1、SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁1 Pronoun Clarity 指代清晰在英文中，一个代词需要有其明确的指代对象。如果上下文不能提供充足的证据表明一个代词的指代对象，则犯了指代不明的的错误。我们应该语法点 1. 代词概述代词是用来代替名词或其名词作用的词、短语和句子的词。代词可以分为 8 类。第一，人称代词1）主格：I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they2）宾格：me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them第二，物主代词1）形容词性物主代词：my, your, his, her, its, our, you
2、r, their2）名词性物主代词：mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, yours, theirs第三，反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves, oneself第四，相互代词each other, one another第五，指示代词this, that, these, those, it, such, so, same第六，疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what第七，关系代词who, whom, whose,
3、 which, that, as第八，不定代词SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁2some, something, somebody, someone, any, anything, anybody, anyone, no, nothing, nobody, no one, every, everything, everybody, everyone, each, much, many, little, a little, few,. a few, other, another,. all, none, one, both, either, neitherSAT 考试中
4、指代清晰部分，人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词是重点考察对象。语法点 2. 反身代词使用规则反身代词有人称及数的区分。单数 复数第一人称 myself ourselves第二人称 yourself yourselves第三人称 himselfherselfitselfthemselves反身代词强调动作发出者本身，所以它的一个重要的特点是可以做主语的同位语。 I fixed the window myself.myself 指代 I。 He has turned against his wife. He himself doesnt know why.himself 指代 he。反身代词
5、亦可作及物动词的宾语或介词的宾语。 Please help yourself to some tea.yourself 做 help 的宾语。 You can go and see for yourself.yourself 做介词 for 的宾语。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁3语法点 3. 指示代词的用法1) this、these、that 、those 的用法this、these、that 、those 均可以指代人，也可以指代事物。其中，this 和 that 指代单数的人或事物；these 和 those 指代复数的人或事物。 This is my tea
6、cher.此时，This 的词性是代词。 These are apples.此时，These 的词性是代词。需要注意的是，this、these 、that、those 也有形容词词性，其后可接名词。 This man is my teacher.此时，This 的词性是形容词。 These fruits are apples.此时，These 的词性是形容词2) such 的用法such 的词性可以是指示代词，也可以是形容词。 Such is life. 这就是生活。此时，such 的词性是代词。 Such books are for the kids. 这种是给小孩看的。此时，such 的词
7、性是形容词。从数的角度讲，such 可以是单数，也可以是复数， such 的数取决于其指代的名词。 Such is his nature. 这就是他的本性。such 的数与 his nature 一致。 Such are our people. 这些就是我们的人民。such 的书与 people 保持一致。另外需要注意 such 的位置。such 修饰单数名词时，放于不定冠词 a 或 an 之前，但若名词前有one、no、any、some、all、many 等修饰时，such 放在这些修饰词之后。 He is such a man. 他就是这么一个人。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋
8、、王耕伟、朱思宁4 One such table is enough. 这样的桌子，有一张就够了。 There is no such thing. 没有这么一回事。3) so 的用法so 可以做宾语或表语，指代前文的相同成分。 I promised to play the guitar for you on the beach, and I will do so right now. 我答应过要在沙滩上为你弹奏吉他，我现在就要开始了。do so 表示动作，指代前句谓语 play the guitarSAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁5考法 1. 人称代词指代不明错误1)
9、 错误特征当句中出现了多个人物，单数的人称代词必须能表示出其明确的指代对象。否则出现人称代词指代不明的错误。 Jon Hamm and Chris Pine recently joined the cast of “Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp.” He is excited about the prequels Netflix release.句子中出现 Jon Hamm 和 Chris Pine 两个男性人物，代词 He 指代不明。 Paula and Mildred laughed it off when they both sho
10、wed up at the office Halloween party as the character Danaerys Targaryen from Game of Thrones. However, she told her family later that her costume had been more accurate.句子中出现 Paula 和 Mildred 两个女性人物，代词 she 指代不明。they 这个代词既可以指代人物也可以指代事物，所以在句子中出现时，需要保证其指代是明确的。 Edgar and Rachel enjoyed watching the team
11、s play rugby, but they werent happy about the rain.句子中出现 Edgar and Rachel 两个人物，同时出现了 teams 这个复数名词，所以 they 既可以指代前者，也可以指代后者，代词 they 指代不明。2) 修改方法以下列举几种比较常见的修改错误的方法。需要说明的是，以下几种方法是比较常见的修改方法，但并不局限于此，指代不明的代词只要能明确指代对象，都是正确的修改方法。修改方法一：人称代词指代不明时，可以将人称代词改为句子中出现的具体人名或身份。具体的人名可以没有出现在句子中。 Cameron and his half bro
12、ther looked very different; he had much higher cheekbones.代词 he 指代不明，可以改为句子中出现的具体人名，例如改为 Cameron。 Of the two brothers, he is more conservative.代词 he 指代不明，可以改为句子中出现的具体人名，例如改为 Fred。注意，Fred 并没有出现在句子中。 Jacqueline and her mother were unsure whether she would be able to attend the musical concert.代词 she 指
13、代不明，可以改为句中出现的人物的省份，例如改为 her daughter。修改方法二：如果句子中的人物先后出现，可以用人物出现先后顺序对人称代词指代对象进行区分。常见的表述有，former表示“前者”，later 表示“后者”，first 表示“第一个”，last 表示 “最后一个”等。也可以改为表示“所有”或“两者都”的表达。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁6 King Louis XIII of France purchased lands for the famous Gardens of Versailles in 1632, and Louis XIV ov
14、ersaw four major building campaigns for the gardens from approximately 1661 to 1709. His efforts are the major reason Versailles exists as the national treasure it is today.代词 His 指代不明，可以改为 The later kings，表示前文提到的两个国王中的后者。 After they had studied music together for over 5 years, Valley told Henry tha
15、t he was the better pianist.代词 he 指代不明，可以改为 The later，表示前文提到的两个人物的后者。 Mark and Frank wanted to try circumnavigating the globe, but their sailing instructor said that he was not ready.代词 he 指代不明，可以改为 The former，表示前文提到的两个人物的前者。 Taylor served lattes to a group of three women who were named Marci, Zina,
16、 and Kristin; he had to admit, he was a little frightened by her.代词 her 指代不明，可以改为 the last，表示前文提到的人物中的最后一个。 Wetland areas are diverse ecosystems that are sometimes drained for real estate development or flooded for use as recreational lakes, which is distressing because it prevents wetlands from per
17、forming their critical, natural tasks of flood control and the filtering of water pollution.代词 it 不明，可以改为 both actions prevent，表示两个动作。修改方法三：当句子中出现的人物有明确的男性女性区分时，可以用表示男性或女性的代词进行准确的指代。 Edgar and Rachel enjoyed watching the teams play rugby, but they werent happy about the rain.句子中出现两组复数名词，分别是 Edgar an
18、d Rachel 和 teams，代词 they 指代不明，可以改为 she，指代Rachel（女名）。修改方法四：由于反身代词可以做主语的同位语，所以需要代词指代主语时，为了避免指代不明的错误，可以用反身代词明确指代对象。 While working on endorphin research in the 1970s, Hans Kosterlitz told his research partner, John Hughes, that he needed to perform an important experiment involving electrified tissue.代词
19、 he 指代不明，可以改为 he himself，明确指代句子的主语 Hans Kosterlits。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁7考法 2. 指示代词指指代不明错误1) 错误特征与人称代词指代不明相似，指示代词（尤其是单数指示代词）在一个出现了多个事物的句子中会出现指代不明的现象。 Gargoyles on buildings are not just decorative but are actually architectural components that feature an elongated shape and an open mouth. Th
20、is helps gargoyles serve their actual purposeconveying water away from the sides of buildings.This 可以指代单数名词，但前文出现多个单数名词，所以指示代词 This 指代不明。2) 修改方式修改方法：指示代词 such 同时有形容词的词性，表示 “这个；这种 ”，其后可以连接具体的名词，明确指代的对象。 Some people argue that horror films are a healthy psychological experience, since they provide an
21、opportunity to experience catharsis: a release of negative emotion which is enabled by temporary investment in a believable fictional world. However, a 1990 research study suggested that it has relatively minimal effects, since exposure to violence is statistically related to increased aggression.句子
22、中出现多个单数名词，代词 it 指代不明。可改为 such release，特指前文提到的 release，此时 such为形容词词性。 Made most famous by Chopin, nocturnes are a variety of musical composition that is tranquil, expressive, and lyrical. That is my favorite part about them.That 指代不明，可改为 That tranquility，特指前文提到的 tranquil，此时 that 为形容词词性。其他方法参考“考法：人称代词
23、指代不明错误”中的修改方法。 Nicolaus Copernicus, a sixteenth century mathematician and astronomer, is best known for two accomplishments: writing a version of what would later become Greshams Law and creating a model of the universe that placed the sun (not the earth) at the center. This led to the Copernican Re
24、volution and is considered a landmark event in the history of science.This 指代不明，可改为 The latter。 When future degree seekers hear that flexible, online college programs are proliferating, and that they are more affordable than traditional, four-year schools, they are pleased by this.This 指代不明，可改为 both
25、 facts。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁8考法 3. 不定代词 one 指代不明错误1) 错误特征代词 one 可以指代人也可以指代事物（必须指代可数的名词或代词），当句子中出现多个人或事物时，必须明确 one 的指代对象。否则则犯了指代模糊的错误。 Harold and his brother Justin went to the gym together. Each challenged the other to bench-press his own weight; one of them succeeded.句子中出现了 Harold 和 his bro
26、ther Justin，one of them 可以指代其中任何一个人，所以指代不明。2) 修改方法修改方法即明确代词的指代对象，参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。 Eleanors boyfriend said the one outshone every star in the sky.代词 the one 指代不明，可改为 she，指代 Eleanor。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁9考法 4. 不定代词 other/anther 指代不明错误1) 错误特征不定代词 other/anther 表示另一个，在指代时，必须明确与其相对的“一个”是谁或
27、什么，other/another 才能明确的指代，否则犯了指代不明的错误。 After Karen and Gemma had both submitted their entries to the Make Your Own Shake and Bake Cake competition, the judge said that the others entry was the clear winner.句子中出现两个人物 Karen 和 Gemma，the others 可以指代其中任何一个，指代不明。另外值得注意的是，other 可以表示对方，所以句子中出现了相对立的双方，双方同时提及对
28、方时，可以使用 other 进行指代。 When they used different analytical approaches to quantify their results and came up with different answers, the psychologist and the technician both thought the others approach was flawed.句子中虽然出现两个人物 Psychologist 和 technician，但是句意表达 “两者互相”的含义，所以 the others可以指代两个人相互的对方，是正确的表达方式。2
29、) 修改方式需要明确代词 other 的指代对象。参考 “考法：人称代词指代不明错误 ”中的修改方法。 When Henry VIII was 44 years old, he fell during a jousting match and was crushed by his horse. The extreme accident apparently affected the others whole personality.the others 指代不明，可以改为 the kings。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁10考法 5. 无所指的 it、they 及
30、 you 滥用错误1) 错误特征在日常生活中，当我们提及一些观点时，我们经常用到模糊的代词（it、they 及 you）用来代表“大众”、“权威”、“对方”或“书籍”，构成“他们都说”、“你会觉得 ”、“它里面讲到 ”等这样的说法，但是在正规的写作中，这种模糊的指代是需要避免的。 The neurobiology of sleep is a growing field. They say understanding more about the science of sleep can help people sleep more soundly.我们可以理解 They 表示 neurobio
31、logy 学科内的学者，但是严格意义上讲 they 无所指。2) 修正方法为了避免上述的指代错误，我们需要给出明确的发表言论的主体。这个主体可以是句子中未出现的人或书籍等名词或代词。 They frequently advise college undergraduates to pursue internships because the career specific learning provided is often even more valuable than lessons learned in the classroom.代词 They 无所指，可以改为可以给本科生提出建议的人
32、，例如 College Counselors。注意，College Counselors 句子中并没有出现。 Wed better close the windows; on the radio, they said it might storm tonight.代词 they 无所指，可以改为 the meteorologist。注意，the meteorologist 句子中并没有出现。 In the visitors guide, they say that you should sample different cheeses at Grandpas Cheese Barn.代词 th
33、ey 无所指，可以改为 the author，表示 visitors guide 的作者。 In the warranty slip, they say that you are eligible for a repair or replacement for up to one year.代词 they 无所指，划线部分可以直接改为 The warranty says。其他修改方法参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁11考法 6. 指代 N1 of N2 结构不明错误1) 错误特征在 N1 和 N2 这个结构中， N1 和
34、 N2 是两个独立的可以被指代的名词或代词，所以其后出现代词时，既可以指代 N1，也可以指代 N2。不要认为，多数情况下，此结构中 N1 是结构的主体，则代词指代主体，这是错误的想法。 The sponsor of the team is from China, and it is well-reputed.句子中出现两个事物 sponsor 和 team，it 指代不明。 The son of the man was late for the film, so he decided to go home.句子中出现两个男性人物，son 和 man，he 指代不明。2) 修改方法明确代词的指代
35、对象是 N1 还是 N2，具体方法参考“考法：人称代词指代不明错误”中的修改方法。 Before the beginning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, it states that Mark Twain painstakingly studied the multiple dialects used in the novel.代词 it 可以指代 beginning，也可指代书籍 The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn，指代不明，此句可改为 An explanatory note before the begin
36、ning of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn states that Mark Twain painstakingly studied the multiple dialects used in the novel.SAT 高分文法考法精析编著者：齐际、戈弋、王耕伟、朱思宁12考法 7. 代词指代所有格错误1) 错误特征代词严格意义上讲，不能指代名词或代词的所有格。 In Micheners works, he offers compelling descriptions of people and places.he 严格来讲不能指代 Micheners，可改为： In his works, Michener offers compelling descriptions of people and places. In the Presidents speech, he outlined his proposal for cutting taxes.he 严格来讲不能指代 the Presidents，可改为：In his speech, the President outlined his proposal for cutting taxes.2) 修改方法
