1、形容词1. 形容词及其用法形容词修饰名词，说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常， 可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类，其位置不一定都放在名词前面。1) 直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词，它有级的变化，可以用程度副词修饰，在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如：hot 热的。2) 叙述形容词只能作表语，所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化，也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以 a 开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如：afraid 害怕的。（错） He is an ill man.（对） The man is ill.（错） She is an afraid girl.（对） The girl
2、 is afraid.这类词还有： well，unwell，ill，faint，afraid，alike，alive，alone，asleep，awake 等。3）形容词作定语修饰名词时，要放在名词的前边。但是如果形容词修饰以-thing 为字尾的词语时，要放在这些词之后，例如：something nice2. 以-ly 结尾的形容词 1） 大部分形容词加-ly 可构成副词。但 friendly，deadly，lovely，lonely，likely，lively， ugly，brotherly，仍为形容词。改错：(错） She sang lovely.（错） He spoke to me v
3、ery friendly.（对） Her singing was lovely.（对） He spoke to me in a very friendly way.2）有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词，也为副词。daily，weekly，monthly，yearly，earlyThe Times is a daily paper.The Times is published daily.3. 用形容词表示类别和整体 1） 某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人，与谓语动词的复数连接。如：the dead，the living，the rich，the poor，the blind，the hungry
4、The poor are losing hope.2） 有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体，与动词的复数连用。the British，the English，the French，the Chinese.The English have wonderful sense of humor.4. 多个形容词修饰名词的顺序 多个形容词修饰名词时，其顺序为：限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -出处-材料性质，类别-名词a small round tablea tall gray buildinga dirty old brown shirta famous Germ
5、an medical schoolan expensive Japanese sports car典型例题:1） Tony is going camping with _ boys. A. little two other B. two little other C. two other little D. little other two答案：C。由“限定词-数词-描绘词-(大小，长短，形状，新旧，颜色) -性质-名词“的公式可知数词，描绘词，性质依次顺序，只有 C 符合答案。2) One day they crossed the _bridge behind the palace.A. o
6、ld Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old答案 A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词，他们的排列顺序是：年龄，形状，大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。3) - How was your recent visit to Qingdao?- It was great. We visited some friends，and spent the _days at the seaside.A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny
7、few D. few sunny last答案：B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词；如果几个形容词的重要性差不多，音节少的形容词在前，音节多的方在后，在不能确定时，可参照下表：限定词+数量词（序数词在前，基数词在后）+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+those + three + beautiful + large + square 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词old + brown + wood + table5. 副词及其基本用法 副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。一、副词的位置：1） 在动词之前。2） 在 be 动词、助动词之后。
8、 3） 多个助动词时，副词一般放在第一个助动词后。注意：a. 大多数方式副词位于句尾，但宾语过长，副词可以提前，以使句子平衡。 We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us.b. 方式副词 well，badly 糟、坏，hard 等只放在句尾。He speaks English well.二、副词的排列顺序：1） 时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。2） 方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用 and 或 but 等连词连接。Please write slowly and carefully.3） 多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方
9、式+时间副词。注意：副词 very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。改错：(错) I very like English.(对) I like English very much.注意：副词 enough 要放在形容词的后面，形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。I dont know him well enough.There is enough food for everyone to eat.There is food enough for everyone to eat.6. 兼有两种形式的副词 1) close 与 closelyclose 意思是“近“； closely 意思是“
10、仔细地“He is sitting close to me.Watch him closely.2) late 与 latelylate 意思是“晚“； lately 意思是“最近“You have come too late.What have you been doing lately?3) deep 与 deeplydeep 意思是“深“，表示空间深度；deeply 时常表示感情上的深度，“深深地“He pushed the stick deep into the mud.Even father was deeply moved by the film.4) high 与 highlyh
11、igh 表示空间高度；highly 表示程度，相当于 muchThe plane was flying high.I think highly of your opinion.5) wide 与 widelywide 表示空间宽度；widely 意思是“广泛地“，“在许多地方“He opened the door wide.English is widely used in the world.6) free 与 freelyfree 的意思是“免费“；freely 的意思是“无限制地“You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.Yo
12、u may speak freely; say what you like.7. 形容词与副词的比较级 大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。1) 规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est 来构成比较级和最高级。构成法 原级 比较级 最高级 一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest 以不发音的 e 结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest的单音词和少
13、数 large(大的) larger largest以- le 结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest音节词只加-r,-st 以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest结尾的闭音节单 hot 热的) hotter hottest音节词，双写结尾的辅音字母，再加-er，-est “以辅音字母+y“ easy(容易的) easier easiest结尾的双音节词，busy(忙的) busier busiest改 y 为 i，再加 -er，-est 少数以-er，-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的
14、) narrower narrowest未尾加-er，-est 其他双音节词和 important(重要的) 多音节词，在前 more important面加 more，most most important来构成比较级和 easily(容易地) 最高级。 more easily most easily 2) 不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级 good(好的)/ better bestwell(健康的) bad (坏的)/ worse worstill(有病的) old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest much/many(多的) more most little(少
15、的) less least far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest 8. as + 形容词或副词原级 + as 1）在否定句或疑问句中可用 so as。He cannot run so/as fast as you.2）当 as as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。as +形容词+ a +单数名词as + many/much +名词This is as good an example as the other is.I can carry as much paper as you can3）用表示倍数的词或其他程度副词做修饰语时，放在 as 的前面。T
16、his room is twice as big as that one.Your room is the same size as mine. 4) 倍数+ as + adj. + as 倍数+ then + ofThis bridge is three times as long as that one.This bridge is three times the length of that one.Your room is twice as large as mine.Your room is twice the size of mine.9. 比较级形容词或副词 + than You
17、 are taller than I.They lights in your room are as bright as those in mine.注意： 1）要避免重复使用比较级。(错) He is more cleverer than his brother.(对) He is more clever than his brother.(对) He is clever than his brother.2）要避免将主语含在比较对象中。(错) China is larger that any country in Asia.(对) China is larger than any othe
18、r countries in Asia.3）要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.4）要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。比较：Which is large, Canada or Australia?Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?She is taller than her two sisters.S
19、he is the taller of the two sisters. 10. 可修饰比较级的词 1）a bit, a little, rather, much, far, by far, many, a lot, lots, a great deal, any, still, even 等2）还可以用表示倍数的词或度量名词作修饰语。3）以上词(除 by far)外，必须置于比较级形容词或副词的前面。典型例题: 1） - Are you feeling _? - Yes，Im fine now.A. any well B. any better C. quite good D. quite
20、better 答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite 修饰原级，well 的比较级为 better. 2）The experiment was_ easier than we had expected. A. more B. much more C. much D. more much答案：C. much 可修饰比较级，因此 B，C 都说得通，但 easier 本身已是比较级，不需more，因此 C 为正确答案。3）If there were no examinations, we should have _ at school. A. the happiest time B. a mo
21、re happier time C. much happiest time D. a much happier time答案：D。11. many,old 和 far 1) 如果后接名词时， much more +不可数名词many more +可数名词复数 2) old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和 elder/eldest。 elder，eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。My elder brother is an engineer.Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.3) far 有两种比较级，farther，
22、further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中，father 表示距离，further 表示进一步。I have nothing further to say.12. the + 最高级 + 比较范围 1) The Sahara is the biggest desert in the world.形容词最高级前通常必须用定冠词 the，副词最高级前可不用。形容词 most 前面没有 the，不表示最高级的含义，只表示“非常“。It is a most important problem.=It is a very important problem.注意： 使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比
23、较范围内。(错) Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.(对) Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.2) 下列词可修饰最高级，by far, far, much, mostly, almostThis hat is nearly / almost the biggest.注意：a. very 可修饰最高级，但位置与 much 不同。This is the very best.This is much the best.b. 序数词通常只修饰最高级。Africa is the second largest
24、continent.3) 句型转换：Mike is the most intelligent in his class.Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.4) “否定词语+比较级“，“否定词语+ so as“结构表示最高级含义。Nothing is so easy as this.=Nothing is easier than this.=This is the easiest thing.13. 和 more 有关的词组 1) the more the more 越就越The harder you wo
25、rk，the greater progress youll make.2) more B than A 与其说 A 不如说 Bless A than B He is more lazy than slow at his work.= He is less slow than lazy at his work.3) no more than 与一样，不比多The officials could see no more than the Emperor.no less than 与一样He is no less diligent than you.4) more than 不只是，非常She is
26、 more than kind to us all.典型例题1）The weather in China is different from_.A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America 答案：D. 本题意为“中国的天气比美国热。“比较的是天气而不是国家，C 不能选。A 没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B 和 D 中，B 中的 one 常用来代替可数名词，而 that 可车以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选 D。2）After the new technique was introduced，the factory pr
27、oduced _ tractors in 1988 as the year before. A. as twice many B. as many twice C. twice as many D. twice many as 答案 C. 此句意为“这个厂 1988 能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍“。 表示倍数用“倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象“的句型。所以此句答案为 C。This ruler is three times as long as that one.一、考点聚焦1、形容词、副词的作用与位置形容词是用来修饰名词的，常被放在名词前作定语，或放在系动词后面作表语。而副词则
28、用来修饰形容词、动词，其他副词或者句子，一般位于形容词之前，动词之后或句子之首。以下属几种特殊情况，须牢记；（1）形容词短语作定语，定语后置。a language difficult to master, a leaning tower about 180 feet high（2）表语形容词（afraid、alike、alone、asleep、awake、alive 等）作定语，定语后置。如 a man alive。有些表身体健康状况的形容词如 well、faint、ill 只作表语。sick既可作表语又可作定语，ill 如作定语意为“bad”。（3）用作定语，修饰由不定代词 one、no、a
29、ny、some 和 every 构成的复合词如anything、something 等时，通常后置。如：I have something important to tell you.（4）else 常用作疑问代词和不定代词的后置定语。（5）enough、nearby 修饰名词前置或后置，程度副词一般位于形容词、副词前面，enough 修饰形容词、副词时，必须后置。（6）几个副词并列作状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式地点时间。如：We had a good time together outdoors last Sunday.（7）频度副词如 often、always、usually 等在
30、be 动词后，行为动词前。（8）副词作定语，定语后置。如：The person there is waiting for you.（9）几个并列的形容词作定语，其语序通常为：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（大小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。如：a heavy black Chinese steel umbrella,the mans first tow interesting little red French oil paitings（10
31、）以-ly 结尾的词性辨析。下列单词以-ly 结尾，但却是形容词而非副词：lively、lonely、lovely、deadly、friendly、ugly、silly、likely、brotherly、timely 等。表愿意（无-ly）和引申意(有-ly)的副词：有无-ly 意义大不相同的副词：2、复合形容词的构成（1）形容词 + 名词 + edkind-hearted 好心的，white-haired 白发的( 2 )形容词 + 形容词red-hot 炽热的，dark-blue 深蓝的（3）形容词 + 现在分词good-looking 好看的，easy-going 随和的（4）副词 +
32、现在分词hard-working 勤劳的，fast-moving 快速转动的（5）副词 + 过去分词hard-won 得来不易的，newly-made 新建的（6）名词 + 形容词life-long 终生的，world-famous 世界闻名的（7）名词 + 现在分词peace-loving 爱好和平的，fun-loving 爱开玩笑的（8）名词 + 过去分词snow-covered 白雪覆盖的，hand-made 手工的（9）数词 + 名词 + edfour-storeyed 4 层楼的，three-legged 3 条腿的（10）数词 + 名词（名词用单数）ten-year 10 年的,t
33、wo-man 两人的3、形容词和副词的比较等级（1）原级的构成和用法。构成：形容词、副词的原级即本身。用法：表示双方在程度、性质、特征等某方面相等时，用“as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示双方不相等时，用“not so(as) + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构；表示一方是另一方的若干倍时，用“倍数 + as + 原级形容词/副词 + as”的结构。如：Xiao Wang is as tall as Xiao Yu.This building looks not so (as)high as that one.Miss Xu speaks English as fluent
34、ly as you .This room is three times as large as that one.（2）比较级和最高级的构成。掌握比较级和最高级的变化规则，熟记少数不符合规则的特殊形容词和副词。（3）比较级的用法。对方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 + than”的结构表示。如：This picture is more beautiful than that one.表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示。如： This room is less beautiful than that one.表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级
35、前加表示程度的状语，如 even、a lot、a bit、a little、still、much、far、yet、by fay 等修饰。如：He works even harder than before.注意：英语的比较级前如无 even、still 或 yet 等时，译成汉语时可用“较”或“一些”或不译出，一般不可有“更”。如：She is better than she was yesterdayPlease come earlier tomorrow.另注意：by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时，一般放在比较级的后面，如在前面，应在二者中间加“the”。如：He is tal
36、ler by far than his brother.He is by far the taller of the two brothers.表示一方随另一方的程度而变化时，用“the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语），the + 比较级（主语 + 谓语）”的结构（意为“越越”）。如：The harder he works, the happier he feels.不与其他事物相比，表示本身程度的改变时，用“比较级 + and + 比较级”的结构。如：The weather is getting colder and colder.The girl becomes more and more
37、beautiful.某些以-ior 结尾的形容词进行比较时，用 to 代替 than。这些词有 inferior（劣等的，次的）、superior（较好的，优于）、junior（资历较浅的）、senior（资格较老的）、prior（在之前）等。He is superior to Mr.Zhang in chemistry.在比较从句中为了避免重复，我们通常用 that(those)、one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that 指物,one 既可指人又可指物。that 可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而 one 只能代替可数名词。The book on the table is more i
38、nteresting than that(或 the one)on the desk.A box made of steel is stronger than one made of wood.倍数表达法。（A）A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）。The new bui9lding is four times the size(the height)of the old one.这座新楼比那座旧楼大三倍（高三倍）。（B）A is three(four, etc.)times
39、 as big(high, long, etc.)as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲比欧洲大三倍。（C）A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B. Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。用 times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice 或 double.(4)最高级的用法。三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表
40、示比较范围的介词短语。如：Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three.He works(the)hardest in his class.最高级可被序数词以及 much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like 等词语所修饰。如：This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.How much did
41、 the secon most expensive hat cost?表示“最高程度”的形容词，如 excellent、extreme、perfect 等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：He is the tallest(boy)in his class.作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.(5)形容词和副词前面使用冠词的情况。形容词最高级前一般要加定冠词，副词最高级前可不加冠词。形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如
42、：He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)The film is most interesting.(most=very)表示两者间“较的一个”比较级前加 the。如：who is the older of the tow boys?在“the + 比较级，the + 比较级”结构中。在 same 前一般要加 the。有些形容词前加 the 成为名词。如 the poor、the rich 等。（6）由 as / so 组成的形容词或副词短语。 as much as + 不可数名词数量。Each stone weighs as much
43、 as fifteen tons.She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.as many as + 可数名词数量 多达I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.as early as 早在As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.as far as 远到；就而知（论）We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.As far as I know（就我所知
44、），he has been there before.may (might, could)as well 不妨、不如Then you might as well stay with us here.as as can be 到了最的程度，极其They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。as as one canHe began to run, as fast as he could.as as possibleJust get them to finish up as quickly as possible.(7)几组重要的词语辨析。very 和
45、 much 的区别。（A）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用 very 不用 much。(B)表示状态的过去分词前用 very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem, 一般的情况下，以-ing、-ed 结尾的分词多用 much、very much / greatly 等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom. I was much amused by Jacks attitude。(C)已转化为形容词的现在分词前用 very。如：very
46、 interesting / worrying / exicting。（D）too 前用 much 或 far,不用 very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在 too many / much, too few / little 前用far。 Theres far too little opportunity for adventue these days.Weve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.（E）关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：（a）修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用 ve
47、ry,而用 quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect 等。（b）修饰以 a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。(c)修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribl
48、y cold / frightening。so that 与 such that 的区别。so + 形容词 / 副词 + that so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that 注意：下列结构中只能用 so 不可用 such,当名词前有 many、much、little、few 等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much pr
49、ogress、so many people、so little food、so few apples 等。但当 little 表示“小”时用 such。如：These are such little boys that they cant dress themselves.下列 so 的用法是错误的：so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。其他几组词的辨析。（A）ago、before:ago 表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before 指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用 before 而不用 ago。（B）already、yet、still:already 表示某
