1、名词性从句一、名词性从句的基本概念在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句，包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。(1)主语从句就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用 that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever 等引导。如：Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所
2、周知，中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。注：为避免头重脚轻，使句子平衡，常用 it 作形式主语，而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成：It is well known that China is a great socialist country.但是，由连接代词 what, whatever, whoever 等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如：What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。(2)表语从句就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引
3、导主语从句的连接词外，还有 as if， as though。如：The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。注意：要区分以下句式：1. thats why+结果；thats because+原因。2. the reason why /foris thatHe is absent. Thats because he is ill. 他缺席，这是因为他生病了。He is ill. Thats why he
4、is absent. 他病了，这就是他缺席的原因。The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的原因是他生病了。(3)宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如：They didnt say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。注意：当 think,
5、 believe, suppose 等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时，习惯上将这些连接词置于句首，即“连接代/ 副词do you think /believe /expect 宾语从句的其余部分？”如：Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员? What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么？(4)同位语从句就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在 thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt,
6、 question, fact, suggestion, belief 等抽象名词的后面，说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由 that 引导，也可由whether, how, when, where, why 等引导，但不能由 which 引导。如：The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。I have no idea when he wi
7、ll set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。注：有时，同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如：The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheeps clothing. 真相终于大白了，他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。二、名词性从句的基本要素A. 连接词就是引导名词性从句的关连接词。共有四类：1. 连词 that：只起连接作用，没有任何意思，不作任何句子成分，在宾语从句中可省略。2. 连词 whether：有“是否”之意，但不作句子成分；引导宾语从句时，还可用 if。3. 连接代词：who(m), whose, which, w
8、hat 等均有各自的意义，在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。4. 连接副词：when, where, why, how 等，有意义，在从句中作状语。5. whoever, whatever, whichever 等也可引导名词性从句，意为 “无论/ 不管”。注意：连接词必须位于从句的最前面。关于连接词的用法，请参见后文。B. 语序必须与陈述句语序相同：主语谓语动词。如：译：我不知道他去哪里了。误：I dont know where has she gone.正：I dont know where she has gone.C. 时态一致若主句的谓语动词是一般现在时时，宾语从句的谓语动词可根据情况使
9、用各种时态；若主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，其谓语动词必须用某种过去时态。如：She said that his father had gone to Beijing. 他说他父亲去北京了。 (had 不能用 has)注：宾语从句是一个客观真理时，可以不一致。如：She told me that the earth goes around the sun. 他告诉我地球围绕太阳旋转。宾语从句学习指要用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。如：He asked what you were doing last night. 他问你昨天夜晚在干什么。I didnt know that he was woun
10、ded in the accident. 我原来不知道他在那事故中受了伤。Can you explain why he didnt come to the party last Sunday? 你能解释上周星期日他为什么没有来参加聚会吗？在宾语从句中须注意：1. that 在口语中常被省略，但在正式的文体中，不能省；并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句，但可引导except, but, in 等少数介词的宾语从句。如：I didnt know (that) he was Li Lei. 我不知道他就是李蕾。I will do anything I can to help you except th
11、at Im ill. 只要我身体舒服，我愿做任何事情来帮助你。2. 宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时，一般须用 it 作形式宾语，把宾语从句放到句末，此时的 that 不能省。如：The boy has made it clear that they cant play with his toys. 那个男孩已清楚的表明他们不能玩弄他的玩具。3. 动词 advise, ask, demand, desire, insist(坚决主张), order, propose, request, suggest(建议) 等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气，即：(should) do 的形式。He asked tha
12、t we (should) get there before nine oclock. 他要求我们在九点钟之前赶到那儿。The teacher advised us that we (should) not waste our time. 老师劝告我们不要浪费时间了。4. 宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。即(from )：1)当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时，从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。如：He always says that he is our good friend. 他总是说他是我们的好朋友。When the teacher knows what we have d
13、one, he will say that we have done a good deed. 当老师知道我们所干的事情时，他会说我们做了一件好事。2)当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时，从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。如：He didnt tell us he came from Shanghai. 他没有告诉我们他来自上海。He said he had read the book. 他说他读过这本书。3)但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实，而不受时间的限制时，即使主句谓语动词为过去时，从句仍用一般现在时。如(from ) ：Chairman Mao said that all the imper
14、ialists are paper tigers. 毛主席说一切帝国主义者都是纸老虎。When we were children, we were told that China is in the east of the world. 我们还是小孩子的时候，人们就告诉我们说中国在世界的东方。引导宾语从句 that 的省略问题名词从句作动词宾语时，前面的 that 常被省略，特别是在非正式语体中：I suggested (that) they should drive along the coast. 我建议他们沿着海岸开车。I hoped (that) I would / should su
15、cceed. 我曾希望我会成功。I know (that) he will be in time. 我知道他会赶得上的。I knew (that) he would be in time. 我当时知道他会赶得上的。He thinks (that) they will give him a visa. 他想他们会给他签证。He thought (that) they would give him 3 visa. 他本想他们会给他签证。I expect (that) the plane will he diverted. 我料想飞机会改变航线。I expected (that) the plane
16、 would be diverted. 我本料想飞机会改变航线。在某些动词 (如 answer, imply) 之后则一般需要用 that。如：He answered that he was from Austria. 他说他是奥地利人。She answered that she preferred to eat alone. 她回答说她愿意独自吃。I dont wish to imply that you are wrong. 我无意暗示你错了。The newspapers have implied that they are having an affair. 报纸报道暗指他们有染。在较长
17、的句子里，特别在“that 从句”与动词隔开时，that 一般不可省略。如：The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that f could have the money without delay. 那个商人告诉我他准备出多少钱买我的汽车，并说我会立即收到款。四、宾语从句与否定转移当动词 think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine 后接一个表示否定意义的宾语从句时，其否定通常转移到主语：I dont suppose that it is true. 我认为那不是真
18、的。I dont imagine that he will come. 我想他不会来的。(from )I dont think we need waste much time on it. 我想我们不必在这上面花太多时间We didnt think wed be this late. 我们没想到我们会到得这么晚。I dont suppose Ill trouble you again. 我想我不要再麻烦你了。3. 关系代词 what 引导She has got what she wanted. 她要的东西得到了。I want to tell you what I hear. 我想把听到的情况告
19、诉你。He could not express what he felt. 他无法表达内心的感受。They did what they could to console her. 他们尽量安慰她。They thought they could do what they liked with him. 他们以为他们可以对他为所欲为。【注意】有时介词后可接一个宾语从句(但介词后通常不接 that 和 if 引导的宾语从句)：From what you say, he is right. 根据你所说的，他是对的。有极个别介词(如 but, except)可接 that 引导的宾语从句：She rem
20、embered nothing about him except that his hair was black. 她对他什么都不记得，只记得他的头发是黑的。比较下面两句用 what 引导的宾语从句，它们的意思不一样：He began to think about what he should do. 他开始考虑应当怎样做。二、宾语从句与形式宾语 it当宾语从句后跟有宾语补足语时，通常在宾语从句处使用形式宾语 it，而将真正的宾语从句移至句末：I think it best that you should stay here. 我认为你最好住这儿。He hasnt made it known
21、when he is going to get married. 他还没宣布他何时结婚。She found it difficult to answer the question. 她发现回答这个问题很困难。He feels it his duty to hetp others. 他认为帮助别人是他的责任。He thought it best to be on his guard. 他认为他最好还是要警惕。He made it a rule to speak in Parliament at least once every session. 他规定自己在议会每次开会时至少发一次言。I fin
22、d it interesting talking go you. 我觉得同你谈话很有意思。I consider it wrong to cheat in an examination. 我认为考试作弊是不对的。主语从句用法详解(例句丰富)一、主语从句的引导词主语从句通常由连词 that 和 whether、连接代词或连接副词以及关系代词型 what 引导。1. that 引导That he is still alive is a wonder. 他还活着，真是奇迹。That we shall be late is certain. 我们要晚了，这是确定无疑的。That he should ha
23、ve ignored the working class was natural. 他忽视工人阶级是很自然的。That she is still alive is a consolation. 她还活着是使人感到宽慰的。That she became an artist may have been due to her fathers influence. 她成为画家可能是受她父亲的影响。That you are coming to London is the best news I have heard this long time. 你将来伦敦是好久以来我听到的最好消息。That she
24、was chosen made a tremendous stir in her village. 她被挑选上，在她村 子里引起很大轰动。2. whether 引导Whether it will do us harm remains to be seen. 是否对我们有害还要看一看。Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。3. 连接代词引导Whoever is top from wins the game when two matched players meet. 两强相争勇者胜。Whichever (of y
25、ou) comes in first will receive a prize. 无论(你们)谁先到都可以得奖。Whichever you want is yours. 你要哪个哪个就是你的。4. 连接副词引导When we arrive doesnt matter. 什么时候到没有关系。How it was done was a mystery. 这是怎样做的是一个谜。How this happended is not clear to anyone. 这件事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。How many people we are to invite is still a question. 邀
26、请多少人还是一个问题。Where I spend my summer is no business of yours. 我在哪里过暑假不关你的事。5. 关系代词型 what 引导What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。Whats done is done. 事已成定局。What he says is not important. 他说的话并不重要。What I am telling you is mere impressions. 我和你说的都不过是一些印象而已。What make the r
27、iver more beautiful are the lotus plants growing in the water. 为河水增色的是水里的荷花。What you need is a good-sized canvas bag. 你需要的是一个比较大的帆布袋。What I am afraid of is their taking him to Portugal. 我担心的是他们把他带到葡萄牙去。What struck me was that they have all suffered a lot. 给我很深印象的是他们都受过很多苦。二、主语从句与形式主语 it有时为了考虑句子平衡，通常
28、在主语从句处使用形式主语 it，而将真正的主语从句移至句末。这分三种情况：(1) 对于以连词 that 引导的主语从句，通常用形式主语代主语从句：Its a pity that he didnt come. 很遗憾他没来。It is important that he should know about this. 他必须知道此事。Its vital that we be present. 我们出席是至关重要的。It was intended that you be the candidate. 大家的意图是让你当候选人。It is important that this mission no
29、t fail. 这项使命不失败至关重要。It is essential that a meeting be convened this week. 本周开一次会非常重要。It is appropriate that this tax be abolished. 废除这个税是恰当的。Its unfair that so many people should lose their jobs. 竟有这么多人失业这是不公平的。Its amazing that she should have said nothing about it. 她竟未谈及此事令人惊讶。Its unthinkable that
30、they should deny my request. 他们竟然拒绝我的请求，这是不可思议的。That they should refuse to sign the petition required great courage. 他们拒绝在请愿书上签字这是需要很大勇气的。(2) 对于以连接代词(副词)引导的主语从句，可以使用形式主语代主语从句，也可直接在句首使用主语从句：Whether they would support us was a problem. 他们是否会支持我们还是一个问题。It was a problem whether they would support us. 他们
31、是否会支持我们还是一个问题。It remains to be seen whether it will do us harm or good. 它对我们是利是害，还得看看再说。(3) 对关系代词型 what 引导的主语从句，通常直接将主语从句放在句首。如：What we need is money. 我们需要的是钱。What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这一点。有时也可将助用形式主语。如：It is clear enough what he meant. 他是什么意思很清楚。(4) 如果句子是疑问句，则必须用带形式主语 it 的结构：Is it true th
32、at he is the girls father? 他是那女孩的父亲，是真的吗？How is it that you are late again? 你怎么又迟到了？三、连词 that 的省略问题引导主语从句的连词 that 有时可省，有时不能省，其原则是：若 that 引导的主语从句直接位于句首，则that 不能省略；若 that 引导的主语从句位于句末，而在句首使用了形式主语 it，则 that 可以省略：That you didnt go to the talk was a pity. 很遗憾你没去听报告。(that 不可省)It was a pity (that) you didnt
33、 go to the talk. 很遗憾你没去听报告。 (that 可省)表语从句用法详解(例句丰富)一、表语从句的引导词引导表语从句的词有连词 that, whether，连接代词和连接副词，关系代词型 what，以及 as if, as though, because 等连词。1. 由 that 引导The fact is that he doesnt really try. 事实是他没有做真正的努力。The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦的是我把他的地址丢了。My suggestion is that we should tell
34、him. 我的建议是我们应该告诉他。His sole requirement was (is) that the system work. 他唯一的要求是这个制度能起作用。My idea is that we should start making preparations right now. 我的意见是我们马上就开始做准备工作。2. 由 whether 引导The question is whether the film is worth seeing. 问题是这部电影是否值得看。【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的 if 却通常不用于引导表语从句。3. 由连接代词引导Yo
35、u are not who I thought you were. 你已不是我过去所想像的人。The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。The question is who (m) we should trust. 问题是我们应当相信谁。What I want to know is which road we should take. 我想知道的是我们应走哪条路。4. 由连接副词引导The problem is how we can find him. 问题是我们如何找到他。That was when I was
36、 fifteen. 这是我 15 岁时发生的事。Thats where I first met her. 那就是我第一次遇见她的地方。Thats why he didnt come. 这就是他没有来的缘故。Thats why I object to the plan. 这就是我反对这个计划的原因。Thats where you are wrong. 这就是你不对的地方。5. 由关系代词型 what 引导Thats what I want to stress. 这是我想强调的。Thats what we are here for. 我们来这里就为了这个。Fame and personal gai
37、n is what theyre after. 他们追求的是名利。He is no longer what he was. 他已经不是以前的他了。6. 由 as if / as though 引导It isnt as if you were going away for ever. 又不是你离开不回来了。Now it was as though she had known Millie for years. 现在好像她认识米莉已有好多年了似的。It is not as though we were poor. 又不是我们家里穷。7. 由 because 引导It is because I lo
38、ve you too much. 那是因为我太爱你了。Thats because you cant appreciate music. 这是因为你不能欣赏音乐。If Im a bit sleepy, its because I was upall night. 如果我有点困，是因为一夜没睡。Its because I passed a slip of paper for John to Helen in class. 这是因为我在上课中替约翰传纸条给海伦。【注意】because 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的 since, as, for 等也不用于引导表语从句。二、连词 that 的省略问题引
39、导表语从句的 that 通常不省略，但在口语或非正式文体中有时也可省略：My idea is (that) we should do it right away. 我的意见是我们应该马上干。The trouble is (that) he is ill. 糟糕的是他病了。同位语从句用法详解(例句丰富)一、同位语从句的引导词引导同位语从句的词语通常有连词 that，whether，连接代词和连接副词等。1. 由 that 引导We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。They were worried over the fact
40、that you were sick. 他们为你生病发愁。The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。Ive come to the conclusion that it was unwise to do that. 我得出结论这样做是不明智的。The fact that the money has gone does not mean it was stolen. 那笔钱不见了这一事实并不意味着是被偷了。He referred to Copernicus statement that the ea
41、rth moves round the sun. 他提到了哥白尼关于地球绕太阳转的说法。【注意 1】在某些名词(如 demand, wish, suggestion, resolution 等)后面的同位语从句要用虚拟语气。如：They were faced with the demand that this tax be abolished. 他们面对废除这个税的要求。They expressed the wish that she accept the award. 他们表示希望她接受这笔奖金。There was a suggestion that Brown should be drop
42、ped from the team. 有一项建议是布朗应该离队。The suggestion that the new rule be adopted came from the chairman. 采纳新规则的建议是主席提出的。The resolution that women be allowed to join the society was carried. 允许妇女参加这个协会的决议通过了。I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker. 我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。【注意 2】引导
43、同位语从句的连词 that 通常不省略，但在非正式文体中也可以省去。如：He gabbed his suitcase and gave the impression he was boarding the Tokyo plane. 他拿起了手提箱，给人的印象是他要登上飞往东京的飞机了。2. 由 whether 引导There is some doubt whether he will come. 他是否会来还不一定。Answer my question whether you are coming. 你回答我的问题：你来不来。The question whether it is right o
44、r wrong depends on the result. 这个是对还是错要看结果。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可以信任的问题。【注意】whether 可引导同位语从句，但 if 不能引导同位语从句。3. 由连接代词引导Have you any idea what time it starts? 你知道什么时候开始吗 ?From 1985-90 I was an instructor at the regional party headquarters. After th
45、at I went back to work in a factory. Then I had no idea what a casino was. 从 1985 年到 1990 年我是地方党部的教员。随后我回到一家工厂工作。当时我不知道赌场是什么样的地方。4. 由连接副词引导I have no idea when he will come back. 我不知道他什么时候回来。It is a question how he did it. 那是一个他如何做的问题。He had no idea why she left. 他不知道她为什么离开。You have no idea how worri
46、ed I was! 你不知道我多着急!二、关于分离同位语从句有时同位语从句可以和同位的名词分开。如：The story goes that he beats his wife. 传说他打老婆。The news got about that he had won a car in the lottery. 消息传开说他中彩得了一辆汽车。The rumour spread that a new school would be built here. 谣传这里要盖一所新学校。Report has it that the Smiths are leaving town. 有传言说史密斯一家要离开这座城
47、市。The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city. 他想到可能敌人已逃离这座城市。The order soon came that all citizens should evacuate the village. 不久命令下来，所有居民都必须撤出村子。(G31)二、同位语从句与定语从句的区别1意义的不同同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来：We are glad at the news that h
48、e will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。 (news 的内容就是 that he will come，故 that 引导的是同位语从句)We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that 从句是限制 the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个 news 而不是其他的 news，故 that 从句为定语从句)2. 引导词的不同what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。3. 引导词的功能上的不同that 引导同位语从句时，它不充当句子成分，而引导定
49、语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us 中的 that 就充当 told 的宾语。4. 被修饰词语的区别同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有 hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth 等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。 另外，when 和 where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如 why 引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词 the reason，而它引导同位语从句时则不一定：I have no idea when they will come . 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句)Ill never forget the days when I lived there 我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)(from )We dont understand the prob
