1、名词的概念名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 一、名词的数名词的数指名词的单数和复数形式。可数名词表示“一个”时用单数， “两个以上”时用复数；不可数名词表示量时，通常用“数词+单位+of+物质名词”的形式，如 a piece of bread (一片面包)， 变为复数时，只须将单位名词变为复数， 如：two pieces of bread(两片面包)。*名词复数的构成法则1. 一般情况下在词尾加 s. 词尾读音shop - shops (商店) 在清辅音后读 s bag - bags (书包) 在浊辅音后读 z window - windows (窗
2、户) 在元音后读 z 2. 以 s, x, sh, ch 结尾的单词在词尾加 es。class - classes (班级) 词尾读音 iz box - boxes (盒子) match - matches (比赛)brush - brushes (刷子)3. 以“辅音字母 +y” 结尾的词， 变 y 为 i 加 es.story - stories (故事) 词尾读音 iz 4. 以“元音字母 +y” 结尾的词，在词尾直接加 skey - keys 词尾读音 z monkey - monkeys5.以 “o” 结尾的名词， 复数一般在词尾加“s”, 但个别加 “es”tomato - tom
3、atoes (西红柿) 词尾读音 z potato - potatoes (土豆) zoo - zoos (动物园) photo - photos (照片)*（以 “o”结尾，复数加 “es”）口诀： 黑人(Negro)英雄 (hero)，左手拿着西红柿(tomato) ，右手拿着破土豆(potato)，头顶一个大芒果（mango） 。6. 以 f 或 fe 结尾的词，多数变 f 或 fe 为 ves. leaf - leaves (树叶) 词尾读音 vz knife - knives ( 小刀) *（以 f 或 fe 结尾的单词，需把 f 或 fe 变 ves 的单词）口诀：妻子（wife）
4、持刀（knife）去宰狼（wolf） ，小偷（thief）吓得发了慌，躲在架下（shelf）保己命，半(half)片树叶（leaf）遮目光。*（以 f 或 fe 结尾的单词，直接加 “s”的单词）口诀：长颈鹿(giraffe) 站在屋檐(roof)下，左手拿着手绢(handkerchief)，右手拿着高尔夫球(golf) 。例： roof - roofs ( 屋顶)7. 不规则名词复数的变化man - men (男人) tooth -teeth (牙齿)child - children (儿童) mouse - mice(老鼠)foot - feet (脚 ) woman - women (女
5、人 )8. 名词单复数形式一样sheep - sheep (绵羊) deer - deer （鹿）English - English（英国人） Chinese - Chinese （中国人）*（不规则名词变复数）口诀：男人，女人 a 变 e；鹅，足，牙齿 oo 变 ee；其实老鼠也好记 ous 变 ic；孩子加上 ren，鱼鹿绵羊不用记。二、名词所有格的构成法1. 主要是在词尾加 s 构成。如:This is Toms desk . 这是汤姆的书桌。That is Mikes book. 那是迈克的书。2. 如果原名词已经有复数词尾 s ,则仅加一个 . 如 :the teachers rea
6、ding room 教师阅览室the pupils pencil-boxes 学生们的文具盒3. 如果原词是复数形式，但不是以 s 结尾， 变为所有格形式需在后面加上 s 。如：the childrens palace 少年宫mens room 男厕所*名词所有格口诀：名词所有格，s 前面加一撇，复数 s 放在尾，后加一撇就完结，两人共有算一个，后面只加一个撇。句型一、陈述句定义：凡是说明一件事情，提出一个看法，或是表达一种心情的句子都是陈述句。大多数的句子都是陈述句，陈述句可以用肯定式和否定式。肯定句变否定句肯定句变否定句就是加 not no 或表示否定的词英语的句子重要取决于动词而动词又有
7、时态的变化因此在不同的时态的句子中的位置不同陈述句练习把下列陈述句变成否定句。1.My father watches TV every day .My father _ _ TV every day .2.Kate often does her homework at six .Kate _ often _ her homework at six.3.I go to school at seven .I _ _ to school at seven .4.She usually goes home by bus .She _ usually _ home by bus .5.They are
8、good students .They _ _ good students .二、疑问句疑问句是用来提出问题的，疑问句又包括：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、反义疑问句和选择疑问句。一、一般疑问句：1.一般疑问句又可以叫做 yes/no 句型，需要用 yes 或 no 来回答。2.一般疑问句的基本结构：be 动词（am, is, are）+主语+表语？have 动词（表示“有”：have, has）+主语+宾语？情态动词（can, may, must）+主语+行为动词（或 be）?助动词(do, does)+主语+行为动词？助动词（shall, will, have, has）+主语+行为动词（或 b
9、e）?3.变一般疑问句的方法：（一调，二变，三问号）当句中有 Be(am, is, are)动词的时候：1、将 Be(am, is, are)提前，放于句首（大写） ；2、将人称变换，第一人称变第二人称（Iyou, weyou, myyour, ouryour） ，第二人称变第一人称（youI,youwe,yourmy,yourour） ，第三人称不变（一变二，二变一，三不变）3、在句尾加问号“？”4、回答： 肯定： Yes , 主语+be. 否定： No, 主语+be+not.当句中没有 Be 动词， 有情态动词的时候：1、提前 can, may，放于句首（大写） ；2、将人称变换，第一人称
10、变第二人称（Iyou,weyou,myyour,ouryour） ，第二人称变第一人称（youI,youwe,yourmy,yourour） ，第三人称不变（一变二，二变一，三不变）3、在句尾加问号“？”4、回答： 肯定： Yes , 主语+can. 否定： No, 主语+can+not.句中没有 Be 动词和情态动词 can 的时候：1、在句首加 Do 或 Does，当主语是第三人称单数的时候用 Does，其它都用 Do2、将人称变换，第一人称变第二人称（Iyou,weyou,myyour,ouryour） ，第二人称变第一人称（youI,youwe,yourmy,yourour） ，第三人
11、称不变（一变二，二变一，三不变）3、在句尾加问号“？”4、回答：肯定： Yes , 主语+do/does 否定： No, 主语+do/does+not.其它在句中要变换的词有 someany, amare英语里只有三种人称.第一人称：我,我们,(I),we 【me, us】 (我),我们第二人称：你,你们,(you),you 【you ,you】 ( 你), 你们第三人称：他，她，它(he, she, it,) 【him, her ,it 】他们 they【them】还有一些人名也算第三人称,比如 Kangkang, Jane.像 your father(你的爸爸)这也算第三人称. 第三人称单
12、数指他(he) 她(she) 它(it)或者单个人名,第三人称复数是都用 they 他们/她们/它们此外，不可数名词在用法上也同于第三人称单数。 二、特殊疑问句：以疑问代词 what, who(whom), whose, which 或疑问副词 when, where, how, why 放在句首提问的句子叫做特殊疑问句，答语只要针对问句中的疑问代词或疑问副词来回答，不用 yes 或 no。1.疑问词 + 一般疑问句 （疑问词作宾语、表语、状语或定语） 。What do you want? 你要什么？When do you have English class? 你们什么时候有英语课？Whos
13、e coat is this? 这是谁的大衣？How did he know it? 他是怎么知道它的？Why did you say this? 你为什么要这么说？Which is your umbrella? 哪个是你的雨伞？Where were these buses made? 这些巴士是哪儿制造的？2.疑问代词作主语或作主语的定语时，词序与陈述句相同：疑问代词 （+名词）+谓语。Who teaches your brother Japanese? 谁教你弟弟日语？What is in the box on the table? 桌上那个盒子里装的是什么？Whose handwriti
14、ng is the best in your class? 你们班里谁的书法最好？*疑问代词：who: 主语、宾语、表语、用来提问表示“人”的各种成分。whose: 用来提问“谁的” 。which: 用来提问“哪一个/位” 。what: 提问表示“干什么”等意思*疑问副词：when: 提问在何时。where: 提问在何地why: 提问表示原因的短语或句子how: 提问表示程度或方式的副词或短语*由疑问词 how 构成的短语引导的问句how old (表示年龄)多大了 , how long（表示时间或物体的长短）有多长 , how many + 复数名词 表示多少 , how much + 不可
15、数名词 表示多少 , how far （表示距离）多远疑问句专项练习按要求改写句子，每空格限填一词。1. Its a large room.(改为复数形式)_ _ large rooms.2. He has to buy a dictionary for his daughter.(改为否定句)He _ _ to buy a dictionary for his daughter.3. Uncle Wang likes making things. (改为否定句)Uncle Wang _ _ making things.4. Ann returned the book to the libra
16、ry yesterday.(改写为一般疑问句)_ Ann _ the book to the library yesterday?.5. The hospital is about 300 meters away. (就划线部分提问 )_ _ is the hospital ?6.There are fifty-two students in our class. (就划线部分提问 )_ _ students are there in your class?7.I write to my mother once a week. (就划线部分提问)_how_ _often_ do you wri
17、te to your mother ?8.He has three pens. (就划线部分提问)_ _ pens does he have ?9.She is ten years old. (就划线部分提问)_ _ is she?10. They have a class meeting every other week. (改为否定句)They _ _ a class meeting every other week.三、祈使句 一、祈使句：用来表示下达命令、提出要求、建议和劝告的句子。说话的对象通常是第二人称 you ,习惯上常省略。祈使句的肯定句谓语动词用原形，否定句一般用 dont,
18、 never 开始。1肯定祈使句句型 1 ：动词 let + 第一、三人称宾格代词 + V.例句：Lets go to school. Let me try.句型 2：动词 + 其他部分例句：Please open the door .Turn to page two.Listen to me.Stop talking.二、否定祈使句 （一般在句首加 Dont.）1Climb the tree ,please. 请爬树。 （肯定句）Dont climb the tree! 不要爬树。 （否定句）2Open the door. 打开门。 （肯定句）Dont open the door. 不要开门
19、。 （否定句）三、陈述句变祈使句1You cant make faces in class. 你不能在课堂上做鬼脸。Dont make faces in class. 不要在课堂上做鬼脸。2You cant read in bed. 你不要在床上看书。Dont read in bed. 不要在床上看书。祈使句专项训练按要求改写下列句子1She likes playing basketball after school. (否定句)_she doesnt like_2. He did his homework yesterday evening. (一般疑问句) _did he do his_3
20、.Tom wrote a letter to his mother yesterday. (否定句)_tom doesnt write_4.My mother can make kites. (一般疑问句)_can your mother make _kites?_5. There are some dictionaries on the desk. (否定句)_there are not _四、there be 与 havehas 句型一. “There be” 句型“There be +某 （些）人或物 + 某地（或某时） ”是指“某地（时）存在某人 （或某物） ”。谓语 be 必须在数上
21、和主语保持一致。如果主语中既有单数又有复数，be 的形式变化与它最近的主语相一致。（一）结构There be (is are ) +某 1) There is + 可数名词单数 不可数名词2）There are + 可数名词复数（二）用法1. 肯定句： There is are + _.2. 否定句：There is are + not _3. 一般疑问句：IsAre + there ? Yes, there is are. No, there is are not.（三）There be 句型中的 be 与离它最近的名词有关。例， There is an apple and two pear
22、s on the table.There are two pears and an apple on the table.二、have has 句型是指某人有某物 (表示所有、拥有关系)I We You They 人名（复数）事物（复数）+ have He She It 人名（单数） 事物（单数） + has 句型专项练习题一、用“have , there be ” 的适当形式填空1. He _ a lot of friends.2. _ _ four seasons in a year.3. She _ seven sons.4. _ _ any milk in the cup? 5. Be
23、ijing _ many universities. 二、用适当的词填空1. He often _ _ up _ six oclock _ the morning.2. Whats wrong _ _ your mother?3. Mary can _ a kite.4. There _ an apple and three bananas in the bag.三、选择填空1.There _ two knives in the pencil box .A.are B.is C.be D.am 2.How many counties _ in Europe ?A. is it B.is the
24、re C.are they D.are there 3.Look ! There _ some apples in that tree .A. is B.are C.be D.am 4.There _ some children playing on the playground .A. is B.are C.has D.have 5.-Are there any fish in the lake now ?-No . _ any water in it in winter .A. There isnt B.There arent C.It isnt D.They aren t 6.There
25、 _ an apple tree near the river .A. am B.are C.is D.be 第四章 一般现在时态一、一般现在时的定义一般现在时是表示现在经常反复发生的动作，存在的状态或习惯性的动作的时态。二、一般现在时的结构一般现在时用行为动词的原形，但第三人称单数作主语时，动词的词尾要加-s 或- es。现在以连系动词 be 和行为动词 read 为例，对一般现在时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及其简略答语的构成以表格形式加以说明：动词 肯定句 否定句I am I am not You/We/They are You/We/They are not beHe/She/It is
26、. He/She/It is not I/We/You/They read I/We/You/They/ do not read readHe/She/It reads He/She/It does not read 动词 疑问句 简略答语（肯定） 简略答语（否定）Am I ? Yes , you are. No, you are not.Are you ? Yes, I am/we are. No, I am/we are not.Are we ? Yes, we/you are. No, we/ you are not.Are they ? Yes, they are. No, they
27、are not.Is he? Yes, he is. No, he is not.Is she ? Yes, she is. No, she is not.beIs it ? Yes, it is. No, it is not.Do I / we / they read ?Yes, you / we / they do.No, you / we / they do not.readDoes he / she / it read ?Yes, he / she / it does.No, he / she / it does not.连系动词 be 的各种形式常与代词或 not 缩写成一个词。助动
28、词 do，does 一般只有与 not 缩写。联系动词 be 缩写形式如下肯定 缩写 否定 缩写I am Im I am not Im notYou are Youre You are not Youre not /You arentHe is Hes He is not Hes not /He isntShe is Shes She is not Shes not /She isntIt is Its It is not Its not / It isntWe are Were We are not Were not / We arentThey are Theyre They are no
29、t Theyre not / They arent动词 do not 的缩写形式为 dont，does not 的缩写形式为 doesnt。二、动词加-s 或-es （动词第三人称单数）当主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词需加-s 或-es1一般在词尾加 s例：work works leave - leaves swim - swims2以字母 s，x，ch，sh 或 o 结尾的词加-es例：pass- passes fix -fixes teach - teaches do- does 3以辅音字母加 y 结尾的词，先变 y 为 i 再加-es例：study - studies carry -
30、carries fly - flies cry - cries三、一般现在时的用法1表示经常或习惯性的动作。常与 often（经常）, always（总是）, sometimes（有时）, every day（每天）, on Sundays/Mondays 等表示频度的时间状语连用。一般现在时的时间状语有：today, often, sometimes, always, usually, every day ( week, month, year,) , this year, once a week ( month, year,) 一周（月，年）一次例句：I get up at 6 ocloc
31、k every day.He often goes to school by bike.2表示客观事实，普遍真理。例句：Two and two are four.二加二等于四。The earth moves around the sun.地球绕着太阳转。一般现在时态专项练习一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式posteatstopjumpgolikevisitpassrisereadridehavegivewriteswimstudywatchflyteachdo二、单项选择( )1._ you have a book ?A Do B. Are C. Is D. Have( )2.Does Li
32、 Lei like to watch TV?_.A. Yes, he like. B. No, he doesnt.C. Yes, hed like. D. No, he likes.( )3.She doesnt _ her homework in the afternoon.A. doing B. to do C. does D. do( )4.How _ Mr. Smith _ to England?A. do, go B. is , go C. does, go D. does , goes( )5. _ she _ home at six every day?A. Is , leav
33、e B. Does , leave C. Is , leaves D. Does , left三、用下列动词的适当形式填空1.I _ ( get ) up at 6 oclock every day.2.My father _ (have) a lovely dog.3.He _ (go ) to school on foot.4.She _ (do ) not like watching TV.5.They _ (play) football every Sunday afternoon.四、按要求完成下列各题1.Tomorrow is Saturday.(变成一般疑问句)_ _ Satur
34、day ?2.Does he play basketball every weekend? (肯定回答)Yes, _ _.3.She looks like her sister.(变一般疑问句)_ she _ like her sister ?4.Peter and Sam look the same.(一般疑问句)_ they _ the same ?5.Do they always go to the movie (电影院) on Sundays ? (否定回答)No, _ _.五、英汉互译1. Tom 经常放学后（after school）踢足球。_2. 我喜欢唱歌。_3. He oft
35、en goes to school on foot._4. Children like to play this game._5. 今天是星期日。_能力测试卷 （一般现在时）一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式gohaveswimstudyrisestopdoridecrygowriteflyplayreadcomebuygivewatchworkcarry二、用动词的适当形式填空1. He _ (go) to school on foot.2. She _ not like watching TV. (do)3. My father _ (have) a lovely dog.4. I oft
36、en _ ( get ) up at six every morning.5. My mother _ ( work) in a school.第五章 现在进行时态一、现在进行时的定义现在进行时是表示在现在某一时刻或某段时间正在进行的动作的时态。二、现在进行时的构成现在进行时由“系动词（am，is ， are） + 现在分词（动词加 -ing 形式） ”构成。现在以动词 work 为例，对现在进行时的肯定句、否定句、疑问句及简略答语列表说明：肯 定 句 否 定 句I am working. I am not working.You are working. You are not workin
37、g.He/She/It is working. He/She/It is not working.We/You/They are working. We/You/They are not working.疑 问 句 简 略 答 语Yes, you are.Am I working?No, you are not.Yes, we/ you are.Are we working?No, we/ you arent.Yes, I am.No, I am not.Yes, we are.Are you working?No, we are not.Yes, he/she/it is.Is he/she
38、 it working ?No, he/she/it is not.Yes, they are.Are they working?No, they are not.三、现在分词的构成1. 一般在动词原形末尾加-ing。stay - staying do - doing listen - listening2. 以不发音的字母 e 结尾的动词，先去掉 e，再加 -ing。make - making ride - riding give - giving3. 以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，先双写这个辅音字母，再加-ing。put - putting sit - sitting run - ru
39、nning4. 以 ie 为重读音节结尾的单词，先去掉 e，把 i 变为 y，再加 ing。lie - lying die - dying四、现在进行时的用法1. 表示现在或说话时正在进行的动作，常和下列时间状语连用：now, at this moment, at present, these days (years), this term 有时也与 look , listen 等连用。例句：Look, what are the monkeys eating? 看，那些猴子在吃什么？2. 表示当前一直或反复在进行的动作或难以终止的动作。例句：They are running and jumpi
40、ng all the time.他们一直在跑啊跳啊。现在进行时态专项练习一、写出下列动词的现在分词形式stay _do _listen _suffer _refuse _close _operate _die _work _spend _look _ make _put _sit _run _tie _take _give _ride _please _win _begin _open _lie _二、用所给动词的适当形式填空1. Mary and Lucy are _ (dance) now.2. Listen! Someone is _ (play) the piano in the ne
41、xt room.3. He is _ (sweep) the floor at the moment.4. Look ! The cat _ _ (eat) the fish on the table.5. A: _ you _ (study) French ?B: Yes , I am.6. She often _ (dance) after school.7. My father and mother _ _ (swim) in the pond.8. My sister is _ (fly) a kite in the garden.9. We are _ (watch) TV now.
42、10. Be quiet ! The baby _ _ (sleep) now.能力测试卷（现在进行时态）一、写出下列动词的第三人称单数形式及现在分词形式play _ _ sit _ _do _ _ stop _ _put _ _ swim _ _skate _ _ dance _ _fly _ _ lie _ _二、用动词的适当形式填空1. I am _(watch) TV now.2. He _ _ (play) in the classroom now.3. She often _ (dance) after school.4. My sister is _ (fly) a kite i
43、n the park.二、冠词冠词分不定冠词和定冠词两种。 a 或 an 是不定冠词，the 是定冠词。a 用在辅音音素之前，如 a desk, a tree ; an 用在元音因素之前，如 an apple, an hour, an English book.1. 不定冠词（a,an ）指人或事物的某一种类，表示“一个” ，但不强调数量。She is a teacher. Thats an orange. 2. 定冠词 the，是特指某（些）人、某（些）物，或指说话人与听话人彼此知道的人或物，或者是在上文提到过的人和事。This is a bus. The bus is big.3. 不用冠
44、词的情况：1）专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词前一般不用冠词。如，Chinese, English, Jim 等。2）名词前已经有 this, that, my, your 等词时，就不再用冠词了。如，that mouse (那只老鼠) 3) 一些固定词组前不用定冠词。如，at home 在家 go to school 去上学*定冠词 the 的用法记忆口诀：特指、重提和唯一，岛屿、海峡和海湾；海洋、党派、最高级，沙漠、河流与群山；方位、顺序和乐器，年代、团体与机关；船名、建筑和组织，会议、条约与报刊；姓氏复数、国全名，记住定冠 the 加在前。*零冠词用法口诀：月份、星期、节假洲，呼语、头衔职务前；三餐、球类、惯用语，学科、棋类名词前。冠词和数词专项练习一、在空白处填上适当的冠词，不需要的填“/” 。1) at _home 2) g
