宾语从句的题干中进行综合考查。如：Do you know when he will come back tomorrow ？ Sorry，I dont knowWhen he comes back，Ill tell you I dont know if he will come He will come if it doesnt rain 简化宾语从句常用六法同学们常会遇到把含有宾语从句的复合句转化为简单句，使其与原句意思相同（或相近）的试题。
41、下面就介绍几种常用的简化宾语从句的方法：方法一：当主句谓语动词是 hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise 等，且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。例如：Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. Li Ming hopes to be back very soon.方法二：当主句谓语动词是 know， learn， remember， forget， tell 等动词，且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：She has forgotten how
42、she can open the window. She has forgotten how to open the window.注：当主句谓语动词是 tell， ask， show， teach 等动词，且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如：Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ Could you tell me how to get to the station？方法三：当主句的谓语动词是 order（命令），require （需要）等时，如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为
43、“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如：The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. The headmaster ordered us to start at once.方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如：He insisted that he should go with us. He insisted on going with us.方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing 形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如：Liu Ping found that there was a w
44、allet lying on the ground. Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground.方法六：动词 seem 后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如：It seemed that the boys were going to win. The boys seemed to win.除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如：I found that it was difficult to learn English well. I found it difficult to learn English
45、well.一单项选择 定语从句的用法1. This is the bag _ my mother bought yesterday.A. that B. who C. whom D. this2. The man _ lives next to us is my English teacher.A. who m B. which C. who D. /A. the one B. that C. which D. /6. The only language _ is easy to learn is the mother tongue.A. which B. that C. / D. it7.
46、The girl handed everything _ she had picked up in the street to the police.A. which B. in which C. that D. all8. _ cleans the blackboard should be praised.A. That B. Who C. The one who D. The students who9. Please show me the book _ you bought yesterday.A. which B. whom C. whose D. this10. This is t
47、he best book _ I have been looking for all this year.A. who B. whom C. which D. /11. This is the only article of these that _ written by him.A. was B. were C. is D. are12. The man _ was here just now is a doctor.A. whom B. who C. / D. he13. The boy _ has two lovely dogs.A. who live next door B. whic
48、h lives next door C. whom lives next door D. that lives next door14. Those _ made no mistakes in todays exercises please raise your hands.A. which B. whom C. that D. who15. Dont go in, this is the shop _ we have just been _.A. /, to B. that, / C. where, to D. which, there16. He is the most careful b
49、oy _ I know.A. what B. which C. as D. ./ 17. This is the school _ Mr. Smith once taught.A. in that B. when C. where D. there18. Have you visited the house _ the famous scientist was born?A. where B. in that C. that D. which19. The factory _ Mr. Li used to work was closed last week.A. when B. where C. that D. which20. Do you still remember the day _
