1、情态动词 ought to 和 had better 用法详解ought to+原形动词表示义务、劝告或推测等意义，意思是“ 应该“.I am tired. I ought to sit here for a while.我累了，我应该休息一会儿。表示否定时,not 放在 ought 之后。在美语中,在否定句中 ,ought 之后的不定词符号 to 常可省略。Hey, boy, you oughtnt （to ） sleep here. Get up!嘿，孩子，你不应该躺在这儿。起来！在美语中,在疑问句中,ought 之后的不定词符号 to 常可省略。Ought you （to） do it?
2、你应该这么做吗？had better 只有一种形式,不是表示过去,而是指现在或未来,表示向对方提出劝告或警告。had better+原形不定词表示“ 最好“.You had better give up smoking.你最好把烟戒掉。had better 的否定形式是 had better not.You had better not throw it on the ground.你最好别把它扔在地上。had better 很少用于疑问句,但有时为了表示忠告或建议而用否定疑问句,这时否定副词not 位于主语之后。Had you better not talk to yourself?你不要自
3、言自语好不好?动名词与不定词1.有些动词,如 attempt, begin, （cant） bear, cease, continue, hate, intend, like, love, prefer, start 等,后接动名词或不定词,在意义上无区别。但有时有的在用法上有些不同,大体上说,表示比较抽象的一般行为多用动名词;而表示特指的某次具体的动作,特别是表示未来的动作多用不定词。She likes watching TV on weekends.她喜欢在周末看电视。表示一般行为。She likes to watch TV this weekend.她想在本周末看电视。表示某次具体行为。
4、She hates smoking.她讨厌抽烟。动名词 smoking 的动作发出者是 anybody,泛指的任何人。She hates to smoke.她不喜欢抽烟。to smoke 的动作发出者是主语 she.2.有些动词,如 forget, remember, mean, regret, try 等后接动名词或不定词意义不同。表示未来要时,要后接不定词,其他场合要接动名词。Please remember to mail the letter.请记住寄这封信。Then remember to buy the things listed on the paper on your way h
5、ome.那么请记住在回家的路上买纸上列出的东西。表示“记着做 “,remember 要接不定词。I remember borrowing ten pounds from you.我记得向你借了十英镑。记得过去做过的事,remember 要接动名词。I forgot to mail the letter.我忘记寄这封信了。表示忘记要去做的事,forget 要接不定词。I forgot about borrowing 10 pounds from you.我忘了曾向你借了十英镑。You forgot about cleaning yesterday.你昨天忘记打扫了。表示忘记过去做过的事,forg
6、et 要接动名词,用简单过去式 forgot 时,其后常要加 about.Ive been trying to get you on the phone.我一直在设法打电话找你。表示设法、试图时,try 要接不定词。He tried writing out his views.他试着把他的意见写下来。表示尝试做什么时,try 要接动名词。3.动词 need, want 后接动名词和不定词的用法不同。表示想要或需要 的意义时,要接不定词,表示需要的被动意义时,要接动名词的主动式或不定词的被动式。I want to go to the concert.我想去听音乐会。So I want to sl
7、eep for a while.所以我想要睡一会儿。want 后接不定词,表示想要。The flowers want（need） watering.这些花需要浇了。The bathroom wants（needs） cleaning.盥洗室需要打扫了。want（need）后接动名词,以主动的形式表示需要 的被动意义。4.在 afford, agree, aim, arrange, ask, beg, choose, claim, dare, decide, decline, demand, deserve, desire, determine, expect, fail, hope, long
8、, manage, offer, plan, pretend, promise, refuse, think, threaten, undertake, wish 等动词后,只能接不定词作宾语。I decide to take a walk outside.我觉得憋气。我决定去外面散散步。I wish to see you soon.我希望早些见到你。5.只可接动名词作宾语的动词常见的有 acknowledge, admit, advise, avoid, consider, defer, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, fancy, finish,
9、imagine, include, involve, mention, mind, miss, postpone, practice, quit, recall, resist, risk, save, stop, suggest, understand 等。I enjoy cycling.我喜欢骑脚踏车。I forget that you dislike smoking.我忘记你不喜欢抽烟了。6.动词 excuse（原谅）, forgive（原谅）, pardon（原谅）只能后接带有表示动作者的所有格或宾格的动名词。Excuse（Forgive,Pardon） my interrupting
10、 you.原谅我打扰你了。7.有些动词片语的后面只可接动名词。常见的有 cant help, cant stand, have done, burst out, come near, give up, put off 等。She couldnt help smiling at the words.听了这话她禁不住笑了。只能用复数的名词一、一些成双成对的名词只有复数形式一些成双成对的名词通常只有复数形式，常见的有jeans （年仔裤）, headphones （耳机）, trousers （裤子）, clothes （衣服）, pants （短裤）, glasses （眼镜）, shoes （鞋
11、子）, sunglasses （太阳镜）, scissors （剪刀）, compasses （圆规） 。这些名词可单独作主语，动词用复数形式，也可用pair/pairs of 修饰，作主语时动词取决于 pair 的形式。二、一些食物名词只有复数形式一些食物名词只有复数形式，常见的有 noodles, vegetables, snacks.We will have noodles for supper this evening. 今天晚上我们吃面条。She likes to eat snacks very much. 她很喜欢吃零食。三、一些固定短语中的名词只有复数形式一些固定短语中的名词只有
12、复数形式，常见有的 express ones thanks to sb. （向某人表达感激之情）, a letter of thanks （一封感谢信）, in high/low spirits （情绪高涨/低落）, have sports （进行体育活动） 。Look, all of them are in high spirits. 瞧，他们的情绪都很高涨。四、一些不可数名词只有复数形式一些不可数名词只有复数形式，但却表示单数概念，常见的有 news （消息）, means （手段） 。As we all know, no news is good news. 众所周知，没有消息就是好消息
13、。五、一些专有名词只有复数形式一些专有名词只有复数形式，但却表示单数概念，常见的有：the United States （美国）, the United Nations （联合国）, the United Kingdoms （英国）, the Arabian Nights （一千零一夜 ） 。As far as I know, the United Nations was set up in 1925. 就我所知的而言，联合国成立于1925年。六、一些表示庆祝、祝贺的名词只有复数形式一些表示庆祝、祝贺的名词只有复数形式，常见的有：celebrations （庆祝）, congratulatio
14、ns （祝贺） 。Do you go in for the New Year celebrations every year?你们每年都庆祝新年吗？动名词专题动名词作主语、宾语和表语1）作主语Fighting broke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2）作宾语a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest 讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢
15、 escape 逃脱 prevent阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：（1） Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please?（2） The squirrel was lucky
16、that it just missed being caught.b. 词组后接 doingadmit to preferto be used to lead to devote oneself to object to stick to busy look forward to（to 为介词）no good, no use, Its worth, as well as,cant help, Its no use /good be tired ofbe fond of be capable of be afraid ofbe proud of think of / about hold off
17、put off keep on insist on count on / uponset about be successful in good at take upgive up burst out prevent from3）作表语Her job is washing，cleaning and taking care of the children.worth 的用法worth，worthy，worth-while 都为 adj. 意为“值得“.1. worth： be worth + n. 当名词为金钱时，表示“ 值得“be worth doing sth. “某事值得被做“The qu
18、estion is not worth discussing again and again.2. worthy：be worthy of +n. 当名词为抽象名词时表示“值得“be worthy to be done “某事值得被做“The question is not worthy to be discussed againand again.3. worth-while： be worth-while to do sth “值得做某事“worth while： It is worth while doing sthIt is worth while sb to do sth.典型例题I
19、t is not _ to discuss the question again and again.A.worth B.worthy C.worth-while D.worth while答案 C. 由 worth 的用法可知，此句只适合词组 be worth-while to do sth因此选 C.特殊动词精讲1. stop doing/to dostop to do 停止，中断做某事后去做另一件事。stop doing 停止做某事。They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来，抽了根烟。I must stop smoking 我必须戒烟了。典型例题She
20、reached the top of the hill and stopped _ on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have rested B. resting C. to rest D. rest答案：C.由题意可知，她到了山顶，停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此，应选择“stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事 “.而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止，所以 stop doing sth.不正确。2. forget doing/to doforget to do 忘记要去做某事。 （未做）forget doing 忘记做过某事。 （已
21、做）The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off.办公室的灯还在亮着，它忘记关了。 （没有做关灯的动作）He forgot turning the light off.他忘记他已经关了灯了。 （ 已做过关灯的动作）Dont forget to come tomorrow.别忘了明天来。 （to come 动作未做）典型例题- The light in the office is still on.- Oh，I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it
22、 off D. having turned it off答案：C.由 the light is still on 可知灯亮着，即关灯的动作没有发生，因此用 forget to do sth.而 forget doing sth 表示灯已经关上了，而自己忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。3. remember doing/to doremember to do 记得去做某事 （未做）remember doing 记得做过某事 （已做）Remember to go to the post office after school.记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing t
23、he man before?你不记得以前见过那个人吗?4. regret doing/to doregret to do 对要做的事遗憾。 （未做）regret doing 对做过的事遗憾、后悔。 （已做）I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice.我很遗憾必须这样去做，我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.Well, now I
24、regret _ that.A. to do B. to be doing C. to have done D. having done答案：D.regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔，因此选 D.英语中必须掌握的连词汉语和英语两种语言之间最基本的区别在于句法方面。英语重形合 （hypotaxis） ，句中各意群、成分都用适当的连接词 （connective） 、介词 （preposition） 、非限定性动词短语 （phrase）或从句 （clause）等来表达其相互关系，因而结
25、构严谨但缺乏弹性；而汉语句法则重意合（parataxis ） ，句中各意群、成分通过内在的联系贯穿在一起，不一定或很少用连接词、介词，也没有非限定性动词短语或从句，因此结构松散，但富于弹性，从句子整体来看，意义清楚，不会产生误解。 .Chronological （temporal）sequence 顺序At first, first, firstly, second, secondly, then, next, eventually, in the end, lastly, later, subsequently, at the same time, simultaneously, after
26、wards, finally, last but not leastAdditive 补充And, in addition, moreover, besides, above all, further, furthermore, not only but also, what is more, in the same wayComparison 比较Likewise, equally, similarly, in comparison, correspondingly, in the same wayComparison / Contrastive 比较 / 对比But, however, w
27、hereas, conversely, in contrast, unlike, on the contrary, on the other hand, yetConcessive 让步However, nevertheless, even though, still, yetExpressing an alternative 提出可选项Alternatively, on the other hand, ratherCausal （ result/consequence） 因果Consequently, so, accordingly, as a result, for this reason
28、, hence, thus, owing to this/that, due to this/that, because of this/that, therefore, with this in mind, under these circumstancesExample / illustration 举例For example, that is, such as, for instance, thus, as follows, the following, in this caseExplanation / rephrasing 解释That is to say, in other wor
29、ds, namely, this means, to put it in another way, to put it simplyThematising/starting a new point 提出新观点With regard to, in regard to, with reference to, turning to, as for, as far as is concernedGeneralisation / hedging 模糊限制语Generally, in general, on the whole, in most cases, normally, as a rule, in
30、 most cases, usually, for the most partInterpersonal （情感）交际Fortunately, unfortunately, certainly, luckily, needless to say, strangely enoughEmphasis/highlighting 强调Mainly, especially, notably, in particular, particularly, clearly thenConclusion 总结In conclusion, to conclude, finally, to sum up, in br
31、ief, thereforeCondition/deduction 条件Otherwise, under the circumstances, if so, if not, in that case, otherwise直接与间接引语Part I：单词与短语a dinner party 晚宴；hostess n.女主人；sit next to sb.挨着某人坐；unsmiling adj.不苟言笑的；tight adj.紧身的；take ones seat （动词短语）就座；fix on sth. （动词结构）集中在上；plate n.盘子；in a short time 一会儿功夫；busy
32、 doing 忙于做某事；make conversation with sb 与某人交谈；in despair 绝望中，绝望之下Part II：语法学习1.直接引语与间接引语的相互转换示例示例1：I said to her, “A new play is coming to the Globe soon.”I said to her that a new play was coming to the Globe soon.示例2：I asked her, “Will you be seeing it?”I asked her whether she would be seeing it.示例3
33、：“Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?” I asked her.I asked her if she would be spending her holidays abroad that year.示例4：“Will you be staying in England?” I asked her.I asked her if she would be staying in England.示例5：In despair, I asked her, “Are you enjoying your dinner?”In despa
34、ir, I asked her if she was enjoying her dinner.示例6：“Young man,” she answered, “if you ate more and talked less, we would both enjoy our dinner.”She answered that if I had eaten more and talked less, we would have both enjoyed our dinner.2.虚拟语气承接刚刚讲过的内容：虚拟语气的本质就是“说废话”。这里，我们开始探讨“说废话”的几种情况：第一，在表示虚拟的条件句
35、中“对现在事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。示例：If I had a lot of money, I would buy a new car.（实际情况呢，没钱！）第二，在表示虚拟的条件句中“对过去事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。示例：If you had told me the truth earlier, I would not have acted like that.（实际情况呢，你没告诉我，而我呢，也就那样做了！）第三，在表示虚拟的条件句中“对将来事实说废话”，此时，主句也要做相应的变化予以配合。示例：If I were to die tomorr
36、ow, I would not sleep tonight.（实际情况呢？身体棒着呢！明天不可能死，今晚呢，也就会照常呼呼大睡！）Part III ：综合训练Last week （1） a dinner party, the hostess asked me （2） sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold. She was a big, （3 unsmile） lady （4） a tight black dress. She did not even look （5） （6） I took my seat beside her. Her eyes were （7 fix） （8
37、） her plate （9） in a short time, she was busy （10 eat）. I tried to make a conversation. A new play is coming to the Globe. Will you （11） seeing it? No, she answered. Will you （12） spending your holidays abroad this year? I asked. No, she answered. Will you （13） staying in England （14） Christmas? I a
38、sked. No, she answered. （15） despair, I asked her （16） she was enjoying her dinner （17） she answered Young man, （18） you （19 eat ） more （20） （21 talk） less, we （22） both enjoy our dinner.答案：（1） at; （2） to; （3 ） unsmiling; （4） in; （ 5） up;（6） when; （7） fixed; （8） on; （9） and; （10） eating;（11） be; （12
39、） be; （13） be; （14） for; （15 ） In;（16） whether/if; （17） and; （18） if; （19） ate; （20） and;（21） talked; （22） wouldPart IV ：句子翻译1. 上周在一次晚宴上，女主人让我坐在一位 Rumbold 夫人旁边。2. 这位夫人是个大块头、不苟言笑的人，身穿一件黑色紧身衣。3. 我在她身旁就座时她连头都没抬一下。4. 她两眼紧盯着盘子，一会儿功夫，她就忙着吃上了。5. 我试着跟她攀谈。6. 一部新剧就要在环球剧院演出了，你准备去看吗？7. 你今年准备去国外度假吗？8. 绝望中，我问她是否吃
40、得尽兴，她回答说：“年青人，如果你多吃饭少讲话，我们两人就都会吃得尽兴了。 ”答案：1. Last week at a dinner party, the hostess asked me to sit next to a Mrs. Rumbold.2. She was a big, unsmiling lady in a tight black dress.3. She did not even look up when I took my seat beside her.4. Her eyes were fixed on her plate and in a short time, she
41、 was busy eating.5. I tried to make a conversation.6. A new play is coming to the Globe, and will you be seeing it?7. Will you be spending your holidays abroad this year?8. In despair, I asked her whether she was enjoying her dinner and she answered Young man, if you ate more and talked less, we wou
42、ld both enjoy our dinner.分词复合结构某些分词独立结构由介词 with 或 without 引出，形式是：with（或 without）名词分词这种结构在英语中称为“分词复合结构”。它在句中可作定语和状语，在科技文章中这种结构经常用来作为补充说明。（1）The sun is a huge ball of gas, with the linear diameter of its “apparent disk” being 864,000 miles. 太阳是一个巨大的球状气团，它那“明亮的圆盘 ”的直径为864，000英里。（作定语，说明 ball） 。（2）The de
43、nsity of air varies directly as pressure, with temperature being constant. 若温度不变，则空气密度的变化与压力乘正比。（3）Maxwell pointed out that an object may be hot without the motion in it being visible. 麦克斯维尔指出，即使看不见物体内部德分子运动，物体也可能是热的。 （让步）（4）If something is moving, with nothing touching it, it will go on forever, co
44、asting at a uniform speed in a straight line. 正在运动的某一物体，如果没有受到任何外力的出动，它将永远继续作匀速直线运动。 （条件）（5）Ice, of relative density 0.9, floats in water with nine-tenth submerged. 冰的比重为0.9， 它浮在水面上时，10分之9淹没在水里。 （方式方法）（6）An atom of oxygen has 8 protons and 8 neutrons in its nucleus, with 8 electrons circling about t
45、hat nucleus. 一个氧原子在其原子核内有八个质子和八个中子，还有八个电子绕着原子核旋转。 （附加说明）分词及分词短语用法之练习部分：（1）On the principle of the conservation of energy, the heat lost must be equal to the heat gained. 根据能量守恒定律，损失的热量必然等于所得到德热量。 （lost 和 gained 都是单独的过去分词，作定语，说明 heat） 。（2）Average velocity may be defined as the distance traveled divid
46、ed by the time of travel. 平均速度可定义为通过的距离除以运动所需的时间。 （defineas,“把定义为”。过去分词 traveled 作定语，说明 distance，分词短语 dividedtravel 也是说明 distance 的定语成分。 ）（3）The kilogramme-calorie is the heat required to raise one kilogramme of water through one degree centigrade. 把1千克水升高摄氏1度所需的热量为1千卡。 （过去分词短语requiredcentigrade 作定语
47、，说明 heat.介词短语 throughcentrigrade 是 raise 要求的状语。）（4）Particles bearing like charges tend to repel one another, whereas particles bearing unlike charges tend to attract one another. 带有相同电荷的粒子相互排斥，而带有不同电荷的粒子则相互吸引。 （bearing like charges 和 bearing unlike charge 均为现在分词短语，作定语，修饰 particles.）（5）When a body lo
48、ses some of its electons, the total of negative charges left in it is less than the positive charge.当一个物体失去一些电子时，该物体中剩下的负电荷就少于正电荷。（left in it 是过去分词短语，作定语，修饰 charge.Left 是 leave 的过去分词。 ）（6）The distance passed over by a body in uniform motion is equal to the velocity multiplied by the time. 一个物体匀速通过的距
49、离等于速度乘以时间。 （过去分词短语passedmotion 作定语，修饰 distance.过去分词短语 multipliedtime 作定语，修饰 velocity.）（7）In any machine, because of the effect of friction, the useful work done by the machine is always less than the wok done on the machine. 在任何一台机器中，由于摩擦的影响，及其所作的有效功总是小于对及其所作的功。 （done by the machine ，和 done on the machine 均为过去分词短语，作定语，分别修饰 work.）（8）The average power is the work performed divided by the time required for the performance. 平均功率等于所作的功除以做功所需的时间。 （单个分词 performed 修饰work.Di
