1、感叹句 感叹句通常由 what, how 引导，表达强烈情绪喜、怒、哀、乐、惊、恐、赞美等感情。What 引导的感叹句的中心词是名词。该名词前常有形容词修饰，句中的主语和谓语一般可省去。句型为：What(a / an)形容词名词（主语谓语）！How 引导的感叹句的中心词是形容词或副词。句型为：How形容词副词（主语谓语）！掌握它的搭配，即掌握了感叹句的重点。How + 形容词 + a/an + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语 How + 形容词/副词 + 主语 + 谓语 What + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语 What + a/an + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + 谓语 What + 形容词 +
2、 复数名词 + 主语 + 谓语 What + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + 主语 + 谓语 注：What 结构中的名词若为单数可数名词，要用不定冠词 a/an，而不用the，若为复数或不可数名词（常见不可数名词：work, weather, fun, food等） ，则不用冠词；how 结构中主语如果是名词，常常前面要用定冠词 the例如：How clever a boy he is! How lovely the baby is! What noise they are making! What a clever boy he is! What wonderful ideas (we have
3、)! What cold weather it is! 感叹句的省略形式为： What a clever boy (he is)! 典型例题1）_ food youve cooked! A. How a nice B. What a nice C. How nice D. What nice答案 D. 由于 How 修饰形容词，副词；what 修饰名词。且 food 为不可数名词，因此 A，B 排除。C How + adj. 后面不能再加名词，因此只有 D 正确，其句型为 What + adj. +n. (不可数)2）_terrible weather weve been having the
4、se days! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 答案 A. weather 为不可数名词，B，D 排除。C 为 how + adj. 后面不应有名词。只有 A，符合句型 What +形容词+不可数名词。3) - _ I had!- You really suffered a lot.A. What a time B. What time C. How a time D. how time答案 A. 感叹句分两类：1：What + n.+主谓部分 2：How + adj. / adv. / v.+主谓部分。本题属第一种，但省略了 bad，相对于 What a
5、 bad time I had! 这是个习惯用语。情态动词用法 情态动词有 can (could), may (might), must, have to, shall (should, will (would), dare (dared), need (needed), ought to 等。 情态动词无人称和数的变化；不能单独使用，必须与其后的动词原形构成谓语一、 can, could1) 表示能力（体力、知识、技能） 。Can you lift this heavy box?（体力）Mary can speak three languages.（知识）Can you skate?（技能）
6、此时可用 be able to 代替。Can 只有一般现在时和一般过去式；而 be able to 则有更多的时态。Ill not be able to come this afternoon.当表示“经过努力才得以做成功某事”时应用 be able to，不能用 Can。如：He was able to go to the party yesterday evening in spite of the heavy rain.2) 表示请求和允许。-Can I go now? - Yes, you can. / No, you cant. 此时可与 may 互换。在疑问句中还可用 could,
7、 might 代替，不是过去式，只是语气更委婉，不能用于肯定句和答语中。- Could I come to see you tomorrow? - Yes, you can. ( No, Im afraid not. )3) 表示客观可能性（客观原因形成的能力） 。Theyve changed the timetable, so we can go by bus instead.This hall can hold 500 people at least. 4) 表示推测（惊讶、怀疑、不相信的态度） ，用于疑问句、否定句和感叹句中。Can this be true?This cant be d
8、one by him.How can this be true?二、 may, might1) 表示请求和允许。might 比 may 语气更委婉，而不是过去式。否定回答时可用 cant 或 mustnt，表示“不可以，禁止” 。-Might/ May I smoke in this room? - No, you mustnt.- May/Might I take this book out of the room?- Yes, you can. (No, you cant / mustnt. )用 May I.？征徇对方许可时比较正式和客气，而用 Can I.？在口语中更常见。2）用于祈使
9、句，表示祝愿。May you succeed!3) 表示推测、可能性（不用于疑问句） 。might 不是过去式，它所表示的可能性比 may 小。1He may /might be very busy now.2Your mother may /might not know the truth.三、 must, have to1) 表示必须、必要。You must come in time.在回答引出的问句时，如果是否定的，不能用 mustnt（禁止，不准） ，而用neednt, dont have to（不必）.- Must we hand in our exercise books toda
10、y?- Yes, you must.- No, you dont have to / you neednt.2) must 是说话人的主观看法， 而 have to 则强调客观需要。Must 只有一般现在时， have to 有更多的时态形式。1he play isnt interesting, I really must go now.2I had to work when I was your age.3) 表示推测、可能性（只用于肯定的陈述句）1.Youre Toms good friend, so you must know what he likes best. 2.Your mot
11、her must be waiting for you now.四、 dare, need1) dare 作情态动词用时 , 常用于疑问句、否定句和条件从句中 , 过去式形式为 dared。1 How dare you say Im unfair?2 He darent speak English before such a crowd, dare he?3 If we dared not go there that day， we couldnt get the beautiful flowers.2) need 作情态动词用时, 常用于疑问句、否定句。在肯定句中一般用 must, have
12、 to, ought to, should 代替。1You neednt come so early.2. - Need I finish the work today?- Yes, you must. / No, you neednt.3) dare 和 need 作实义动词用时， 有人称、时态和数的变化。在肯定句中，dare 后面常接带 to 的不定式。在疑问句和否定句中，dare 后面可接带 to 或不带 to 的不定式。而 need 后面只能接带 to 的不定式。1. I dare to swim across this river.2. He doesnt dare (to) ans
13、wer.3. He needs to finish his homework today.五、 shall, should1) shall 用于第一人称，征求对方的意见。What shall we do this evening?2) shall 用于第二、三人称，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。1. You shall fail if you dont work hard.(警告)2. He shall have the book when I finish it.(允诺)3. He shall be punished.(威胁)六、 will, would1) 表示请求、建议等，w
14、ould 更委婉。Will / Would you pass me the ball, please?2) 表示意志、愿望和决心。1. I will never do that again.2. They asked him if he would go abroad. 3) would 表示过去反复发生的动作或某种倾向。would 表示过去习惯时比used to 正式，且没有“现已无此习惯”的含义。1. During the vacation, he would visit me every other day.2. The wound would not heal. 4) 表示估计和猜想。
15、It would be about ten oclock when she left home.七、 should, ought to1) should, ought to 表示“应该” ，ought to 表示义务或责任，比 should 语气重。1. I should help her because she is in trouble.2. You ought to take care of the baby.2) 表示劝告、建议和命令。 should, ought to 可通用，但在疑问句中常用should。1. You should / ought to go to class ri
16、ght away.2. Should I open the window?3) 表示推测should , ought to (客观推测), must(主观推测)。1.He must be home by now. (断定他已到家)2.He ought to/should be home by now.(不太肯定)3. This is where the oil must be.(直爽)4. This is where the oil ought to/should be.(含蓄)八、 情态动词+不定式完成式（have done）1) can / could + have done 在肯定句中表
17、示“本来可以做而实际上能做某事” ，是虚拟语气；在疑问句或否定句中表示对过去行为的怀疑或不肯定, 表示推测。1. You could have done better, but you didnt try your best. （虚拟语气）2. He cant have been to that town.（推测）3. Can he have got the book?（推测）2) may / might +不定式完成式（have done）表示对过去行为的推测。不能用于疑问句中，没有虚拟语气的用法。Might 所表示的可能性比 may 小。1. He may not have finishe
18、d the work . 2. If we had taken the other road, we might have arrived earlier.3）must +不定式完成式（have done）用于肯定句中，表示对过去行为的推测。意为“一定、想必” 。其疑问、否定形式用 can，cant 代替。参看 1) can / could + have done 表示推测。1. You must have seen the film Titanic.2. He must have been to Shanghai.4）should +不定式完成式（have done）用于肯定句中，表示对过去
19、行为的推测。He should have finished the work by now。表示“本应该做而实际上没有做某事” ，其否定式表示某种行为本不该发生却发生了。可以与 ought to +不定式完成式（have done）互换。1. You ought to / should have helped him. (but you didnt.)2. She shouldnt have taken away my measuring tape, for I wanted to use it.5) neednt +不定式完成式（have done）表示“本来不必做而实际上做了某事” 。Yo
20、u neednt have watered the flowers, for it is going to rain.6) will +不定式完成式（have done）主要用于第二、三人称，表示对已完成的动作或事态的推测。He will have arrived by now.不定式 动词不定式指由 to 加上动词原形（而且只能是动词原形）所构成的一种非限定性动词，但在有些情况下 to 可以省略。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语 、宾语、表语、定语和状语。 动词不定式的构成与形式： 动词不定式可以作以上各种成分，但它毕竟是动词，所以有动词的属性。 动词不定式及其短语还可以有自己的宾语、状语，虽
21、然动词不定式在语法上没有表面上的直接主语，但它表达的意义是动作，这一动作一定由使动者发出。这一使动者我们称之为逻辑主语，其形式如下： 时态 主动形式 被动形式一般式 （not）to do （not）to be done完成式 （not）to have done （not）to have been done进行式 （not）to be doing完成进行式 （not）to have been doing1) 现在时：一般现在时表示的动词，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词的动作之后。 He seems to know this. I hope to see you again.
22、 = I hope that Ill see you again. 我希望再见到你。 2) 完成时：表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 Im sorry to have given you so much trouble. 很抱歉给你添了这么多麻烦。 He seems to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了。 3) 进行时：表示动作正在进行，与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生。 He seems to be eating something.他似乎吃一些。 4) 完成进行时： She is known to have been wreaking on the problem
23、 for many years. 一、作宾语1) 动词+ 不定式 Afford，aim，appear，agree，arrange，ask，be，decide， bother，care，choose，come，dare，demand，desire，determine， expect，elect，endeavor，hope，fail，happen，help，hesitate，learn， long，mean，manage，offer，ought，plan，prepare，pretend，promise， refuse，seem，tend，wait，wish，undertake 举例： The dr
24、iver failed to see the other car in time. 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。 I happen to know the answer to your question. 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案。 2）动词+不定式 ；动词+宾语+不定式 ask, beg, choose, expect , hate, help，intend like, love, need， prefer, prepare, promise, want, wish I like to keep everything tidy. 我喜欢每件东西都保持整洁。 I like you to kee
25、p everything tidy. 我喜欢你能使每件东西都保持整洁。 I want to speak to Tom. 我想和汤姆谈话。 I want you to speak to Tom. 我想让你和汤姆谈话。 3）动词+疑问词+ to decide, know, consider forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell Please show us how to do that. 请演示给我们如何去做。 There are so many kinds of
26、tape-recorders on sale that I cant make up my mind which to buy.有这么多的录音机，我都拿不定主意买哪一种。 注意:疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时，谓语动词用单数。 The question is how to put it into practice. 问题是怎样把它付诸实施。 二、作补语1) 动词+宾语+不定式(to do) Advise，allow，appoint，believe，cause，challenge，command， compel，consider，declare，drive，enable，encourage，fin
27、d，forbid， force，guess，hire，imagine，impel，induce，inform，instruct， invite，judge，know，like，order，permit，persuade，remind，report，request，require，select，send，state，suppose，tell，think， train，trust，understand，urge，warn 例句： a. Father will not allow us to play on the street. 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。 b. We believe him to
28、be guilty. 我们相信他是有罪的。 Find 的特殊用法： Find 后可用分词做宾补，或先加形式宾语，再加形容词，最后加带 to 的动词不定式。find 后也可带一个从句。此类动词还有 get，have。 I found him lying on the ground. I found it important to learn. I found that to learn English is important. 典型例题: The next morning she found the man _ in bed，dead. A. lying B. lie C. lay D. la
29、ying 答案：A.find 的宾语后面，用分词或分词短语，起宾语补足语作用。现在分词表达主动，也表达正在进行，过去分词表达被动。 2) to + be 的不定式结构，作补语的动词。 Acknowledge, believe, consider, think, declare(声称), discover, fancy(设想), feel，find, guess, judge, imagine, know, prove, see(理解), show, suppose, take(以为), understand We consider Tom to be one of the best stude
30、nts in our class. 我们认为汤姆是班上最好的学生之一。 典型例题 Charles Babbage is generally considered _ the first computer. A. to invent B. inventing C. to have invented D. having invented 答案：A. 由 consider to dosth. 排除 B、D。. 此句只说明发明这一个事实，不定式后用原形即可。而 C 为现在完成时，发明为点动词一般不用完成时，且此处也不强调对现在的影响，因此不选 C。 3) to be +形容词 Seem, appear
31、, be said, be supposed, be believed, be thought, be known, be reported, hope, wish, desire, want, plan, expect, mean The book is believed to be uninteresting. 人们认为这本书没什么意思。 4) there be+不定式 believe, expect, intend, like, love, mean, prefer, want, wish, undrstand We didnt expect there to be so many pe
32、ople there.我们没料到会有那么多人在哪里。 有些动词需用 as 短语做补语，如 regard, think believe, take, consider. We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师。Mary took him as her father . 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲。 三、作主语1） Its easy (for me) to do that.我做这事太容易了 easy, difficult, hard, important, possible, impossible, comfortable, necessar
33、y, better; the first, the next, the last, the best, too much, too little, not enough Its so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。 Its necessary for you to lock the car when you do not use it. 当你不用车的时候，锁车是有必要的。 2) Its very kind of him to help us. 他帮助我们，他真好。 Kind, nice, stupid, rude, clever, foolish, th
34、oughtful, thoughtless, brave, considerate(考虑周到的), silly, selfish(自私的) 例句: It was silly of us to believe him. 我们真愚蠢，竟然相信了他。 It seemed selfish of him not to give them anything. 他不给他们任何东西，这显得太自私了。 注意： 1) 其他系动词如，look，appear 等也可用于此句型。 2) 不定式作为句子成分时，动词用单数形式。 3) 当不定式作主语的句子中又有一个不定式作表语时，不能用 It is to的句型 (对)To
35、 see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。 (错)It is to believe to see. 四、作表语不定式可放在系动词（例如 be 动词）后面，形成表语。例如： My work is to clean the room every day. His dream is to be a doctor. 五、作定语不定式做定语通常要放在被修饰的词后。例如： I have a lot of work to do. So he made some candles to give light. 六、作状语1）目的状语 To only to (仅仅为了), in order to, s
36、o as to, so(such) as to (如此以便) He ran so fast as to catch the first bus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you. 我来仅仅是向你告别。 2）作结果状语，表事先没有预料到的，要放在句子后面。 What have I said to make you angry. He searched the room only to find nothing. 3) 表原因 Im glad to see you. 典型例题 The chair looks rather
37、 hard, but in fact it is very comfortable to _. A. sit B. sit on C. be seat D. be sat on 答案：B. 如果不定式为不及物动词，其后应有必要的介词。当动词与介词连用时，常位于“形容词+动词不定式“结构的末尾。 七、省 to 的动词不定式1） 情态动词 ( 除 ought 外，ought to)： 2） 使役动词 let, have, make： 3） 感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe, hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等
38、后作宾补，省略 to。 注意：在被动语态中则 to 不能省掉。 I saw him dance. =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. =They were made to work the whole night. 4） would rather，had better： 5） Why / why not： 6） help 可带 to，也可不带 to, help sb (to) do sth： 7） but 和 except：but 前是动词 do 时，后面出现的动词用不带 to 的动词不定式。 8） 由
39、 and, or 和 than 连接的两个不定式，第二个 to 可以省去： 9） 通常在 discover, imagine, suppose, think, understand 等词后，可以省去 to be： He is supposed (to be) nice. 他应该是个好人。 10）but 作介词，后接不定式结构时，前面谓语动词部分若含有 do 的形式时，but 后的不定式要省去 to，否则要带 to。 He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine.
40、11）当两个或多个不定时短语由连词 and，but 或 or 连接时，后一个或几个不定式符号 to 常省略。但若表示对比、对照关系时，则不能省略。 He wants to move to France and marry the girl. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult. 12）不定式做表语时，一般要带 to，但若主语部分中含有 do 的各种形式时，符号 to 可省去。 Weve missed the last bus.All we could do no
41、w is walk home. 举例： He wants to move to France and marry the girl. He wants to do nothing but go out. 比较：He wants to do nothing but go out. He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 典型例题 1)I usually go there by train. Why not _ by boat for a change? A. to try going B. trying to go C. to
42、 try and go D. try going 答案：D. why not 后面接不带 to 的不定式，因此选 D。 2） Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案：B. make 后接不带 to 的动词不定式，当其用于被动时， to 不可省略。 八、 动词不定式的否定式Tell him not to shut the window She pretended not to see me when I passed by. 我走过的时候
43、，她假装没看见。 典型例题 1）Tell him _ the window. A. to shut not B. not to shut C. to not shut D. not shut 答案：B。 tell sb to do sth 的否定形式为 tell sb not to do sth. 2) She pretended _ me when I passed by. A. not to see B. not seeing C. to not see D. having not seen 答案：A.pretend 后应接不定，其否定形式为 pretend not to do sth.
44、3）Mrs. Smith warned her daughter _ after drinking. A. never to drive B. to never driver C. never driving D. never drive 答案：A。warn sb to do sth. 的否定形式为 warn sb not to do sth. 此处用的是否定词 never. 4) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street，but his mother told him _. A. not to B. not to do C. not d
45、o it D. do not to 答案：A。not to 为 not to do it 的省略形式。可以只用 to 这个词，而不必重复整个不定式词组。及物动词 do 后应有名词、代词等，否则不对，因此 B，D 不对。 5) The patient was warned _ oily food after the operation. A. to eat no B. eating not C. not to eat D. not eating 答案：C。warn 一词要求后用不定式，此处为不定式的被动，否定形式为be warned not to do。 九、不定式的特殊句型 tooto1）to
46、oto 太而不能 He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。 - Can I help you ? 需要我帮忙吗? - Well, Im afraid the box is too heavy for you to carry it, but thank you all the same. 不用了。这箱子太重，恐怕你搬不动。谢谢您。 2) 如在 too 前有否定词，则整个句子用否定词表达肯定， too 后那个词表达一种委婉含义，意为“不太“。 Its never too late to mend. (谚语) 改过不嫌晚。 （亡羊补牢，为时不晚） 3) 当
47、too 前面有 only, all, but 时，意思是：非常 等于 very。 Im only too pleased to be able to help you. 我非常高兴能帮助你。He was but too eager to get home. 他非常想回家。 十、 不定式的特殊句型1、不定式的特殊句型 so as to 1） 表示目的；它的否定式是 so as not to doTom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job. 汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。 Go in quietly so as
48、not to wake the baby. 轻点进去，别惊醒了婴儿。 2) so kind as to 劳驾 Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾，现在几点了。 2、“Why not +动词原形“表达向某人提出建议 “为什么不?“ “干吗不?“例如： Why not take a holiday? 干吗不去度假? 3、Its for sb.和 Its of sb. 1）for sb. 常用于表示事物的特征特点，表示客观形式的形容词，如 easy, hard, difficult, interesting, impossible 等： I
49、ts very hard for him to study two languages. 对他来说学两门外语是很难的。 2）of sb 的句型一般用表示人物的性格，品德，表示主观感情或态度的形容词，如 good, kind, nice, clever, foolish, right。 Its very nice of you to help me. 你来帮助我，你真是太好了。 for 与 of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用 of，不通则用 for。如： You are nice. (通顺，所以应用 of)。 He is hard. (人是困难的，不通，因此应用 for。) 4、不定式的特殊句型 tooto 1）tooto 太而不能 He is too excited to speak. 他太激动了，说不出话来。
