1、 一、句子成分的定义句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的，表达一个清晰完整的意思。一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语和补语。句子成分是在句子中起一定功用的组成部分，包括主、谓、宾、定、状、补、表等。句子本身的结构是很简单的，只不过是结构套结构。英语句子成分和英语句子结构主语（subject）: 句子说明的人或事物。The sun rises in the east. （名词） He likes dancing. （代词）Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) See
2、ing is believing. （动名词） To see is to believe. （不定式） What he needs is a book. （主语从句）It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （It 形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。We study English. He is asleep. 表语（ predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He is a teacher. （名词） Seventy-
3、four! You dont look it. （代词）Five and five is ten. （数词） He is asleep. （形容词） His father is in. （副词） The picture is on the wall. ( 介词短语)My watch is gone / missing / lost. （形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say “Im poor, I cant buy a ring. （不定式）The question is whether they will come. （表语从句）（常见的系动词有: be, so
4、und（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） .宾语：1）动作的承受者-动宾I like China. （名词） He hates you. （代词）How many do you need? We need two. （数词）We should help the old and the poor. I enjoy working with you. （动名词）I hope to see you again. （不定式） Did you write down what he sai
5、d? （宾语从句）2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-介宾Are you afraid of the snake? Under the snow, there are many rocks.3） 双宾语-间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）He gave me a book yesterday. Give the poor man some money.宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。We elected him monitor. （名词） We all think it a pity that she didnt come here. （名）We will make them happy. （形容
6、词） We found nobody in. ( 副词 )Please make yourself at home. 介词短语） Dont let him do that. （省 to 不定式）His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （带 to 不定式）Dont keep the lights burning. （现在分词） Ill have my bike repaired. （过去分词） 主补：对主语的补充。He was elected monitor. She was found singing in the next
7、 room.He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. 定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。Ai Yanling is a chemistry teacher.（名词） He is our friend. （代词）We belong to the third world. （数词） He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（形容词）The man over there is my old friend.(副词) The woman with a baby in her arms is
8、my sister. (介词)The boys playing football are in Class 2. （现在分词）The trees planted last year are growing well now. （过去分词） I have an idea to do it well. （不定式）You should do everything that I do. （定语从句）状语：用来修饰 v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。 （以下例句按上述顺序排列）I will go there tomorrow. The
9、 meeting will be held in the meetingroom.The meat went bad because of the hot weather. He studies hard to learn English well.He didnt study hard so that he failed in the exam. I like some of you very much. If you study hard, you will pass the exam. He goes to school by bike. Though he is young, he c
10、an do it well. 句子分：简单句 并列句 复合句 简单句：由一个主语（或是并列主语）和一个谓语（并列谓语）构成的句子。 并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句用并列连词 and,but,for,so,or 等或分号“， ”连在一起构成的句子，叫并列句。 复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫复合句。主句是全句的主体。从句是全句的一个成分，它在句子中作什么成分，就叫什么成分的从句，如作主语的就叫主语从句，作宾语的就叫宾语从句，作表语的就叫表语从句，作定语的叫定语从句，作状语的就叫状语从句。一简单句二复合句（Complex Sentence）分为并列复合句和从属复合句，并列复合句
11、是有并列连词：and、or、but 连接；从属复合句由一个主句（Principal Clause)和一个或一个以上的从句(Subordinate Clause)构成。用疑问词作引导词，主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分，就像一个句子一样。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词（connective）引导。 根据引导从句为主不同大大可分为：主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、定语从句、状语从句等。1.并 列 句 概 念两 个 或 两 个 以 上 的 简 单 句 用 并 列 连 词 连 在 一 起 构 成 的 句 子 ,叫 做 并
12、 列 句 ,其基 本 结 构 是 “简 单 句 +并 列 连 词 +简 单 句 ”。 并 列 连 词 有 ： and, but, or, so 等 .并 列 句 中 的 各 简 单 句 意 义 同 等 重 要 ， 相 互 之 间 没 有 从 属 关 系 ， 是 平 行并 列 的 关 系 。 它 们 之 间 用 连 词 连 结 。 如 : I like thrillers and I like action movies， too. I like action movies but I dont like thrillers. Hurry up or youll be late. (快 点 ，
13、否 则 你 要 迟 到 了 。 )并 列 句 的 口 诀and 表 示 顺 承 while 表 示 对 比 but/yet 表 示 转 折 for/so 表 示 因 果 or/either .or 表 示 选 择 when 和 and/then 表 示 时 间 and/so/neither/nor 表 示 并 列 not only.but also/neither. nor 表 示 递 进2.主从复合句所谓从句是指从属于主句的句子，由从属连词连接。 从句按其在主句中的句法功能可分为三类，即名词性从句、形容词性从句(即定语从句) 和副词性从句 (即状语从句)。引导从句的词称作关联词。名词性从句包
14、括主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。引导这些名词性从句的关联词包括:从属连词 that, if, whether;连接代词 who, whoever, whom, whomever, which, whichever, what, whatever, whose;连接副词 where, when, why, how。其中, 从属连词只起连接作用 , 在从句中不充当任何句法成分 ,而连接代词和连接副词既起连接作用, 在从句中又充当一定的成分 .名词性从句种类 作用 常用关联词 例句主语从句在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用 it 作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后Wheth
15、er he will come or not doesnt matter much.Whoever comes here will be welcome.表语从句在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后It looks as if it is going to snow.宾语从句在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词He asked me which team could win the game.同位语从句放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容that, whether, if, a
16、s if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, whereverYou have no idea how worried we are.The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.定语从句I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。关系词 先行词 从句成分 例句
17、备注who 人 主语 Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom 人 宾语Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am workingThe boy (whom) she loved died in the warwhose 人，物 定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate. that 人，物 主语，宾语A plane is a mac
18、hine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which 物 主语，宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.whom, which 和that 在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用 that关系代词as 人，物 主语，宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of
19、us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday. as 做宾语一般不省略when 时间 时间状语 I will never forget the day when we met there. 可用 on whichwhere 地点 地点状语 This is the house where I was born. 可用 in which关系副词 why 原因 原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用 for whichII. that 与 which, who, whom 的用
20、法区别：情况 用法说明 例句只用 that 的情况1 先行词为 all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。2 先行词被 all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few 等修饰时3 先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时4 先行词既指人又指物时5 先行词被 the only, the very 修饰时6 句中已经有 who 或 which 时，为了避免重复时1.He told me everything that he knows.2.All the books that yo
21、u offered has been given out.3.This is the best film that I have ever read.4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered.5.He is the only man that I want to see.6.Who is the man that is making a speech?只用 which, who, whom的情况1 在非限制性定语从句中，只能用 which 指代物，用 who/whom指人2 在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只
22、能用 which 指物，whom 指人。3 先行词本身是 that 时，关系词用 which, 先行词为 those, one, he时多用 who。He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study.I like the person to whom the teacher is talking.Those who respect others are usually respected by others.状语从句状语从句： 用一个句子（从句）来作另一个句子（主句）的状语，用作状语的句子就叫作状语从句。作什么样的状语就叫什么类型的状语从句
23、。例如：条件状语从句就是用一个句子来作条件状语。 种类 连接词 注意点时间状语when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardlywhen, no soonerthan, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while 引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until 用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。地点状语 where, whereve
24、r 原因状语 because, as, since, now thatbecause 语气最强，since 较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as 又次之。条件状语if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替目的状语 so that, in order that, for fear thatso that 和 in order that 后常接may, should, could, would 等情态动词结果状语 sothat, suchthat 比较状语than, asas, not so
25、/asas, the morethe more 方式状语 as if, as though, asas if 和 as though 引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。让步状语though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, wheneveras 在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although 和 though 用正常语序，可和 y
26、et 连用，但不可和but 连用If it doesnt rain tomorrow，we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨，我们就骑自行车去那里。If I get there early，I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里，我就可以快点看病。Where there is a will，there is a way. 有志者，事竟成。 We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。Why did you go？ I went because Tom
27、 told me to go. 你为何去？那是因为汤姆叫我去。 He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise. 他很生气不是因为我们来迟了，而是因为我们弄出了声音。 As it was raining hard，we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大，我们只好呆在家里。 Since you feel ill，youd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服，你最好不要去上班了。 Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点，以便我们能作详细笔记。I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来，以免忘记。 I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出，以便他能及时收到。
