1、 第 1 页（共 8 页）【代词】代词(pron )代替名词，兼有名词和形容词的作用相互代词 each other，one another指示代词 this，that，these，those不定代词(不指明特定的人或事物的代词)each，every ，both，all，either ，neither，none，no，one ，(a)few，(a)little， some，any ，many，much，other ，another复合不定代词everybody，somebody，anybody，nobody， everyone，someone，anyone，no one， every-thing
2、，something ，anything,nothing疑问代词 what，who，whom，which ，whose直接代词 疑问代词都可作连接代词，引导宾语从句表语从句等。关系代词 who，whom，whose，that，which 用引导定语从句。（二)代词的用法1.人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词和指示代词的用法（1）人称代词有主格和宾格之分，主格用来作主语，宾格用来作动词或介词的宾语等。eg. She gavea red apple她给了我一个红苹果： (She 作主语，me作动词宾语)Kathy is near him凯西靠近他。 (介词 near 的宾语)2，物主代词有形容
3、词性物主代词和名词性物主代词之分。形容词性物主代词位于名词前：their school，his backpack名词性物主代词相当干一个名词，在句中可作主语、宾语等，后面不能再接名词。eIt isnt my pen Mine(=my pen) is missing( 作主语)I left my pen at home You can use hers(=her pen) ，( 作宾语)“of+名词性物主代词”属双重所有格的一种形式。eg.a cat of hers 她的一条狗，a friend of yours 你的一个朋友(3)反身代词反身代词在句中可作同位语，起强调作用，也可作动词或介词的
4、宾语。egA few days later，I myself had to go to Paris(作同位语)She bought herself a new bag(作动词宾语)Hes not worried about himself( 作介词宾语)带有反身代词的常用短语。teach oneself 自学help oneself to 随便吃些吧say to oneself 自言自语learn by oneself 自学enjoy oneself 过得愉快leave one by oneself 把某人单独留下hurt oneself 伤了自己dress oneself 自己穿衣服come
5、 to oneself 苏醒过来(4)相互代词表示相互关系，可用作动词或介词的宾语，用法区别不大。eg For years， the two sisters looked after one another(each other)多年来姐妹俩互相照顾。We should learn from each other 我们应当互相学习。可以用格表示所有关系：each others， one anothers 互相的，彼此的egThey are looking at each others pictures他们相互看对方的照片。(5)指示代词指示代词有单复数之分，既可指物，也可用于介绍人。eg Th
6、is is an apple tree，and that is an orange tree这是一棵苹果树，那是一棵桔子树。These are my friends，and that is my sister这些是我朋友，那个是我姐姐。指示代词可用来指上文中提到的事情：eg.Steve had a bad coldThisThat was why he didnt come to school yesterday2不定代词的用法(1)each，every，both，all，either，neither，no，none 的用法each“ 每个各个”(强调个体) ，用于两者或两者以上。egTwo
7、girls came and l gave an apple to each来了俩姑娘，我给她们每人一个苹果。Each of them has a nice ring她们每人有一枚漂亮的戒指。every“每个各个”(强调全体)，用于两者以上。every 常作形容词用。egEveryday is important to us每天对我们都很重要。He has read every book(all the books) On the subject他阅读了所有有关这个主题的书。both 表示两者“都”(强调全体)。egHer parents are both doctors她父母都是医生。Bot
8、h of them are doctors他俩都是医生。They both like potatoes他俩喜欢吃土豆。all“全体大家一切”用于三者以上，也可接不可数名词。egThats all for today今天到此为止。All of us are from China我们都来自中国。All the food is delicious所有的食物都很好吃。either“两者之一” ，用于两者(强调个体)。egThe two coats are cheap，so you can choose either of them那两件外套不贵，你可以随便挑一件。neither“两个都不” ，用于否定
9、两者。eg. Neither Of the books isare so interesting.那两本书没一本好看的。no(=not any not a)“没有”可接可数名词单复数，也可接不可数名词。第 2 页（共 8 页）2eg.I have no brothers Or sisters我没有兄弟姐妹.A clock has no mouth，but it can talk 钟表没有嘴，但能说话。There is no fire without some smoke有火就有烟。none“没有一个人物”用于否定三者或三者以上的可数名司。eg.None Of them hashave been
10、 to Japan他们都没去过日本。I like none of the books这些书我全都不喜欢。neither 和 none 表示完全否定； all，both，each 和 every(含 every 的复合词)等与 not 连用时表示部分否定。egI dont know all of you我不完全认识你们。Not everyone Of us know how to go there不是我们每个人都知道怎样去那儿。(2)one，ones 和 no one 的用法one 用来代替前面刚提到的一个东西或一个人，以免重复；复数 ones 用来代替前面提到的一些物或一些人；no one 表
11、示否定。eWould you please pass me the science book?给我递过那本科学方面的书好吗?一 Which one?哪一本?一 The one on my shelf我书架上的那本。No one has traveled farther than to the moon没有人旅行远过月球。(3)(a)few，(a)little ；many，much；some，any 的用法many(+复数名词 )，much(+不可数名词)表示“许多/很多” 。egMany Of the students come from England那些学生许多是从英国来的。Thanks，
12、its too much for me谢谢，我承受不起。few(+复数名词)，little(+不可数名词)表示“没多很少”(表否定)。eg，There were few people in the street last night昨晚街上没什么人。I am very worried that l have little time to finish the job我担心，我几乎没有时间完成这份工作了。a few(+ 复数名词)，a little(+不可数名词)表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定) 。eg.I call see a few cakes and a little bread inthe
13、 fridge我看到冰箱里有几块蛋糕和一些面包。注意：quite a few 表示“相当多”egThere are quite a few students over there那儿有相当多的学生。some(+复数名词不可数名词 )，any(+ 复数名词不可数名词) 表示“有一些有几个”(表肯定)。egThere are some birds in the tree 树上有些鸟。There is some water in the bottle瓶里有些水。I dont have any brothers Of sisters我没有Is there any tea in the cup?杯子里有
14、茶吗?.some 一般用于肯定句，但在表示请求、建议。反问等的疑问句中，多用 some。eg: Would you like some beer?你要不要来点啤酒吗？Why didnt you buy some sweets?(You should have bought ) 你怎么没买点糖果?.any 一般用于疑问句和否定句及条件从句egThere isnt any water left没有剩下一点水。If you have any questions， put up your hands。please如果有问题，请举手。：some+单数名词表示 “某一个” ，any+单数名词表示“随便哪一
15、个”或“任何一个” 。eIll catch up with you some day 有一天我会赶上你的。Come any day you like你哪天来都行。Tom is taller than any other student in his class汤姆比他班上其他任何一个学生都高。one ,other, others, the others ,another 等的用法1. one the other表示两个人或两件东西中的“一个另一个”eg.Mr Smith has two daughters.0ne is a teacher，the other is a nurse2. one
16、another表示不定数目中的“一个”与“另个” 。eg. I dont want this One， please give me another3. one the others强调在一定范围中的“一个”与“其余的” 。eg. In Our school One Of the teachers is American，the Others are Chinese4. some the others表示许多人或物，不在一定范围中的“一部分”与“其余的全部” 。egSome students are reading，the others are drawing picturesothers=o
17、ther+名词；the othersthe Other+名词。egSome students like traveling，others(other students) like watching TV at homeanother 表示 “再又”时既可接单数名词，也可接数词+复数名词。eg. He will be able to finish his work in another two hours再过两个小时他就能完成他的工作。(4)复合不定代词的用法复合不定代词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。egSomeone is knocking at the door有人在敲门修饰复合不定代词的形
18、容词或其它词要放在其后，即定语后置。egThere is something important On todays newspaper今天的报纸有些重要新闻。复合不定代词变否定句时，要否定主语：egSomething is wrong(变为否定句)Something isnt wrong.(错误)Nothing is wrong(正确)Somebody，someone，something 一般用于肯定句；anybody，anyone，anything 一般用于否定句、疑问句及条件句。egThere is something new in the park公园里有些新的景点。Do you ha
19、ve anything interesting to tell us?你有什么有趣的事要告诉我们吗?第 3 页（共 8 页）3当 somebody，someone 等用于疑问句时，表示肯定、请求、建议或反问；anybody ，anyone 等用在肯定句中表示“任何人” 。egIs someone coming this afternoon?今天下午有客人来吗 ?Anyone can make mistakes 任何人都可能犯错误。3疑问代词的用法。(1)whowhom 谁(指人)作主语 eg. Who wants to go with him?作宾语 egWho Whom are you wa
20、iting for?(作介词 for 的宾语)eg.WhoWhom do you want tomeet?(作动词 meet 的宾语)作表语 egWho Whom are they?(2)whose 谁的作定语 eg Whose pen is this?作表语 eg Whose is this pen?(3)which 哪一个，哪一些作定语 egWhich girl is Kathy?作表语 eg Which is the boys ball?(4)what 什么作主主语 eg Whats on the table?作宾语 eg. What are you doing?作表语 eg What
21、is he?作定语 eg What class are you in?4关系代词的用法关系代词用来引起定语从句，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词，另方面又在从句中充当一个成分。egThis is the man who gave me the book 这就是给我书的那个人。The money thatwhich is on the table is mine 桌上的钱是我的。The money thatwhich my mother gave me is on the table 我妈妈给我的钱在桌上。强化训练单项选择1. _ the twins enjoyed _ at the
22、party yesterday.A. Both; them B. Both; themselves C. Neither; them D. All; themselves2. Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a cup of tea?_, thanks. Id like just a cup of water.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None3. Would you like _ milk in your tea? Yes, just _.A. any; little B. some; a littl
23、e C. much; a few D. a little; some4. There is_ to do this evening.A. much nothing B. many nothing C. nothing much D. nothing many5. The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forget _.A. anything else B. something else C. nothing else D. everything else6. Is this your shoe? Yes, it
24、is. But where is_?A. the others B. another C. other one D. the other one7. What I want to say is _English is a very useful language.A. it B. this C. that D. those8. They have an English lesson _ day, Monday, Wednesday and Friday.A. each other B. every other C. some others D. another more9. We found_
25、 very important to learn a foreign language well.A. this B. that C. it D. its10. _ is Lily like? Oh, shes tall and thin.A. How B. Who C. Which D. What11. Would you like milk or orange? _ I prefer water.A. Each B. Neither C. Either D. Both12 .Oh, there is someone in the room. _ must be my mother.A. T
26、here B. She C. This D. It第 4 页（共 8 页）413. Betty and John have come back, but _ students in the class arent here yet.A. the other B. others C. another D. the others14. _ of us has read the story.A. Some B. Both C. All D. None15. Which of her parents is a doctor? _.A. Any B. Either C. Both D. All16. I
27、 have bought a new watch because my old _ doesnt work.A. it B. one C. that D. this17. Is this dictionary _ or _? Its mine.A. your; hers B. your; her C. your; her D. yours; hers18. There is _ water in my glass. Will you please give me _.A. little; some B. few; any C. few; some D. little; any19. _penc
28、il-box is this, Patrick? Its _A. Whose; mine B. Whos; mine C. Whose; my D. Whos; my20. The pen is _. She wrote _ name with it _.A. hers; her; herself B. her; hers; herC. her; hers; herself D. her; herself; hers练 习( )1._office is much smaller than _.A. Ours ; yours B. Our ; yoursC. Theirs ; our( )2.
29、“Help_ to some meat.”my uncle said to me .A. themselves B. yourself C. yourselves( )3. There are twenty teachers in our school. Eight of them are men teachers and _ are women teachers.A. others B. the others C. another( )4.There isnt _ paper in the box. Will you go and get _ for me ?A. any ; some B.
30、 any ; any C. some ; any( )5.There are many trees on _ sides of the street.A. both B. all C. each( )6._ of them has a dictionary and _ one of them can look up words in it.A. Each ; every B. Every; each C. Every; every( )7. “When shall we meet, this afternoon or tonight?”“I dont mind. _ time is OK.A.
31、 Either B. Every C. Neither( )8.Would you like _ cup of tea?A. other B. the other C. another( )9.The two friends were so pleased to see each other that they forgot _.A. other everything B. anything else第 5 页（共 8 页）5C. everything else.( )10._ of his parents is a teacher.A. Both B. Neither C. None( )1
32、1.The river is very dirty. _ people go to swim in it.A. Few B. A few C. Little( )12.A friend of _ came to see _ yesterday.A. his ; his B. he ; him C. his ; him( )13.You cant leave your baby by _ at home.A. herself B. himself C. itself( )14. My father is very busy with his work. He has _ time to have
33、 a rest.A. little B. a little C. few( )15.I have three skirts. One is red. _ two are black.A. another B. the other C. the others( )16.Jack has _ friends here. So he often feels lonely.A. a little B. a few C. few( )17.Who teaches _ French?A. we B. our C. us( )18.The boys were all tired, but _ of them
34、 stopped to have a rest.A. any B. some C. none( )19.Sorry, I cant answer your question. I know _ about the news.A. a little B. little C. few( )20.Hello, Bill! Help _ to a cake .Thanks .A. your B. yourself C. yourselves连词:连词(conj.用来连接词与词或句与句（一）并列连词：并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词，短语或句子。常见的并列连词有：1.表并列关系的 and, bothan
35、d, not onlybut also, neithernor等。2. 表选择关系的 or, eitheror 等。3. 表转折关系的 but, while（然而）等。4.表因果关系的 for, so 等。5. and: “和”在肯定句中表并列or: “和”在否定句中表并列另外：1)or “或者”用于选择疑问句2)or “否则”eg. .Which do you like better, tea or milk?.Hurry up, or youll be late for school.6.but “但是”表转折eg. I listened, but I heard nothing.第 6
36、页（共 8 页）6注意：1)though(虽然), but(但是)不能连用2)not but 不是而是eg. This book isnt mine but yours.both and : 既又（连接主语为复数）neithernor: 既不也不 连接两主7. eitheror: 或者或者 语后者决not only but also:不但而且 定单、复eg.1)Both he and I are students.2)Neither he nor I am a student.(二) 从属连词(用来引导从句)引导时间状语从句： after，before，when ，while，as ，unti
37、l，till，since，as soon as引导原因状语从句：because，as，since引导目的状语从句：so that，in order that引导结果状语从句：so that，so that，such that引导比较状语从句：than，asas引导宾语从句：that，if, whether 基 本 型根据 A 句完成 B 句，使两句意思一致，每空只填一词：1. A: Jane is a singer. She is also a dancer.B: Jane is _ _ a singer _ _ a dancer.2. A: We should learn from book
38、s and we should learn from teachers.B: We should learn _ from books _ from teachers.3. A: His mother cant help him with his lessons, and his father cant, either.B: _ his mother _ his father can help him with his lessons.4. A: Its hard work, but I enjoy it.B: _ its hard work, I enjoy it.5. A: Men can
39、t live without air and water.B: Men will die without air _ water.6. A: If you stand higher, you will see farther.B: Stand higher, _ you will see farther.7. A: If you dont work harder, you will fail in the exam.B: Work harder, _ you wont pass the exam.8. A: How important the meeting is! I cant miss i
40、t.B: It is _ _ important meeting _ I cant miss it.9. A: After the mother came back, the boy went to bed.B: The boy _ go to bed _ his mother came back.10. A: Therere many rabbits there. They cant kill them all.B: Therere _ many rabbits there _ they cant kill them all.11. A: When I get there, Ill go t
41、o see him at once. B: Ill go to see him _ _ _ I get there.12. A: You may stay at home. You may also go out with us. B: You may _ stay at home _ go out with us.13. A: Mary is the tallest girl in her class. B: Mary is _ _ any other girl in her class.第 7 页（共 8 页）714. A: Peter draws well. Henry draws we
42、ll, too. B: Henry draws _ _ _ Peter.15. A: Mary runs faster than my sister. B: My sister doesnt run _ _ _ Mary does.16. A: Uncle Wang finished his work. He went home. B: Uncle Wang _ go home _ he finished his work.17. A: Lucy has been away from the USA for 5 years. B: Its 5 years _ she _ the USA.18.
43、 A: “Does the girl need any help?” he asked me. B: He asked me _ the girl _ some help.19. A: Mrs. Smith is my teacher. She is also my good friend. B: Mrs. Smith is _ _ my teacher _ _my good friend.20. A: “Nanjing has changed a lot these years.” “Thats right.” B: “Nanjing has changed a lot these year
44、s.” “_ it _.” 提 高 型1. They didnt start the work _ their teacher came back. A. until B. while C. as soon as D. if2. The dictionary cost me too much, _ its really useful. A. and B. so C. but D. or3. Carl, are you interested in swimming?-Yes, _ Im not good at it at all.A. so B. and C. or D. but4. Youll
45、 be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow morning. A. if B. when C. before D. until5. Id like to change this pair of trousers, _ give me my money back. A. so B. or C. but D. and6. Alice wanted to know _ her grandmother liked the bag. A. that B. if C. which D. what7. Mr John has worked in that small
46、town _ he left Canada in 1998. A. when B. after C. for D. since8. That was our first lesson, _ she didnt know all our names. A. for B. but C. so D. or9. _ Saturday _ Sunday is OK. Ill be free in these two days. A. Either; or B. Neither; nor C. Both; and D. One; the other10. Please come _ have dinner with us. A. or B. but C. and D. so11. He is listening to the music _ he is washing clothes. A. af
