1、Prepositions and Adverbs (介词与副词的用法) :副词1. 副词的分类(1)时间副词，如：today, now, then, ago, before, early, late, soon 等。 (2)表示频度和重复的时间副词，如：always, often, never, hardly, again, once 等。(3)地点和方位副词，如：everywhere, here, there, home, near, away, above, below, across, in, out, inside, up, down, upstairs, around, back,
2、behind等。(4)方式副词，如：hard, well, together, clearly, slowly, politely, suddenly等。(5)程度副词，如：much, quite, rather, almost, even, just, still, nearly, only, very 等。2. 副词的用法及位置(1) 作状语修饰动词、形容词、其他副词、介词短语及全句。其位置如下：时间副词和地点副词一般放在句末，若两种副词同时出现，则地点副词在前，时间副词在后，也可把时间副词放在句首。He did his work here yesterday.他昨天在这里工作。频度副词放
3、在实义动词之前，助动词、情态动词及 be 动词之后。You must always wait in a queue.你必须排队。程度副词放在所修饰的形容词之前(enough 则放在后面)。如：very careful, old enough。方式副词修饰不及物动词时，放在所修饰的词之后；修饰及物动词时，放在动词之前或宾语之后。如宾语较长，也可将副词放在动词与宾语之间。a: Janes father works hard.简的父亲工作努力。b: Bill did the work very well. 比尔做工作很好。c: He wrote carefully some letters to h
4、is friends. 他认真地给朋友们写信。修饰介词时(well, right, just, soon 等)放在介词之前；修饰全句时(frankly, briefly, personally, luckily, generally speaking 等)放在句首。(2) 作表语。作表语的副词一般是表示地点及位置的副词。如： They are downstairs.(3) 作定语。作定语的副词一般是表示地点、位置的副词，还有一些表示时间的副词，都作后置定语。如：In the streets below, there are other problems.(4) 作介词宾语。如：in here，
5、from abroad，since then，until recently，until very late 等。 3. 易混淆的副词(1) also, too, either, as wellalso 和 too 用于肯定句，either 用于否定句。also 放在实义动词前 be 动词、助动词之后，too 常置于句末。as well 与 too 可互换。(2) already, yet , stillalready( 已经)，用于肯定句；yet(已经)用于否定句或疑问句；still(还、仍然)一般用于肯定句或疑问句中。(3) ago, beforeago 表示 “现在以前”某一时刻，常用于一
6、般过去时。before 表示“过去某一时间以前”，一般用于过去完成时；单独使用时，泛指以前，用于现在完成时或一般过去时。(4) fast, soonfast 表示 “速度快”，soon 侧重指两件事情先后发生，中间间隔的时间短。(5) just, just nowjust “刚才”，常用于现在完成时。just now“刚才，不久以前”，常用于一般过去时。(6) sothat, suchthatso 修饰形容词、副词；such 修饰名词。另外还要注意以下两点：名词前有表示“多”(many，much)、“少”(1ittle，few)的形容词时，要用 so。修饰可数名词单数时，so 与 such 可
7、互换，但词序不同。如：such a good student 相当于 so good a student。(7) almost , nearly在 not，pretty，very 后只能用 nearly。在 any，never，no， none 前只能用 almost。其它情况下可互换。(8) fairly, quite, rather按程度强弱排列，顺序为：rather, quite, fairly。fairly 多用于褒义；rather 多用于贬义形容词、 too 及比较级前。quite 和 rather 可修饰名词，置于“不定冠词+ 名词之前”。如：quite a good story,
8、 rather a strong wind。(9)much too, too muchmuch too 修饰形容词、副词；too much 修饰不可数名词，也可单独作主语、宾语或表语。4. 两种形式的副词在含义上的区别close 接近地 closely 密切地，严密地free 免费地 freely 无拘束地，自由地hard 努力地 hardly 几乎不most 很，非常 mostly 主要地wide 广阔，充分 widely 广泛地high 高(具体) highly 高度地，非常地deep 深(具体) deeply 深深地(抽象)loud 大声地 loudly 大声地 (含有喧闹的意思)nea
9、r 邻近 nearly 几乎late 迟 lately 近来5. 某些以 -ly 结尾的词是形容词而不是副词。如：friendly，deadly，likely ， lively，lonely ，lovely，orderly, silly ，timely 等。介词1. 掌握常用介词的基本用法及易混介词的区别常用介词数量多，且每个介词都有多种用法，复习时应认真掌握。如beyond 就有以下四种用法：(1)( 时间) 过了，比 晚，迟于 It wont go on beyond midnight.这不会持续到午夜以后。(2) (位置) 在那边，在以外The airport is 30 miles b
10、eyond the town.机场在离城 30 英里以外的地方。(3)( 范围) 超过，为 所不及，超出的范围The bike is beyond repair. 这辆自行车已不能修理了。(4) 除之外(用于否定句或疑问句)I know nothing beyond this. 除此之外，我什么都不知道。学习介词时，还要注意区分那些含义相近的介词的区别。如表示“行路方式”的介词有 by, in, on，但用法不同：by car，in a car，onin a bus，on a bike，on foot。2. 掌握常用介词搭配 (1)介词与动词搭配。如：agree with，believe in
11、，depend on，refer to 等。(2)介词与形容词搭配。如：absent from，blind in，fond of，clever at 等。(3)介词与名词搭配。如：love for，contribution to, victory over, struggle against, key to 等。(4) 介词与其他词构成固定的常用副词性短语。如：above all, in turn，in particular, on the other hand, for the time being等。3. 介词的省略表示时间的名词前有 one，any ，each，every, some，a
12、ll, this，that ，next ，last ， yesterday，tomorrow 等时，名词前不用任何介词。 4. 谨防介词遗漏(1)当不定式作状语与句子主语有逻辑上的动宾关系，或不定式作定语与所修饰的名词有动宾关系，且该不定式为不及物动词时，必须加介词。The chair is comfortable to sit to on (in).They are looking for a room to live in.(2)在“be+形容词”结构后带宾语时，介词不可遗漏。What are you afraid of? 你害怕什么?(3) 在被动语态中，短语动词中的介词不能遗漏。You
13、r pronunciation should be paid attention to. 应该注意你的发音。(4) 在定语从句中，如关系代词是从句谓语动词的宾语，且这个动词是不及物动词时，必须加上介词。The library which we often go to is not far away from our school. 我们常去的那个图书馆距离我们学校很远。介词和副词的区别介词（Prepositionprep. ） 定义：置于名词或名词同等语之前组成一个表意单位（短语），用以说明该名词或名词同等语与句子中其他词之关系的词叫做介词（也译作前置词）。例如：at，by，in，of ，on
14、， to，with，because of（因为），in front of（在的前面）等。 介词之后的名词、代词等叫做介词的宾语，其所组成的表意单位即为介词短语。 词短语在句子中的表达功能如下： （1）作名词用，例： A mouse ran out from under the wall. （有一只老鼠从墙底下跑出来了。） 解说：介词短语“under the wall”在本句中是作其前面的介词“from”的宾语用，因此其功能是等于一个名词，而这样用的介词短语称为名词短语（Noun phrase） （2）作形容词用，例：Bring me the book on your desk. （把你桌子上的
15、那本书拿来给我。） 解说：介词短语“on your desk”在本句中是在修饰名词“book” ，因此其功能是等于一个形容词，而这样用的介词短语称为形容词短语（Adjective phrase）。 （3）作副词用，例：They are studying quietly in the classroom. （他们正在教室里安静地读书。） 解说：介词短语“in the classroom”在本句中是在修饰动词“are studying”，因此其功能是等于一个副词，而这样用的介词短语称为副词短语（Adverbial phrase）。副词是一种用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或全句的词,说明时间, 地点,程
16、度, 方式等概念。 副 词 的 分 类: 1) 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today, lately, next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2) 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, abo
17、ve, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3) 方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4) 程度副词: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectl
18、y, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5) 疑问副词: how, when, where, why. 6) 关系副词: when, where, why. 7) 连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 副 词 的 用 法: 副词在句中可作状语,表语,短语。直击高考1. Allen had to call a taxi because the box was to carry all the way home. (NMET2003)A. much too heavy B. too much heavy
19、C. heavy too much D. too heavy much2. I was riding along the street and all of a sudden, a car cut in and knocked me down. You can never be _ careful in the street. (2003 北京)A. much B. very C. so D. too3. You dont look very _ . Are you ill?No, Im just a bit tired. (2003 北京)A. good B. well C. strong
20、D. healthy4. Mr Smith, _ of the _ speech, started to read a novel. (2003 北京)A. tired; boring B. tiring; boredC. tired; bored D. tiring; boring5. In order to change attitudes _ employing women, the government is bringing in new laws. (2004 北京春)A. aboutB. of C. towardsD. on6. _ to take this adventure
21、course will certainly learn a lot of useful skills. (NMET 2000 )A. Brave enough students B. Enough brave students C. Students brave enough D. Students enough brave7. Its always difficult being in a foreign country, _ if you dont speak the language. (NMET 2000)A. extremely B. naturally C. basically D
22、. especially 8. Many people have helped with canned food, however, the food bank needs _ for the poor. (2001 春招)A. more B. much C. many D. most答案与分析1. A 本题考查形容词和副词的用法。 too much 可单独使用，也可用来修饰名词，意为“太多，过分” ；much too 常用来修饰形容词、副词，意为“太，过于”。题中修饰形容词 heavy 应用 much too。另外，本题中还含有一个 “tooto”结构。故答案为 A。2. D 选择本题的答案
23、要与前面的 never 联系起来。never 与 too 或 enough连用，表示“再也不为过；越越好”。本句的意思是“在马路上你越小心越好。” 故答案为 D。3. B 联系后面的 Are you ill?我们可以知道说话人认为对方气色不好。表示“身体好” 用形容词 well，也可以用 fine，但不可以用 good。故答案为 B。4. A 第一空用分词短语作状语， tired of 相当于 be tired of。我们知道过去分词表达被动概念，意思是“感到”；第二空用现在分词作定语，意思是“令人” 。故答案为 A。5. C 本题考查名词后介词的搭配。attitude toward 意思是“
24、对的态度”，其中 toward 可以用 to 来代替。6. C 本题考查定语的使用及 enough 的用法。 “Students brave enough to take this adventure course” 的中心词为 Students. “bravecourse”为定语。 “enough to do sth.”意为“足够去做某事”。7. D 本题考查语句的理解。本题只要能看出 “It ”为形式主语，真正主语为“being in a foreign language”,就能正确译为原文：“身在异国他乡是很难的，特别是在你语言不通的情况下。8. A 此题考查形容词的比较级用作名词的用法
25、。实际上意为 “more canned food”之意。专项训练1. I cant make a decision right now. I need_ more time to think it over.A. fairly B. rather C. quite D. many2. Do you know what Bush House is like?Yes. It is a (n)_ building and it is the home of BBC English.A. nice old tall white B. old tall nice white C. nice tall o
26、ld white D. white nice old tall3. Whats the _ population of Shanghai?Over ton million.A. total B. whole C. complete D. all4. John is taller than_ in his class.A. any girl B. any other girl C. other girls D. any hey5. Their cheerful voice showed they were having a_ discussion.A. noisy B. serious C. c
27、omplete D. friendly6. Exercise is _ as any other to lose unwanted weight.A. so useful a way B. as a useful way C. as useful a way D. such a useful way7. Attention please, everybody! Please keep _ for a moment while I take your photograph.A. still B. silent C. calm D. quiet8. Forgive him, please. I d
28、ont think he broke your ruler_.A. with care B. on purpose C. for fun D. with aim9. You look_ in blue, while red clothes are nice _her.A. well; for B. well; to C. good; on D. good; at 10. The patients progress was very encouraging, as he could _get out of bed without help.A. nearly B. only C. merely
29、D. mostly11. Are you satisfied with what he has done?Not at all. It couldnt be_. A. any worse B. so bad C. much better D. the worst12. How did the robber get in?_ an open window on the first floor.A. Over B. In C. Across D. Through 13. Are you feeling _ better today?No, Im feeling _ worse.A. by far;
30、 quite B. more; very C. fairly; rather D. any; even14. It was cold, but the trip was _ and people were enjoying themselves.A. cheerful B. pleasant C. glad D. joyful15. The teacher says this is_ book for the beginners.A. a quite difficulty B. too difficult aC. such difficulty D. a so difficult16. Is
31、your watch right?I think so. I set it _this morning.A. over the radio B. on radio C. by the radio D. by radio17. So far, several ships have been reported missing _the coast of Bermuda Island.A. off B. along C. on D. around18. I think all these are main points _ much attention.A. being worth of B. wo
32、rthy of C. which worth D. which worthy of19. The two pairs of shoes are the same size.But they are different_ colour.A. of; from B. of; in C. in; from D. in; in20. Does he smoke as much as he used to?Yes, _than before. Im afraid there is no hope for him to give it up.A. no more B. no less C. not mor
33、e D. no little 答案与分析1. B A、C 修饰原级，D 修饰可数名词。2. C 此题考查多个形容词修饰名词时的排列顺序。3. A total 强调“总的数目”；whole 强调“一件东西的整体 ”；complete 强调“一件东西或一件事的完整性”；all 修饰名词时，应放在所修饰词的最前面。4. A John 和 girl 不属于同一范围。如选 D 则属同一范围，要加 other。5. D cheerful voice 表明讨论是“友好的”。6. C asas 结构中现出了单数可数名词时，不定冠词和名词应放在形容词之后。soas 只用于否定句，故不能选 A。7. A stil
34、l 为形容词，意为“静止不动的”。8. B “故意地 ”。9. C 前句意为 “你穿蓝色衣服看起来好看”，不表示“健康，气色好”，故用good 而不用 well。后项 sth.be on sb.意为“穿着”。10. A nearly 几乎，差不多。11. A Not at all.说明不满意排除 C。此题有比较含义，故选 A。12. D “通过”。13. D 只有 D 项的两个词都修饰比较级。14. B“令人愉快的”。15. B tooso+形容词+a an+ 单数名词。quite 放在不定冠词之后或之前。such 放在不定冠词之前。16. C by 意为“ 根据”。radio 前通常要加定冠词。17. A off 意为“距不远处”。18. B 形容词短语作定语，如选 C、D 则定语从句无谓语。19. B of 意为“具有” ；be different in 在某方面不同。20. B 由 Yes 和 Im afraid可知，他现在抽烟 “并不比过去少”；
