1、介词复习常用介词介绍时 at lunch 午饭时at noon 正午(一)表示时间的介词:1at, on, in(1) at 表示“ 在某一时刻、某一时间点”at 5:30 在 5:30 at sunrise 日出时 at night 夜间I get up at 6:00 every day. 我每天 6:00 起床。表示“在 岁” 时用 at the age of。如:at the age of five 在五岁时(2) on 表示 “在具体某一天或某天的上、下午”。如:on Monday 在星期一 on April 1st 在四月一日I heard a shot on the mornin
2、g of March 18.三月十八日早晨我听到一声枪响。泛指上、下午、晚上、夜间时用 in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night;但若指具体某一天的上述时段时,则一律用 on。如:on the afternoon of May 23 在五月二十三日下午(3) in 表示“在某月、季节、年、世纪” 以及泛指的上、下午、晚上。in September 在九月 in winter 在冬季in 1999 在 1999 年 in the 20th century 在 20 世纪in the morning/afternoon/evening 在上午/ 下午/晚
3、上2for, during, through(1) for 表示“ 一段时间”,后接与数词连用的时间名词。多与完成时连用。Ive been a soldier for 5 years.我入伍已 5 年了。She has been ill for several days. 她已经病了几天了。表示“持续一段时间” 时,for 后面必须跟“数字+时间名词 ”,而 during 后决不可接数字。(2) during 表示“在期间”He visited many nice places during his stay here.在他逗留期间他参观了许多美丽的地方。What did you do dur
4、ing the summer vacation? 你在暑假做了什么?(3) through 表示“一直,自始至终”They worked hard through the winter.整个冬天他们都在努力工作。She treated me like her brother through these years. 这些年来她始终把我当哥哥对待。3from, since(1) from 作“ 从” 解,多用于 “fromto/till”中。You can come anytime from Monday to Friday. 周一至周五你什么时间来都行。The exam will start
5、from 9:00am. 考试将从上午九点开始。from“从(开始)”未必持续到现在,如:from 1995 to 1998.从 1995 年到 1998 年。而 since 是指 “自从以来一直持续到现在 ”since 一般只与现在完成时连用,而 from 不受此限。(2) since 表示“ 自从以来(直到现在) ”He has been away from home since 1973.他自从 1973 年就离开了家乡。We have known each other since ten years ago.我们十年前就认识了。for 与 since 表示一段时间,但 for 与时间段
6、连用,而 since 与时间点连用。如 for two hours(持续)两小时; since last week 自从上周直到现在4before, by, till, until(1) before 指“ 在之前 ”Please come before ten oclock.请 10 点以前来。The meeting will end after 3:00 p.m. 会议将在下午三点后结束。表示“在以前” 时,before 与 by 基本可通用。但 by 还有“截至为止”之意,此时可与完成时连用,而 before 一般不与完成时连用。如:How many models have you ma
7、de by the end of last month?截至上月底你做了多少个模型?(2) by 指“不迟于,到时为止,在以前”I must finish my homework by lunch.午饭前我必须做完作业。We had learned over 1000 words by the end of last term. 到上学期末为止,我们已经学了 1000 多个单词了。(3) till (until) “直到为止”You must wait for him till tomorrow.你必须一直等他到明天。He didnt come back until twelve oclock
8、 last night.他昨晚到 12 点才回来。在肯定句中,till (until)必须与延续动词连用。若与点动词连用,till (until)只能用于否定句中。5after, in, withinafter 表示“ 在之后 ”,是 before 的反义词。Well hold a party after dinner.晚餐后我们将举办晚会。He got a cancer and died after a year.他患了癌症,一年后去世了。Ill phone you after I arrive.到达后我给你打电话。(after 作连词)within“ 在 时间之内”I can finish
9、 it within an hour.我不需一小时就可把它做完。in“在时间之后”Ill arrive in an hour.我一小时后到达。比 较 after 与 inafter 后可跟时间段,也可跟时间点,如 after school(放学后),而 in 后必须跟一段时间,如 in an hour(一小时后)。after 既可用于将来时,也可用于过去时,而 in 只能用于将来时。after 既可作介词,又可作连词,而 in 只能作介词in 与 within 后都必须跟时间段。(二)表示“地点、方向”的介词:1in,outside,between, amongin 表示“ 在里面”,如:Wh
10、ats in the box? 盒子里是什么?She put her book in the desk. 她把书放进了书桌。outside 指“在外面”There are many people outside the room.房间外有很多人。What did your see outside the hall? 你在大厅外看见了什么?between 在之间(指二者)There is a hospital between the hotel and the post office.在宾馆与邮局之间有所医院。The building stands between the park and th
11、e small river. 那栋建筑位于公园和小河之间。between 是指“ 在两者之间 ”,而 among 指“在多个之间”。among 在之间(指三者以上)“There is a thief among you.” The policeman shouted to the crowd.警察向人群喊道:“你们中间有个小偷!”He found his place among the crowd. 他在人群中找到了他的位置。2on, above, over, below, under(1) on 在上面,表面相互接触。There is an apple on the table. 桌上有一个
12、苹果。On the top of the hill, there is a flag. 山顶有一面旗子。(2) above 只表示 “在上方或位置高出”,与 below 相对。A plane flew above our heads.一架飞机从我们头上飞过。The Turners live above us. 特纳一家人住在我们的上面。(3) over“ 在正上方”,与 under 相对。There is a bridge over the river.河上有一座桥。The picture is hanging over the blackboard. 那张图挂在黑板的正上方。(4) belo
13、w 在下方,低于There are many flowers below the window.窗下有很多花。Her skirt reaches just below her knees.她的裙子刚到膝盖下。(5) under 在正下方They sat under a big tree, drinking.他们坐在一棵大树下喝酒。What are you wearing under your coat? 你外套里面穿了什么?3near, by, beside(1) near 在附近,与 far 相对A hospital was built near the railway station.在火
14、车站附近建了一所医院。My home is near the school. 我的家离学校很近。(2) by = beside,靠近,在旁边,比 near 距离更近 He just sat by/ beside me in the cinema. 在电影院他就坐在我旁边。He lay down beside the statuary. 他在雕像旁躺下了。4in front of, behind, around(1) in front of 在前面A river flows in front of the house.房子前有一条河They put a bunch of flowers in f
15、ront of the door. 他们在门前放了一束花。 in the front of 表示“在前部”,指里面。There is a red chair in the front of the room.在房间前半部有把红椅子。(2) behind 在后面A high building stands behind the village.村子后面有一高层建筑。The cat lies behind the door. 猫躺在门后面。(3) around 在周围,围绕There are many trees around the village.村子周围有很多树围绕。There are fl
16、owers around the stage. 舞台周围摆着鲜花。5from, to, for, into, out of(1) from 从The train started from Paris.火车发自巴黎。She will fly from Beijing to Hong Kong. 她将从北京飞往香港。(2) to 到(目的地)去,向He went to Germany last year.他去年去了德国。They got to the town very late. 他们很晚才到那个镇。(3) for 向,表目的方向He left for Tianjin on business y
17、esterday.他昨天出差去天津了。The train for Shanghai has been away. 去往上海的火车已经开走了。towards, to 和 for 都可表示“向”,其区别如下:towards 仅指朝向某个方向,不一定是目的地,而 to 和 for 都是“ 向目的地”。for 作“向(目的地)”时,常用于固定搭配中,如:leave for; start for(4) into 进入Please put the water into the bottle.请把水倒入瓶子里。The teacher came into the classroom with a smile.
18、 老师微笑着走进了教室。(5) out of 从出来A beautiful girl in red went out of the shop.一个穿红衣服的漂亮女孩从商店里走了出来。They pulled him out of the water. 他们把他从水里拉了出来。6along, across, through(1) along 沿着He likes to drive along the river.他喜欢沿着河开车。There are all kinds of beautiful flowers along the road / street. 沿街有着各种美丽的花。(2) acro
19、ss 横穿The little girl is afraid to go across the street.这个小女孩不敢横穿马路。Its dangerous to run across the busy road. 跑着穿越繁忙的马路是很危险的。(3) through 穿过 It took us ten minutes to drive through the tunnel.开车穿过这条隧道花了我们 10 分钟时间。He pushed his way through the crowd to the platform. 他从人群里挤到了站台。7at, in二者都表示“在某个地方”,但 at
20、 多指较小的地方,如车站、家等,而 in 多指在“大地方”,如城市、国家、大洲等。(但大小有时也是相对的)。He lives at No.27 Zhongshan street in Nanjing.他住在南京市中山路 27 号。The plane will arrive in Beijing at 13:00. 飞机将于 13 点到达北京。三、其它用途的介词:1 表示“标准或单位” 的介词:at, for, by(1) at 表示“以速度”“以价格”He drove at a speed of 80 miles an hour.他以每小时 80 英里的速度行驶。I sold my car a
21、t a high price.我以高价出售了我的汽车。(2) for 用交换I bought it for 20 dollars.买它花了我 20 美元。How much for these apples? 这些苹果多少钱?at 与 for 都表示价格,但 at 表示“单价”,for 表示总价,at 后一般跟“price” 这个词,而for 后只能跟总钱数。如:I bought it at a low price.我买它的价格很低。I bought it at the price of $80 a pound.我以每磅 80 美元的价格买的它。I sold it for $10.我 10 美元
22、把它卖掉了。(3) by 以计,后跟度量单位Gold is sold by the gram.金以克出售。They paid him by the month.他们按月给他计酬。2表示“材料” 的介词:of, from, in(1) of 表示从成品仍可看出原料。This box is made of paper.这个盒子是纸做的。This salad is made of apples and strawberries. 这种沙拉是由苹果和草莓做的。(2) from 表示从成品已看不出原料。Bread is made from wheat.面包是小麦做的。The lifeboat is ma
23、de from some special material. 这个救生艇是由某种特殊材料制成的。(3) in 用材料。 常用 write, speak, talk, answer 等连用。Please fill in the form in pencil first.请先用铅笔填写这个表格。They talk in English.他们用英语交谈。in 指材料时,材料前不用冠词。比较:用铅笔画 3表示“工具或手段”的介词:by, with, on(1) by 凭借“工具或手段(多用于交通工具)如: by bus 乘公共汽车,by plane 乘飞机He usually goes to work
24、 by bike.他通常骑车去上班。He sent the news to me by e-mail.他通过电子邮件发给了我这一消息。表示搭乘交通工具时,既可用 by,又可用 in,区别在于用 by 时,表示交通工具的名词前不能加冠词,而用 in 时名词前必须加冠词。(2) with 用工具He broke the window with a stone.他用石头把窗户打破了。He stopped the ball with his right foot.他用右脚把球停住。with 表示“用工具”时,工具前必须加冠词或物主代词。(3) on 以方式。多用于固定词组。They talked on
25、 the telephone.他们通过电话进行交谈。She learns English on the radio/on TV.她通过收音机/电视学英语。4表示“关于”的介词:of, about, on(1) of 仅指“关于”人或事物的存在,如:He spoke of the film the other day.他前几天提到了这部影片。He thought of this matter yesterday.他昨天想到了这件事。He thought about this matter yesterday.他昨天考虑了这件事。(2) about 指“关于”某人或某事物的较详细的情况。Its a
26、 book for children about Africa and its people.它是一本供儿童阅读的关于非洲和非洲人的书。Can you tell me something about yourself? 你能告诉我一些关于你自己的事情吗?(3) on 是指“关于”学术性的或严肃的,供专门研究用的。Its a textbook on the history of China.它是一本有关中国历史的教科书。5表示“原因、理由”的介词:for, at, from, of, with(1) for 表示“一般的理由”常与 famous, punish 等词连用。Xian is famo
27、us for its long history.西安因历史悠久而著名。The city is well known for her large population. 这座城市以人口众多而知名。(2) at 一般指“情感”的原因,通常放在表示“惊讶或喜悦等感情”的动词或形容词之后,表示“因听到或看到而”。She got angry at his words.她因为他的话生气了。(3) from 表示“外在的原因”。如受伤、车祸等。He died from the wound.他因受伤而致死。Her son was badly hurt in a traffic accident. 她儿子在一次
28、车祸中严重受伤。(4) of 表示“内在的原因”,如病、饿等。He died of cancer.他死于癌症。The old man died of hunger.老人死于饥饿。(5) with 表示“由外在影响到肉体或心理”的原因。He shook with cold.他因寒冷而发抖。He shouted loudly with anger. 他气得大喊大叫。6like, as(1) like 像一样(其实不是)The little tiger looks like a cat.这只小老虎看起来像只猫。The mooncakes are like the moon. 月饼像月亮。(2) as
29、 作为,以身份(其实是)He was hanged as a spy.他被作为间谍绞死了。He talked to me as a father.他以父亲的身份跟我谈话。7against, foragainst 反对,与 for 是反义词,如:Are you for my idea or against it? 你赞同还是反对我的想法?They fought against the enemy. 他们抗击敌人。8besides, except 都表示“除了”。besides 的用法就等于 as well as。He is interested in tennis besides(as well
30、 as)football. 除了足球,他还对网球感兴趣。(1)besides 是包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“除之外还、除之外又”,表示两部分的相似性。Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外,还有 25 个学生去看了电影。(他和另外 25 人都去了)We like biology besides English.除了英语外,我们还喜欢生物。(生物和英语都喜欢)(2)except 是指不包括后面所提人或物在内的“除了”,可以理解为“撇开不谈”,表示两部分的不同。Everyone is excited exc
31、ept me.除我以外的每个人都很激动。(他们激动,而我却不激动)All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。(其他人是日本人,可他不是)介词的省略在以下几种情况中,介词常常省略。1当表示时间的词前有 this, that, next, last, every, each, some, any, all等时,介词应省略。We watched an exciting football match last week.(last week 前不能用介词 in 等)上周我们看了一场激动人心的足球赛。Come any day you
32、like. 你想哪天来就哪天来。Come on any day you like.()next 前可以加冠词,但意义不同。next week 下周(以现在为起点)the next week 第二周(以过去某时为起点)2表示时间的名词前有不定冠词,且不定冠词作“每一”解时,前面不用介词,如:每小时 80 英里。80 miles in an hour.()。80 miles an hour.( )An apple a day keeps the doctor away.每天吃一个苹果,医生不找我。3含有 way 的短语。如:in the same way, in this/that way, in
33、 another way 等用于句末时,in 常省略。She did it the same way.她用同样的方法做的。八年级下学期期中复习(一) 一重点词汇1. in the futurein the future 意为“将来,一段时间之后的事”;in future 意为“今后”,可解释为from now on,如: The little boy didnt know what he would do in the future, but he did know that he wouldnt talk with Bob in future because they had just ha
34、d a big fight. 小男孩儿不知道将来要做什么,但他的确知道他今后不会再和 Bob 说话了,因为他们刚打了一架。2. fall (过去式:fell ;过去分词:fallen) fall down 跌倒 , 例如: He fell down to the ground.fall in love with 爱上某人或某物, 例如: He fell in love with her.fall into 掉入 , 例如: He fell into the river.fall onto 跌倒在 之上, 例如: He fell onto the ground from his bike.fal
35、l off 从跌落下来, 例如: He fell off his bicycle.3. talk 的用法talk about sth. 意思是“ 谈论某事”, 例如: Now lets talk about your homework. 现在我们来谈谈你的作业。talk with sb. 意思是“ 和某人交谈 ”, 例如: My mother is talking with my English teacher. 我妈妈在和我的英语老师交谈。talk to sb.意思是“ 对某人谈”, 例如:The teacher is talking to the students. 老师在对学生们谈话。t
36、alk over sth.作“讨论某事” 解,宾语是代词时须位于副词 over 之前, 例如: They talked over the matter at table.他们吃饭时讨论了这个问题。give a talk 意思是“ 作一个报告”注意要表示 “告诉某人某事”时,须用 tell sb. about sth.这样的结构。4. argue with sb 和 discuss argue 重在就自己的看法、立场提出论证说理,以说服他人。而 discuss 重在交换意见,进行讨论,不含有意说服对方的成分, 如:I argued with him for a long time,but he
37、refused to listen to reason. 我和他辩论了好久,但他拒不服理。The women were discussing hats. 女人们在谈论帽子。 argue 的常见搭配有:argue on / about sth. 就进行辩论argue with sbabout sth就某事与某人一起辩论5. enough “ 足够的,充足的” enough 作为形容词放在名词之前,起修饰名词作用,作为副词修饰形容词或副词放置其后,常用于:be+ adj.+enough to do sth.的句型,意为“足以能”,如:She has drunk enough water/water
38、 enough. 她已经喝了足够的水。Im strong enough for this work. 我够强壮,足以能胜任这项工作。The boy is not old enough to go to school. 这孩子不够上学的年龄。He runs fast enough. No one can catch up with him. 他跑得足够的快。没人能赶得上他。另外,enough 前除可用 quite 外,一般不用修饰;enough 作名词用时,表示“足够,充足”,如 The man never has enough. 这个人永远不知足。Ive had enough,thank yo
39、u. 我吃饱了,谢谢。6. find, find out 和 look for find 表示“找到,认为,觉得”,强调动作的结果。常指找到丢失或忘掉的东西,如: Jim couldnt find his hat.吉姆找不着帽子了。I cant find my book.我找不到我的书。look for 意为“ 找,寻找 ”是持续性动词,强调动作,不表示结果,如: She is looking for her son.她正在找她的儿子。Im looking for my watch. 我正在寻找我的手表。 比较:He cant find his pen. 他找不到他的钢笔了。- What ar
40、e you looking for? 你在干什么?- Im looking for my maths book. I cant find it. 我正找我的数学书,我找不到了。find out 作经过打听,询问 后搞清楚,弄明白。或指“查明”的动作,“经过调查”发现,查明真相,如: I can find out the truth of the fact. 我能查出事实的真相。7. be angry with sb;be angry at sth(1)表示“对某人生气” ,可以说 be/get/become angry with sb.也可说 be/get/become angry at sb
41、.前者更普遍,后者更侧重于:“对某人的言行生气”。如:Mother got angry at(with)me only because I had broken a precious cup妈妈对我发火,只是因为我打破了一只贵重的杯子。I was very(rather ) angry at what he said我对他所说的话非常生气。(2)表示“因某事生气” ,可说 be/get/become angry at sth.也可说 be/get/become angry about sth.如:He was angry at(about)what I said他对我所说的感到生气。She w
42、as angry at being kept waiting她因别人让她久候而生气。8. on the tree 和 in the tree表示“在树上”既可以用 on 也可以用 in,但用的词不一样,所隐含的意思也就不一样:in the tree 通常表示所提物体不是树上长出来的,而是挂在、落在或是停歇在树上,如:The birds are singing in the trees. 鸟在树上唱歌。The child is staying in the tree. 小孩呆在树上。on the tree 通常表示所提物体是树上长出来的部分,如: They are busy picking th
43、e apples on the trees. 他们正忙着摘树上的苹果。There arent many oranges on the tree. 这棵树上桔子不多。 9. the same as 同一样的sameadj. 同一的,相同的,如: Meet me at the same time tomorrow. 明天的这个时间和我见面。pron. 同样的事物,如: I would do the same again. 我愿意重做一次。 the sameas 同一样的,表示与 as 后的事物很相像,但并不是同一个,如:Your pen is the same as mine. 你的钢笔和我的一样
44、。the same that = one and the same 同一样的,表示与 as 后的事物完全一致,完全一样,如:He was wearing the same shirt (that) hed on the day before.他穿的那件衬衫, 是他前一天穿过的同一件衬衫。I went out the same way (that) Id got in. 我顺着进来的原路出去了。 10. help with+n. = help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事,如:He often helps me with my English.= He often helps
45、 me to study English. 他经常帮助我学习英语。 11. bored 和 boring. bored 表示被动的含义,例如:I feel bored about it. 它使我感到乏味。 boring 表示主动的含义,例如:It is very boring to study English. 学习英语很无聊。 12. surprise 动词“使惊奇”,如:You surprise me! 你吓了我一跳! (1)surprise 还可以作为名词“惊奇,吃惊”;“可惊的事情, 意外的事情” 。作为“ 令人吃惊的事情,意外的事情 ”是可数名词,如:What a surprise!
46、 多么令人吃惊的事! Dont tell him about the present its a surprise. 不要告诉他礼物的事,这是件意想不到的礼物。 (2)surprising 形容词“令人吃惊的”,表示主动的含义,如:They have heard the surprising news. 他们听到了那惊人的消息。(3)surprised 形容词“ 感到惊讶的”,表示被动的含义,如:I am surprised at you. 我对你的举动感到诧异。 (4)to ones surprise 使某人非常惊奇的是,如:To my surprise ,I found him sing
47、well. 使我吃惊的是他歌唱得很好。 二. 重点结构There be 结构变形:在 there be 结构中还可把 be 改变从而使得 there be 结构有了一些改变,具体总结如下: 1. There used/seem/happen/appear to be,如: There might be snow at night. 晚上可能有雪。 There appeared to be nobody willing to help. 看来没人愿意帮忙。 There used to be a building here. 过去这儿有一座楼房。 There happened to be a ma
48、n walking by. 碰巧有个人在此经过。 There doesnt seem to be much hope. 好像没有太大的希望。 2. 在 there be 的 be 前还可以加上各种情态词,如: There must be something wrong. 一定有问题。 There ought not to be so many people. 不应该有这么多的人。 There might still be hope. 可能还有点希望。 3. 特殊的表达方式: (1)There is no sense in doing. 做某事是没有用的,没有意义的 There is no se
49、nse in making him angry. 跟他生气是没有用的。 There in no sense in going alone. 一个人去是没有好处的。 (2)There is no need to do. 没有必要做某事 There is no need to worry. 没有必要担心。 There is no need to give him so much money. 根本没有必要给他那么多的钱。 (3)There is thought/said/reported to be 人们认为有/据说有/据报道有 There is reported to be a better way to cure cancer. 据报道,找到了一种更好的治疗癌症的方法。 (