1、Lecture 7 虚拟语气 The Subjunctive Mood一、If 引导的非真实条件句If-从句谓语形式 主句谓语形式与现在事实相反一般过去式（did） Should/would/could/might+动词原形与过去事实相反过去完成式(had done) Should/could/would/might+have+done与将来事实相反Should/were to+动词原形 Should/would/could/might+动词原形1.He wouldnt feel so cold if he were indoors.(与现在事实相反)2.The flood might hav
2、e caused great damage to the people if we hadnt built so many reservoirs.(与过去事实相反)3.If I were to do the work, I should do it in a different way.(推测将来）虚拟条件句中的谓语可用进行时，表示“如果正在” ，主句中的谓语仍用would/might/should/could, 并可以根据情况选用时态。If she were living a hard life, he should be responsible for it.If you hadnt be
3、en studying so hard, you might have failed the exam.条件句中有 were, had（助动词） , should, could 时，可以省略 if,而把 were, had, should 放在主语前，用倒装结构。1. If you had informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract.= Had you informed me earlier, I wouldnt have signed the contract.2. If they were to get married,
4、they would be happy.= Were they to get married, they would be happy.3. If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.= Should it rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.二、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词，短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么是省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐在上下文中，称为含蓄条件句。You might have failed.=If you made less e
5、fforts, you might have failed.Heaven would cry at their sufferings.=If it were able to see their sufferings, heaven would cry at their sufferings.She would have acted as you did.=If she had been you, she would have acted as you did. 三、错综时间虚拟句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句动作发生的时间不一致，因此主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当
6、的虚拟语气形式。1.如果我是你的话，昨晚我不会错过那场电影。If I were you, I wouldnt have missed the film last night.2.如果我昨天把此事说过母亲听，现在我就知道该做什么了。If I had spoken to my mother about it yesterday, I should know what to do now.3.如果 Lily 今天会到的话，那她一定是三天前就动身了。If Lily should arrive today, she must have started three days ago.4.如果我是你的话，我
7、不会错过这个好机会。If I were you, I wouldnt have missed such a good opportunity.四、虚拟语气在 Its (high/about) time结构中运用在 It Is (high, about) time + that clause 句型中, that 可省略。从句中的谓语动词有两种形式，或者用动词的过去式(be 用 were)；或者用 should + 动词原形（should不能省略),表示 “现在某人该做某事了”,含有该事早该去做而未做，现在去做似乎都为时已晚的意思 。1.That was not the first time he
8、 had betrayed us. I think its high time we took strong actions against him.2. If you have really been studying English for so long, its about time you should be able to write letters in English. 五、虚拟语气在 would rather 从句中的运用would rather 后面的从句用虚拟语气，其谓语动词用一般过去时表示事实与现在或将来事实相反;谓语动词用过去完成时，表示事实与过去事实相反。1.Fra
9、nkly speaking, Id rather you didnt do anything about it for the time being.2.He would rather English teacher hadnt criticized him yesterday六、虚拟语气在宾语从句中的应用在及物动词 advice, agree, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, direct, desire, insist, maintain, order, propose, recommend, request, require,
10、resolve(决定)，move(规定),stipulate( 规定 ),suggest, urge(极力催促 ),vote(投票表决)等后面的宾语从句形式为(should)+do.1. He suggested that we (should) go home now.2. He insisted that John (should) apologize to him. 七、虚拟语气在主语从句中的运用当 advisable, anxious, appropriate, better, concerned, crucial, desirable, eager, essential, imper
11、ative, important natural necessary, preferable, proper, urgent, vital 等形容词做表语时，或及物动词如 advise, agree, ask, command, decide 等表示建议、命令、请求等含义的动词过去分词形式做表语时，其主语从句用虚拟语气。虚拟语气的形式是：（should)+动词原形。如果形容词是 amazing, incredible, odd, ridiculous, stranger, surprising 等作表语，主语从句同样用虚拟语气，谓语部分用 should+动词原形，should 一般不省略。译成
12、中文时 should 译成“竟然 ”。1. It is important that we (should) know something about literature.2. It is requested that Mary (should) give a performance at the party.八、虚拟语气在同位语和表语从句中的运用名词如：advice, agreement, command, decision, demand, desire, determination, insistence, motion, order, preference, proposal, re
13、commendation, request, requirement, resolution, stipulation, suggestion, urge, vote, idea, necessity, plan, wish， a pity, a shame, no wonder 后的同位语从句，以及以这类名词做主语时其表语从句，要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用(should)+动词原形。1. My suggestion is that we (should) ask our teachers for help. 2. What do you think about his proposal th
14、at we should hold a play tomorrow?九、无“条件”的虚拟语气句无“条件”的虚拟语气句：指的是句子表层没有通常使用的 if 或 I wish 等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、形容词、名词、代词、连词、动词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等表示出来。表示无“条件”的词有：with, without, but for, or ,but, otherwise.She wasnt feeling very well. Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.Wit
15、hout your help, we would not have been able to overcome the difficulty.We could have done better under more favorable conditions.With concrete efforts, we could have done it better.But for your timely advice, I would never have known how to go about the work.But for 放于句首，其后可接名词短语，表示与事实相反的假设或条件，其后句子中
16、的谓语要用 should/would/could (not) do/be来表示对现在的虚拟，而用should/would/could (not) have done/been 来表示对过去的虚拟。But for water and air, nothing could live in the earth.But for the storm, he could have swan across the Channel.But that 后接真实情况的条件从句，该从句不用虚拟式，可置于句首或句中，而主句则用虚拟式 sb.would (not) have done sth.(对过去)。But tha
17、t she was prevented, she would have shot the other people.She would have said not but that she was afraid.十、虚拟语气在 lest, for fear that, in case 引导的从句中的应用以 lest 和 for fear that 引导的从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用（should）+动词原形。1.The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he should injure himself.2. He was punished
18、 lest he should make the same mistake again.以 in case 引导的从句，如果表示虚拟， should 一般不可省略。如果遇到 in case引导的从句中没有 should,则该从句就不是虚拟语气，而是在陈述某一事实。Take a hat with you in case the sun is very hot. In case you need something, please dont hesitate to let me know. 十一、Be 用作虚拟式的情况Whether it (he) beor意为“不管（不论)是还是”,表示让步，为
19、虚拟语气的一种表示方法，其省略结构为 be itor, be heor 等，必须倒装。Every day he takes a walk in the park in the evening, whether it be fine or raining.Be he what he may, he should obey the Constitution.Be it true or not, I will see myself.Be 用作虚拟式的其他说法还有：Home is home, be it ever so homely.（再穷也是家。 ）Far be it from me to beg
20、his mercy.(我绝不乞求他的怜悯。 )十二、Wish 后的宾语从句的虚拟语气形式Wish 后宾语从句用虚拟语气，其谓语部分有时态变化：表示对现在情况的虚拟时，动词用一般过去时（如 did);对过去的情况进行虚拟时，动词用“过去完成时（如 had done)”或情态动词的过去时+动词的现在完成时（如 could have done)形式;表示对将来情况的虚拟，用“情态动词的过去时形式+ 动词原形” 。1.Jack wishes that he had studied business instead of history when he was in university.2.Somet
21、imes I wish I were living in a different time and a different place.3. I wish I could have slept longer this morning, but I had to get up and come to class.十三、虚拟语气在 If only 中的运用If only 引导的从句意思是“要是就好了” “但愿”,因此，要用虚拟语气。该从句的谓部部分有 3 种不同的形式：（a)表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去形式。If only she were not terribly frightened
22、 of Aunt Ruth(b)表示对过去已发生事情的遗憾时，动词用过去完成时。If only he had arrived in time.(c) 表示将来的某种愿望时，谓语部分用“情态动词的过去时+动词原形” 。If only it would stop raining.十四、虚拟语气在 as if (though)中的运用在 as if (though)引导的从句中，动词一般用虚拟语气。表示对现在的虚拟，谓语动词用一般过去时;表示对过去情况的虚拟，谓语动词用过去完成时形式;表示对将来的虚拟，谓语动词用 would+动词原形。1. Ive loved you as if you were
23、my son.2.It is very dark outside, as if it were raining.3.The road is so muddy, as if it had rained.4.It is so cold, as if it would snow. 另附： 情态动词+have+done一、 “must+have+done”表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成 “一定做过某事”，该结构只用于肯定句。 1. It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet. 昨晚一定下雨了，因为地面还是湿的。 2. You must h
24、ave been mad to speak to the servant. 你和仆人说话，一定是发疯了。二、 “cant+have+done”表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成“不可能做过某事”。 1. Mr. Smith cant have gone to Beijing, for I saw him in the library just now. 史密斯先生不可能去北京了，我刚才还在图书馆见过他。 2. Mary cant have stolen your money. She has gone home. 玛丽不可能偷你的钱，她回家去了。 三、 “can+have+done”表示对过去行为
25、的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成“可能做过吗？”。 1. There is no light in the room. Can they have gone out? 屋里没有灯，他们可能出去了吗？ 2. There is nowhere to find them. Where can they have gone? 到处找不到他们，他们可能到什么地方去呢？ 四、 “could+have+done”是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。 He could have passed the exam, but he was too careless. 本来他能够通过考试，但是他太
26、粗心。 五、 “may+have+done”表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是“可能已经”或“也许已经”，用于肯定句中。 What has happened to George? I dont know. He may have got lost. 乔治发生了什么事？ 我不知道，他可能迷路了。 六、 “might+have+done”表示对过去事情的推测，might 与 may 意思相同，但可能性更小。多用于虚拟语气结构中。 1. He might have given you more help, even though he was busy. (MET90) 他或许会多给你一些帮助，即使他
27、很忙。 2. She might have achieved greater progress, if you had given her more chances. 如果你多给她点机会，她可能已经取得更大的成绩。 七、 “would+have+done”虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是“本来会做”。 1. I would have told you all about the boys story, but you didnt ask me. 我本来会告诉你这个小男孩的故事，但是你没有问我。 2. Without your help, I wouldnt have achieved s
28、o much. 没有你的帮助，我是不会取得如此大的成绩。 八、 “should+have+done”意思是“本来应该做某事，而实际没做。 ” “shouldnt+have+done”表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。 1. Tom, you are too lazy. The work should have been finished yesterday. 汤姆，你太懒惰了，这项工作本来应该昨天就做完的。 2. Look, Tom is crying. I shouldnt have been so harsh on him. 看，汤姆哭了，我本来不应该对他如此严厉
29、。 九、 “ought to+have+done”表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成“理应做”，往往表示遗憾。与“should+have+done”用法基本一样。 I ought to have gone home last Sunday. 我理应上星期日回家。 You ought not to have given him more help. 你不应该帮助他那么多。 十、 “need+have+done”表示本来需要做某事而没有做。“neednt+have+done”则表示“本来不需要做某事而做了”。 I neednt have bought so much wineonly five people came. 我本来没有必要买这么多酒，只来了五个人。 He need have hurried to the station. In that case, be wouldnt have missed the train. 他本来需要快点去车站，那样的话，他就不会误了火车。
