收藏 分享(赏)

1-名词以及名词性从句.doc

上传人:gnk289057 文档编号:6777233 上传时间:2019-04-22 格式:DOC 页数:13 大小:114.50KB
下载 相关 举报
1-名词以及名词性从句.doc_第1页
第1页 / 共13页
1-名词以及名词性从句.doc_第2页
第2页 / 共13页
1-名词以及名词性从句.doc_第3页
第3页 / 共13页
1-名词以及名词性从句.doc_第4页
第4页 / 共13页
1-名词以及名词性从句.doc_第5页
第5页 / 共13页
点击查看更多>>
资源描述

1、1二、英语句法规则1.句子成分(1)主语定义:主语是谓语讲述的对象,即,表示主语是什么。主语可以用名词,代词,短语等充当。例句:Wisdom is the badge of maturity. 智慧是成熟的标志。(名词作主语 )What coupon the seller would provide depends on his marketing strategy. 提供什么样的优惠券,取决于商家的营销策略。(名词性短语作主语 )(2)谓语定义:用来说明主语的动作,或是属性。即,做什么,是什么,怎么样。谓语必须是动词。例句:The civil war destroyed the infras

2、tructures of the city.内战摧毁了该城市的基础设施。(行为动词作谓语)He is an extraordinary driver. (系动词做谓语)(3)宾语定义:表示动作的对象。表示主语做什么。放在及物动词后面。例句:The country launched the satellite. (名词作宾语)He likes to intrude the privacy of somebody else. (不定式做宾语)注意:关于直接宾语和间接宾语,即,一个动词后面接两个宾语的情况。举例而言,her father bought her a car. 或者是,her fathe

3、r bought a car for her. 及物动词的直接对象称为直接宾语,即,物是直接宾语。人,则是间接宾语。 通常而言,人要放在物的前面。如果人放在物的后面,那么在人的前面加上介词:to 或是 for。具体加 to 还是 for,通常而言,根据句子的意思和动词的意思确定。 可以接双宾语的动词都比较简单,主要有:bring/give/show/send/tell/promise/return/等等。(4)表语 定义:表语用来说明主语是什么或是怎么样 表语和宾语的区别:宾语表示的动作的对象,而表语说明的是主语本身。 表语可以由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、动名词和句子来充当。表语放在系动词的

4、后面。系动词除了表示状态的 be 动词外,还有 sound,look,feel 等感官动词以及become,turn 等表示变化的动词。例句:he is savage. 他很野蛮The transaction seems queer. 这笔交易看起来很可疑。(5)定语 定义:定语时用来修饰名词或是代词。定语可以是名词、形容词、副词、短语或是句子。 单个单词做定语时,要放在所修饰的名词或是代词的前面。例句:the trivial matter should not impede our striding ahead. 琐事不应该成为我们前行路上的羁绊。 例外的情况:当定语修饰 anything

5、/everything/nothing/something 等不定代词时,要放在不定代词的后面,称为后置定语。2常见的如:something important/urgent/strange 等等。例句:something stale was put in the refrigerator as the room smells unpleasantly. 冰箱里有一些变质的东西,因为屋内气味不太好。 定语从句用来修饰名词或是代词时,要放在后面。 (定语从句详见后面详解)例句:She told me a story that the relentless mother deserted her

6、baby once the infant was diagnosed as asthma. (定语从句修饰 story)。(6)状语定义:用来修饰动词、形容词或副词,通常表明动作发生的时间,地点,方式,目的或是程度等。一般由副词,介词短语或是从句来充当。He lost the indignity when negotiating with his ex-wife.(用时间状语从句修饰 lost the indignity)This kind of eclipse takes place occasionally.(7)补语定义:用来补充说明主语或是宾语,用来说明其状态,特征等。由名词和形容词等

7、充当。其中,补充说明主语的叫做,主语补足语。补充说明宾语的叫做,宾语补足语。例句:we believe the drawback of the machinery fatal.形容词做宾语补足语。The carpet was tainted scarlet.(形容词做主语补足语)名词1 名词的单复数:单复数变化规则: 一般情况下,直接+s 以 s、x、sh、ch 和 z 结尾的单词+es 以辅音字母+y 结尾的,要把 y 变 i+s 以 o 结尾的,多数是加 s,特殊的外来词(如 hero, negro,potato 和 tomato)直接+es,以 oo 和元音字母+o 结尾的,+s 以 f

8、 或 fe 结尾的,要改为 ves 或是直接+s(如 belief 等)需要记忆的大纲复数词汇:Appendix-appendices, bacterium-bacteria, criterion-criteria, datum-data, formula-formulas/formulae, hypothesis/ haipisis- hypotheses haipisi:s /, phenomenon - phenomena.2 名词的格(1)当名词是人名或被视为有生命的东西时,需要加s 来表示所有关系具体规则为:单数名词时,直接在名词后加s the dogs rope以 s 结尾的复数名

9、词,在后面加 the mothers topics以 s 结尾的人名,+或是+s Rosss(Ross)socks两个名词同位的词组 在同位语的后面+s her manager Mr. Lis book(2)虽然没有生命,但是表示地方,时间等名词,也可以用该种形式。例如:Japans ambition. Three miles distance (3)无论有无生命,都可以用 of+名词的形式来表示所有格例如:his stick =the stick of him(他的拐杖)(4)双重所有格 即 of 加名词 s注意区别:A photo of my father 我爸爸的一张照片(表示照片中的人

10、就是我爸爸)3a photo of my fathers 我爸爸的一张照片(表示我爸爸所拥有的一张照片)(5)其他姓氏前加 the 后加 s 表示“的全家” 。 例如:the Smiths如果一件东西为两个人所共有,则后一个人用所有格。如 Tom and Jerrys mother.表示一个母亲的两个孩子。如果各有各的,则两个人都用所有格,表示分别所有,并且名词应该是复数。例如:Toms and Jerrys mothers代词定义:代替名词或是或是起到名词的作用。其作用是可以避免重复。1 代词的种类(1)人称代词主格:I you-he-she-they-it-we宾格:me-you-him-

11、her-them-it-us区分:主格用来做主语,而宾格做及物动词或是介词的宾语。例句:I trust her。例外:在复合句中,如果主句和从句的主语相同,名词主语要用在主句中,代词主语要用在从句中。When she wandered in the park, Kate found the lost dog.(2)物主代词形容词性物主代词:my-your-his-her-their-its-our名词性物主代词:mine-yours-her-his-theirs-its-ours区分:形容词性的物主代词是放在名词前面做定语,而名词性物主代词用来指代前面的名词,可以根据句子的要求,做主语,宾语或

12、是表语。例如:-His dictionary is the present from his elder brother.-hers is the award from the teacher. (做主语)-Whose car is it?-its mine (做表语)(3)反身代词 作用:可以充当及物动词和介词的宾语,还可以充当主语或是宾语的同位语,用以加强语气。 形式:myself-yourself-yourselves-herself-himself-themselves-ourselves-itself例句:I persuaded myself to accept the dire r

13、eality.(做宾语)I myself would nurture this tree.(做主语的同位语,表示亲自)You should require the party concerned himself to issue the power of attorney. (宾语的同位语,表示本人) 注意几个固定搭配:By oneself 独自 I can do it by myself.For oneself 为自己 I do it for myself.In oneself 本身 The fact ,without eloquent interpretation and vivid ph

14、otos, is pale in itself.不定代词4没有指出特定的人或是事物的代词。(1)表示“一”的Every,强调的是整体,所以,在翻译的时候,往往译成:所有的。后面不能接 of。例句:Every passenger has been on board.所有的乘客都已经上船了。Each,强调的是个体,所以,在翻译的时候,往往译成:每一个。后面可以接 of。例句:Each rash decision that he made would trigger the anger of public.(2)表示“二”的Both,表示 “两者都 ”,要用到复数的形式。固定短语是 bothandE

15、ither,表示“两者中的每一个” ,要用到单数的形式。固定短语是 eitherorNeither,表示“两者都不” ,要用到单数的形式。例如:neither is mine.两个都不是我的。固定短语是 neithernor(3)表示复数(两者以上的) All,表示所有的,可以和 of 连接。 Many,表示很多,接可数名词。 Much,表示很多,不可数名词。 Some 和 any 表示“一些人”或“事物”Some 和 any 的区别 Some 用在肯定句中,而 any 用在否定句和疑问句中。Do you have any idea.-yeah, I got some. Some 还可以用在表

16、示惊叹的疑问句和征求意见的疑问句中。So, you have some classmates here?Would you please give me some advice?(4)表示“没有” No one,只能用来回答关于“人”的问题,强调的是人本身,即, “没有人” ,针对的问题是 who,anybody,anyone 等例句:Who is in the room-no one. None,则可以用来回答关于“人”和“物”的问题,强调的是数量,即, “一个也不”针对的问题是“how many ”或是“how much”例句:how many people are there in th

17、e room?-none. Few, 用于修饰可数名词,本身表示否定,即 “没有几个” ,a few 表示肯定。 Little, 用于修饰不可数名词,本身表示否定,即 “有一些” 。A little 表示否定“有一些” 。 Nothing 本身表示否定。(5)表示其他 Other 表示不同的人或物。例如:we should change to other suppliers. Another 表示在原来的基础上再加一个。例如:we want to add another 50 dollars for this machinery. The other 表示两者中的另一个。About the t

18、wo robbers, one died, the other badly wounded. The others 表示剩余的部分,要用复数。Parts of the guns were destroyed, while the others were recycled. Any other 表示“其他任何一个” ,要用单数。5关于非谓语动词一个简单句中,只应该有一个谓语动词,但是为了表达的需要,我们有时候需要用到两个或两个以上的动词,这时,就要在句子中用到动名词或是不定式等“非谓语动词” ,因为这种动词并不随着人称和数目的变化而变化,即,不受限定,所以,又称为,非限定性动词。非谓语动词共有三

19、种表现形式,分别是动名词,不定式和分词。动名词动名词可以起名词的作用,在句子中作主语,宾语,表语,定语。动名词仍保留动词的一般特征,可以有自己的宾语和状语,构成动名词短语。一 动名词可以做的成分(一)做主语。Holding gun is forbidden in China. 在中国不允许持有枪支。Leaving the motherland is the last thing we will do.我们不想离开祖国。(二)作表语It seems that telling lies has become part of her life.似乎说谎是她生活的一部分。My favorite spo

20、rts is playing tennis . 我最喜欢的运动时网球。注意:It 做形式主语的情况:在 Its no use; Its (no) good; Its useless ; Its (not) wise; Its (not) worthwhile; Its of great (no, little) importance 等习惯表达中, It 为形式主语,而将做主语的动名词短语放在后面。例如:Its no use /good quenching the fire. 现在灭火已经没有用了。Is it worthwhile portraying the beggar on such a

21、 famous media? 在这样一本著名杂志上描述这个乞丐,值得吗?Its wise trying again. 再试一次是明智的。It is of great importance curbing the expenditure of the university. 压缩高校开支非常重要。(三)动名词短语作宾语。常用的能接动名词的动词有:discontinue 停止, dislike 不喜欢, dispute 不同意 mind 在意,miss 错过,pardon 饶恕、原谅,permit 允许,postpone 推迟,practise 实践、练习,prevent 阻止,admit 承认,

22、appreciate 感激,avoid 避免,advise 建议,cant help 不禁,celebrate 庆祝,consider 考虑,complete 完成, contemplate 沉思、打算,defer 推迟,delay 延期,deny 否认,detest 痛恨,endure 忍耐,enjoy 喜欢, escape 逃脱,excuse 原谅, fancy 想象,feel like 想要, finish 结束,严禁,forgive 原谅,hinder 阻碍,imagine 想象,keep 保持,mention 提到 recall 回忆, report 报告,resent 怨恨, re

23、sist 抵制、阻止, risk 冒险,stop 停止,suggest 建议,understand 明白、理解,等等。例如:He risked shouldering the liability. 他冒险承担了责任。The boss permitted purchasing the luxury car. 老板同意买这辆豪车了。(四)动名词短语作介词宾语。The children are fond of listening to pop music. 孩子们喜欢流行音乐。Are you interested in going to the show? 你有兴趣去看演出吗?6Thomas ins

24、isted on doing it in his own way. 托马斯坚持按他自己的方法做这件事情。Excuse me for interrupting you. 请原谅我打扰你,He warned me against swimming in this lake. 他警告我不要在这个湖里游泳。二 动名词的其他知识(一)动名词加逻辑主语就是在动名词短语前面加上物主代词或名词的所有格。I insisted on his visiting to the site after the earthquake. 我坚持要他震后到现场看一下。I can hardly imagine her lovin

25、g of cosmetics would cost the whole months salary. 我简直不能想象她喜欢化妆品到了能将一个月的薪水全部花光的程度。Lindas coming will do you good.(主语) 林达的到来对你有好处。What made him angry was their laughing.(表语)使他生气的是他们笑。(二)动名词的完成式和被动语态:1 形式:doing-being done having done-having been done(1) 完成式表示动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前。例如:I apologize for having o

26、ffended you in the meeting-room. 我为在会议室时的出口不逊而道歉。I dont remember having talked with him before. 我不记得以前曾和他谈过话。I regret not having told you the car was not mine before lending you. 在借给你车之前,我忘记告诉你,它不是我的,我很后悔。(2) 当动名词的逻辑主语是动名词动作的对象或承受者时,动名词要用被动语态。例如:I could no longer stand being treated like that. 我再也不能

27、忍受被那样对待。She was proud of having been praised by the mayor. 受过市长表扬,她很骄傲。(三)容易混淆的接动词和动名词的词组。(1) forget to do sth.忘记去做某事(未做) forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)例如:The light in the office is still on. She forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着。她忘记关了。 (关灯的动作没做)The light in the office is off. She turned it off, but she

28、 forgot turning it off. 办公室的灯没亮着。是她关的,但她忘记关过灯。 (已关过灯,她忘了)(2) remember to do sth.记着去做某事 remember doing sth. 记得做过某事例如:Do you remember meeting me at a party last year? 你记得去年一次宴会上见过我吗?(已见过面)You must remember to leave tomorrow。 你一定要记着明天离开。 (还没离开)(3) stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 stop doing sth. 停止做某事例如:She s

29、topped to take a break. 她停下来休息一下。She stopped breaking and continued to walk. 他不再休息,又上路了。(4) regret to do sth. 对尚未做的或正在做的事情表示遗憾; regret doing sth. 对已做的事情表示后悔例如:I regret saying that. 我后悔说了那话。I regret to tell you the following truth. 我非常遗憾地告诉你下面这个事实。(5) mean to do sth. 打算、意欲做某事 mean doing sth.意味着做某事例如:

30、If it means delaying more than a week, Ill not wait. 如果这意味着拖延一个多星期,我就不等了。I mean to help you, and nothing else. 我想帮助你们,没别的。Comment H1: 形式主语。Comment H2: 补语Comment H3: 不定式作为宾语使用。7(6) go on to do sth.做了一件事又去做另一件, go on doing sth继续做原来的事情例如:After he repairing the damaged car, he went on to drive to the ho

31、tel. 修理完受损的车后,他又接着向酒店驶去。The boy was asked to go on practicing the tedious song.这个男孩被要求继续练习这首枯燥的曲子。(四)介词 to后跟动名词的习惯短语Adapt to/ confess to/devote to/be equal to/in addition to/conform to/due to/be opposed to/give rise to/amount to/contribute to/(五)接 doing的特殊句型(1)be busy doing sth(2)have trouble /diffi

32、culty doing sth(3) spend money/time doing sth(4) catch sb doing sth动词的不定式一、 动词不定式形式其形式是“to+动词原形” 。 1作主语。 To jump from such a cliff is unbelievable.从那样的悬崖跳下来简直不可想象。To seize every chance is difficult.=Its difficult to seize every chance.要抓住所有的机会很难。To tell a lie is not always easy. = Its not always eas

33、y to tell a lie.撒谎并非总是容易。如果要给不定式添加逻辑主语,需要加 for+主语,并放在不定式的前面。For a dog to die like that is a terrible thing. = It is a terrible thing for a dog to die like that.一条狗象那样死去是一件可怕的事。 (for a dog是不定式的主语)For one to know everything is impossible.= Its impossible for one to know everything.一个人什么都知道是不可能的。但是,下列形

34、容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由 of 引出:careless粗心的,clever 聪明的, cruel残忍的,foolish 愚蠢的,good 好的,kind 好心的 ,naughty 淘气的,nice 好的, polite礼貌的,right 正确的,rude 无礼的 ,silly 愚蠢的,stupid 傻的,unwise 不明智的,wise 明智的,wrong 错误的,等等。因为,这些形容词都是描写人的性格和特点的形容词。 “It is + 形容词 of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb + be + 形容词 + to do sth.” 而“f

35、or sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。2作宾语。He offered to help. 他主动提出要帮助我。He declared to design the costume for his mother. 他说他想给妈妈设计衣服。We refused to assist her when she was in trouble. 在她陷入困境的时候,我们袖手旁观。不定式可以和 how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有 whether等词连用作宾语。I dont know where to go after hav

36、ing a quarrel with Dad. 和父亲吵完架后,我不知道去哪。They havent decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。注意:如果作为动词宾语的不定式带有补足语,不定式应该放在宾语的后面,同时用 it做形式主语。 、例如:我们认为遵守法律很重要。We think it import to obey the law.83 不定式做表语The urgent issue is to provide the necessary water to the victims.注意:不定式和动名词都可以做表语,但是有以下的区别:(1)当

37、主语是 aim,goal,hope,purpose ,plan ,wish 等单词时,用不定式做表语,表示具体的动作或是将来的动作。His purpose is to alienate the friends.The plan is to check the performance of the staff in the company.(2)当句子是“主语+系动词+ 表语”时,如果主语的动词用的不定式,那么表语的动词也要用不定式,这样使句子更加平衡。To lie to spouse is to destroy the wedlock.4 不定式做定语(1)不定式与所修饰的名词是主谓关系He

38、is an industrious worker, and he is always the first to come and last to leave.The president to resign has been dogged by sex scandal with the interim girl.(2)不定式与所修饰的名词是动宾关系We got so many thorny problems to handle.No time to waste.5 不定式做状语(1)做目的状语To become the super star on the red carpet in Hollyw

39、ood, you need not only the strenuous effort, but some opportunities.注意:如果不定式引导的从句在主句的前面,要在从句的后面加逗号,如果在后面,就不需要加逗号。(2)做结果状语不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn 得知,find 发现,see 看见,hear 听见, to be told 被告知,make 使得 等。 only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙赶到机场

40、,却得知飞机已经起飞了。He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into. 他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。(3)做原因状语We were shocked to see the brutal behavior.It is funny to take part in the community activity.(4)固定短语作状语这种形式一般表明说话人的立场To conclude/to be exact/to be frank/to sum up/not to menti

41、on/so to speak/to tell the truth/to put it another way/to be brief 等等。6 不定式做补语(1)做主语的补足语He is bold to express his love when the romance was well objected by all the relatives.(2)做宾语的补足语The managers established the new system to remedy the declining business.二 动词不定式的时态To 后面接的动词的原型,但是不定式也有时态的划分。具体如下:一

42、般式:to do9进行式:to be doing 表示动作正在进行。the farmers were said to be suffering from the drought.完成式:to have done 表示动作已经完成。 We are sorry to have bothered you.完成进行时:to have been doing. 表示动作一直在持续,有可能完成,有可能没有完成。 They seemed to have been building this bridge for a long time.三 不定式的被动语态不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示

43、的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种:一般式:to be+过去分词完成式:to have been+过去分词例如:Youre lucky to have been accepted . 你很幸运已经被接受了。These criminals are to be hanged . 这些罪犯是将被绞死的。Were glad to have been invited. 受到邀请我们很高兴。Whats to be done next? 下一步做什么?It is an honor for me to be asked to speak here. 我很荣幸应邀在这里讲话。四 关

44、于不定式的几种特殊情况1 不定式省略 to 的情形(1)感官动词 hear, see,watch 等The police saw the thief steal the bank.(2) have,let 和 make 等使役动词注意:(1)和( 2)变成被动语态时, to 要还原。(3)在 had better(最好) ,would rather(宁愿) ,would sooner(宁愿) ,would (just) as soon(宁愿) ,cannot but(不能不,不由得不) , cannot help but(不能不,不由得不)He would rather listen to o

45、thers than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。He would sooner play than work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。You had better go away right now. 你最好立即就走。(4)在 Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带 to 的不定式:Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢? =Why don t you come with us?Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢?(5)注意:hope 希望,demand 要求,suggest 建议,这三个词不能跟不定

46、式作宾补。错误的句子:I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。I suggest you to take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。正确的句子:I hope that youll be happy. 我希望你快乐。I suggest that you take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。I advise you not to take him seriously. 我建议你不要把他当回事。We dema

47、nded that they give us a definite answer. 我们要求他们给个确切的答复。Comment H4: 并没有实际意义,所以不需要翻译,但是不能省略。省略的话,就会出现一句话有两个动词的情况。10名词性从句一 概述在主从复合句中,从句可以充当主句的主语、表语、宾语或同位语。分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句或同位语从句。名词性从句由连接词(或关联词)引导。常用的连接词有:连接词 作用whether是否that(本身无词义)只起连接词作用,引导从句,在从句中不作任何成分在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语who,whom,whosewhich哪一个what什么,所的在

48、从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语在从句中分别作主语、宾语和定语除了起连接词作用外,还在从句中作状语when什么时候,where 什么地方how怎样,怎么,why 为什么特点是:1、疑问词有本身的词义;2、疑问词在从句中担当句子成分,如主语、宾语或状语;3、这种疑问词引导的从句一律用陈述语序,不能用疑问语序。Do you know what they are studying?(宾语从句) I dont know who did it.(宾语从句)She asked me when I found the wallet.(宾语从句)I dont know why he hasnt come yet.

49、(宾语从句)What you have done have been kept for file.(主语从句)Where he went for his weekend is not known.(主语从句) Whose fault this is is not important. 这是谁的过错并不重要。 (主语从句)What I want to know is where he has gone for his weekend. 我想知道的是他到哪里度周末去了。(这句话包含两个名词性从句:what I want to know是主语从句,what 在从句中作宾语,从句用陈述语序,不能是 What do I want to know. Where he has gone for his weekend 是表语从句,where 在从句中作状语,从句用陈述语序)二 主语从句(一)定义:是指做主语的从句(二)由 that引导的主语从句。that 引导主语从句时,that 没有意义,但不能省略。

展开阅读全文
相关资源
猜你喜欢
相关搜索

当前位置:首页 > 企业管理 > 管理学资料

本站链接:文库   一言   我酷   合作


客服QQ:2549714901微博号:道客多多官方知乎号:道客多多

经营许可证编号: 粤ICP备2021046453号世界地图

道客多多©版权所有2020-2025营业执照举报