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类型动词的语态.docx

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    1、 谓语动词的被动态一动词的被动语态语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语之间的具体关系,分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语是谓语动词所表示的动词的执行者。被动语态表示主语不是动作的执行者,而是谓语动词所表示的动作的承受者。(一)被动语态的构成1被动语态的基本结构:be动词过去分词2各种时态的主动被动语态结构(以动词 do 为例)例句时态 主动语态 被动语态主动语态 被动语态一般现在时 do/ does am/ is/ aredone We clean the classroom. The classroom is cleaned by us.一般过去时 did was/ weredon

    2、e He made the kite. The kite was made by him.现在进行时 am/ is/aredoing am/ is/ arebeing done She is watering flowers. Flowers are being watered by her.现在完成时 have/hasdone have/ hasbeen done Jim has finished the work. The work has been finished by Jim.一般将来时 will/ shall/ be going to do will/ shall/ be goin

    3、g tobe done They will plant trees tomorrow. Trees will be planted by them tomorrow.过去进行时 was/ weredoing was/ werebeing done She was writing a letter this time yesterday. A letter was being written by her this time yesterday.过去完成时 had done had been + done Jim had finished the work. The work had been

    4、finished by Jim.过去将来时 would/ should/ be going todo would/should/ be going tobe+done He said he would made a kite. He said a kite would be made by him.含有情态动词 can/ may/ mustdo can/may/mustbedone I can find him. He can be found by me.(二)被动语态的用法:被动语态中主语是动作的承受者,主要用于下列几种情况1不知道动作的执行者是谁。 This watch is made

    5、in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。2没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。 More trees must be planted every year.每年必须有更多的树被种植。3需要强调或突出动作的承受者时。 Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语4动作的发出者不是人时。Many houses were washed away in the flood.很多房屋在洪水中被冲走了。(三)主动语态和被动语态的转换1带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态谓语动词带双宾语时,既可以将间接宾语转化成主语,也可接直接

    6、宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语,则保留直接宾语;若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语,且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词 to 或 for。She gave me a book. (变为被动语态) I was given a book. (间接宾语 me 改为主语)A book was given to me. (育接宾语 a book 改为主语)2短语动词变为被动语态许多由不及物动词构成的短语动词,相当于及物动词,可以有宾语,也可以有被动语态。注意:短语动词是一个不可分割的整体,在变为被动语态时,不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。We should speak to old men po

    7、litely. (变为被动语态) Old men should be spoken to politely. (to 不可省略)3带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时,只把宾语变为被动句主语,宾语补足语保留在原处,成为主语补足语。I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.4被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词 see、hear、watch、feel、notice 等使役动词, 也称为感官动词,let、

    8、make、here 等动词后跟省略 to 的不定式,变为被动句时,应加上不定式符号 to。He makes the girl stay at home.(改为被动结构 )The girl is made to stay at home.Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句 )They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.(四)被动语态的一些特殊的运用形式1主动结构表被动意义谓语动词的被动态(1)open 、lock、w

    9、rite 、read、sell、clean、wash 、cut、burn、drive 等词作不及物动词时,它们的主语为物,可用主动语态表被动意义。This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种笔写起来很流畅。This kind of shirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫在这很好卖。(2)look、sound、taste 、smell 等系动词主动结构表被动意义。Uniforms look ugly on us. 我们穿着制服很难看。Mooncakes taste delicious. 月饼吃起来很好。(3)be worth doing 中

    10、,doing 表被动意义。This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一读。(4)want/ need/ requiredoing 相当于 want/ need/ requireto be done。to be done 表不定式的被动结构。My bike needs repairing.= My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理。(5)表示“发生、进行 ”的不及物动词和短语,如: happen, last, take place, break out, come out, come about, come true, run out

    11、, give out, turn out 等以主动形式表示被动意义。How do the newspapers come out? 这些报纸是如何引出来的呢?(五)不用被动语态的情况1主动句的宾语是 each other 或反身代词时,不能用于被动语态。The man introduced himself as Mr. White. (主动语态) 那个人自我介绍说他是怀特先生。Himself was introduced as Mr. White.(误)They help each other study English. (主动语态)他们互相帮助学习英语。Each other is help

    12、ed study English. (误)2当主动句的谓语动词是表状态的及物动词时,不能用于被动语态。We will have a meeting.我们将开一个会。3主动语态的宾语是动词不定式或-ing 形式时,不能用作被动语态的主语。My brother enjoys watching TV.He asked to have a try.他请求试一次。注意:解答被动语态题目时,首先要判断主语和动作的关系,如果主语是动作的执行者,则用主动语态;如果主语是动作的承受者,则用被动语态。(六)被动语态与系表结构的区别当“be+过去分词 ”作被动语态时表示主语承受的动作;作系表结构时表示主语的特点或所

    13、处的状态时,be 后面的过去分词是表语,相当于形容词。其区分办法如下:1如果强调动作或句中有介词 by 引导出动作的执行者,该句一般为被动语态,否则为系表结构。The glass is broken (系表结构)The glass was broken by the boy (被动语态)2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时,一般为被动语态。The door is locked (系表结构)The door hasalready/just been locked(被动语态)3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外,还可以用于其他各种时态,而系表结构中的系动词 be 只有一般时态和完成时态。本资料来源于

    14、七彩教育网http:/谓语动词的被动态典型陷阱题分析1. “Do you like the material?” “Yes, it _ very soft.”A. is feeling B. felt C. feels D. is felt【陷阱】此题容易误选 D,想当然地根据“这布料摸起来很柔软” 这一句意,认为“布料” 应是“被摸”,所以 feel 选用被动语态。【分析】其实,此题正确答案为 C,因为 feel 在此为连系动词,而连系动词均为不及物动词,不能用于被动语态,尽管有时其汉语意思有被动意味。请看以下类似例子 (答案均为 D):(1) Her forehead _ hot. Im

    15、afraid she is ill.A. is feeling B. felt C. is felt D. feels(2) The new school has been completed. It _ very beautiful.A. is looked B. lookedC. has looked D. looks(3) The dish _ nice, but the milk _ sour.A. is smelt, is smelt B. is smelt, smellsC. smells, is smelt D. smells, smells(4) The story of hi

    16、s life _ interesting.A. is sounded B. is soundingC. has sounded D. sounds2. He was angry _ your work. He said that he _ at all.A. at, didnt satisfy B. to, didnt satisfyC. at, wasnt satisfied D. to, wasnt satisfied【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能被误选。【分析】最佳答案为 C. be angry at (about) sth 意为“对某事生气”,许多同学常按汉语意思将其中的介词 at (ab

    17、out ) 换成 to,这是错误的。另外,许多同学将汉语的“不满意” 直译为 not satisfy,这是是不对的,因为,satisfy 在现代英语中只用作及物动词,其意不是“满意” 而是 “使(人)满意”,所以其后不能没有宾语,除非本身是被动语态(或是系表结构)。 精编陷阱题训练1. The president _ a cool reception when he visited London.A. gave B. was givenC. had given D. had been given2. A red sky in the morning _ to be a sign of bad

    18、weather.A. says B. is sayingC. has said D. is said3 If you go there alone after dark you might get _.A. attacked and robbed B. attacking and robbingC. to attack and rob D. to be attacked and robbed4. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting _.A. was holding B. had heldC. was to hold D. w

    19、as to be held5. New medicines and instruments _ every day to extend life.A. develop B. are being developedC. are developing D. have developed6. Ill come after the meeting if time _.A. permits B. is permittingC. is permitted D. has permitted7. The students _ 50 a year to cover the cost of books and s

    20、tationery.A. give B. are givenC. have given D. to give8. With the development of science, more new technology _ to the fields of IT.A. has introduced B. is being introducedC. is introduced D. was introduced9.“How about the dishes, Dear?” “The beef didnt taste very good. It _ too long.”A. cooked B. h

    21、ad been cookedC. was cooked D. had cooked10. He kept a little notebook, in which _ the names and addresses of his friends.A. wrote B. was writingC. was written D. were written 11. “Look! Everything here is under construction.” “What is the small building that _for?” A. is being building B. has been

    22、builtC. is built D. is being built12. Hundreds of jobs _ if the factory closes.A. lose B. will be lostC. are lost D. will lose13. A red sky in the morning _ to be a sign of bad weather.A. says B. is sayingC. has said D. is said14. New medicines and instruments _ every day to extend life.A. develop B

    23、. are being developedC. are developing D. have developed【答案与解析】1. 选 B.一方面语意要求要被动语态,另一方面从句时态暗示主句应用一般过去时。2. 选 D.此句也可说成 It is said that a red sky in the morning is a sign of bad weather.3. 选 A,“get + 过去分词” 表被动。4. 选 D,从逻辑上说,“会议” 应是被开,故用被动式。5. 选 B.从语境上看,develop 不仅要用被动语态,而且要用进行时态。谓语动词的被动态6. 选 A,该用法中的 perm

    24、it 为不及物动词,不用被动语态。其中 if time permits 也可换成 time permitting.7. 选 B.谓语为 give sb sth 结构的被动语态形式。8. 选 B.技术应该是“被” 引进,故用被动语态;根据语境句子应用现在进行时。9. 选 B.从句意上看,“牛肉” 应该是“ 被”煮,故句子要用被动语态;从时间上看,由于句中有 didnt taste very good,所以“煮得太久”应该在这一过去时间之前,故用过去完成时。10. 选 D.in which were written the names and addresses为倒装句式,其正常表达为 the n

    25、ames and addresses of his friends were written in the notebook.11. 选 D.因为 building 应该是“被建”,故用被动语态;再根据前文的 look, under construction 等信息词可知,此处应用现在进行时态。12. 选 B.jobs 与 lose 应为被动关系,故用被动语态;再根据条件状语从句中的一般现在时可知主句以用一般将来时为宜。13. 选 D.因为主语 a red sky 与谓语动词 say 之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。14. 选 B.因为“新的药物和器械”与“ 开发”之间为被动关系,故用被动语态。

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