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G3 9 主谓一致与名词、代词、冠词-4.doc

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1、主谓一致考点一 并列主语的情况下的主谓一致1. 由 or, nor, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut(also)连接的并列主语以及there be 句式,通常根据就近原则,谓语动词的单复数形式要和与它临近的主语的数保持一致2.“A+with/along with/together with/as well as/rather than/as much as/but/except 等+B”结构作主语时,谓语动词的形式与 A 保持一致3. 被 every, each 和 no 等限定的单个主语由 and 连接时,谓语动词仍用单数形式。其中,后一个限定词可省略4.

2、 由 and 连接的两个单数名词若表示两个不同的概念,谓语动词常用复数形式。若表示同一人、同一件事或同一概念,谓语动词则用单数形式5. 由 and 连接的两个特殊疑问词指同一概念时谓语动词用单数;由 and 连接的两个 what 从句作主语时,要根据意义一致的原则决定谓语动词的单复数考点二 集合名词与由两 部分构成的表示物体的名词作主语时的主谓一致1. family, class, team, group 等名词在表示“集体”时,视为单数;而在表示组成集体的“成员”时,应视为复数2. 由两部分构成的表示物体的名词,如 trousers, pants, jeans 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。但

3、是如果由 kind/typeof 修饰时,谓语动词的单复数由 kind, pair, sort等的“数”来决定3. people(人民,人们) ,police, cattle 等集体名词后的谓语动词用复数形式考点三 数词与量词作主语或修饰主语时的主谓一致1. 时间、距离、长度、金钱、价格、体积、数字运算等作主语时,通常作整体来看,谓语动词用单数2. 由 all, all of, half of, most of 等短语修饰复数名词时谓语用复数,修饰不可数名词时谓语动词用单数3. “a number/variety of+复数名词”后的谓语动词用复数。而“the number/variety o

4、f+复数名词”后的谓语动词用单数4. 如果主语由“many a/more than one+单数名词” 构成,那么谓语动词用单数形式5. a quantity of 及 quantities of 后既可接复数名词,亦可接不可数名词:a quantity of作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式取决于后面的名词是否可数;而quantities of作主语时,谓语动词总用复数形式6. population 人口的用法:表示一个地区人口的总数,用单数谓语动词,若population 由百分数或分数修饰,谓语动词用复数形式考点四 其他情况下的主谓一致1. 当定语从句中关系代词 who, which, th

5、at 作主语时,谓语由先行词的数决定。先行词是 one of+n.(pl.)时从句谓语动词用复数,若 one 前有 the, the only 或the very 修饰时,谓语动词用单数2. what 和 whatever 引导主语从句时谓语动词的单复数根据从句所表达的意义上的数确定。The following 的谓语一般由它后面所接的表语的数来决定。其他从句作主语时谓语动词用单数3. 动词-ing 形式、动词不定式作主语时,谓语动词用单数4. 倒装结构中谓语动词的单复数要看后面的主语【语法专练】1. (2012 湖南,35)All the scientific evidence_that i

6、ncreasing use of chemicals in farming_damaging our health.A. show; are B. shows; are C. show; is D. shows; is2. ( 2012 陕西,12) The basketball coach, as well as his team, _interviewedshortly after the match for their outstanding performance.A. were B. was C. is D. are3. (2011 安徽,27)The factory used 65

7、 percent of the raw materials, the rest of which_saved for other purposes.A. is B. are C. was D. were4. (2011 湖南,26)One-third of the country_covered with trees and the majority of the citizens_black people.A. is; are B. is; is C. are; are D. are; is5. (2010 四川, 15)Such poets as Shakespeare_widely re

8、ad, of whose works, however, some_difficult to understand.A. are; are B. is; is C. are; is D. is; are6. (2010 湖南,33)Listening to loud music at rock concerts_caused hearingloss in some teenagers.A. is B. are C. has D. have7. (2009 江西,28)At present, one of the arguments in favor of the new airport_tha

9、t it will bring a lot of jobs to the area.A. is B. are C. will be D. was8. (2008 陕西,15)Did you go to the show last night?Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area_invited.A. were B. have been C. has been D. was答案:1-5 DBDAA 6-8 CAD名词和代词一、名词考点一 名词辨析1.词义辨析2.同义词、近义词辨析3.固定搭配4. 几组常考的名词同、近义词辨析(1)travel, journey

10、, trip, tour 与 voyage travel 意为“旅行,游历” ,通常指长时间、远距离的“旅行” ,尤其是出国旅行;指“旅行笔记,游记”时,要用复数形式。 journey 常指时间长、距离较远的陆地旅行,从一地直到另一地;有时也指经常走的或长或短的一段“路程” 。 trip 为通用词,通常指距离近、时间短的“旅行、远足” ,侧重回到原出发地 tour 指在途中若干地点作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调旅行线路之曲折,意为“周游观光;视察;购物等” 。 voyage 指远距离的水上或空中旅行,作 “航海;航空;航行 ”讲(2)energy, force, power 与 strength

11、energy 精力,人体内的精力或活力;物理上指能量。 force 武力,力量。指运用发挥出来的“力量”克服阻力,使人或物按着要求的方向运动。 power 力的总称,指人具有的力量、能力、权利及势力;物理上指电力或动力。 strength 力量,力气;物理上指强度。考点二 名词的格(1)s 所有格 表示有生命的东西的名词所有格在名词末尾加上-s。the teachers house 教师的家 the Peoples Republic 人民共和国the Womens Society 妇女社团 childrens toys 儿童玩具 词尾是-s 或-es 的复数名词末尾只加 “”。the boys

12、 house 男孩们的房子 the soldiers horses 士兵们的马the students textbooks 学生们的课本 注意:专有名词后,也只加 。James eyes 詹姆斯的眼晴 Engels praise 恩格斯的赞扬 如果某物为两人共有,则只在后一个名词的词尾加s;如果表示各自的所有关系时,则各个名词词尾都加s。my father and mothers friends 我爸妈的朋友his father-in-laws new car 他岳父的新车 不以-s 结尾的复数名词加s。womens dress 妇女的衣服 mens work 男人的工作 表示时间、距离、重量

13、、地方等无生命的东西的名词,也可以用s 构成所有关系。a few days time 几天的时间 a weeks holidays 一周的假期todays newspaper 今天的报纸 (2)of 所有格 of 所有格是以”of+名词”构成的一种词组形式,主要用于表示无生命东西的名词,表示所有关系。the windows of the classroom 教室的窗子 the colours of the flowers 鲜花的颜色 表示有生命东西的名词,也可用 of 所有格表示所有关系,或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。the arrival of the chairman 主席的到

14、来the laws of Newton 牛顿定律3、名词所有格与它修饰的词的逻辑关系广义上来说所有格用来表示“拥有” 或 “所有”,如 the teacherstapes(教师的磁带)。但严格说来所有格形式并不单纯地表 “拥有”,而用来表达某个人或物被另一个名词所修饰的关系。名词所有格在逻辑上可能是它所修饰的名词的主语;也可能是其宾语。the doctors arrival 医生的到来 the love of the mother 母亲的爱4、双重所有格(the double possessive )s 所有格有时可以和 of 所有格结合在一起表示所有关系,这叫做”双重所有格”。双重所有格的形

15、式 of 十名词所有格He is a friend of my brothers.他是我弟弟的一位朋友。That is a new design of Mr.Browns.那是布朗先生的一项新设计。 of+名词性物主代词Im staying with a friend of mine.我打算和我的一位朋友住在一起。I borrowed a necklace of yours.我借了你的一条项链。考点三 名词的数1.可数名词的复数不规则变化 单复数同形 形单意复 形复意单 合成词变复数 词形变化2.不可数名词的数 有些抽象名词在具体化时,以复数形式出现;表示特指时,可以和定冠词连用;表示“某种”

16、或“一次”的意义时,可以和不定冠词连用。in surprise 惊讶地 a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事with success 获得成功 a success 一个/件成功的人/ 事 物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类之多时,可以用作可数名词,有单、复数。some coffee 一些咖啡 three coffees 三杯咖啡some drink 一些饮料 three drinks 三杯饮料考点四 名词作定语1. 名词作定语时,几乎总是用单数形式(即使在意义上是复数) 。Radio programs 电台节目; shoe shops 鞋店2. man/woman 作定语修饰名词时,随名

17、词的单复数变化一起变化,但 girl 与boy作定语时总用单数形式。a man doctor 一名男大夫; two men doctors 两名男大夫3. 在个别情况下,也有需用复数的。sports meet 运动会; sales manager 营销经理二、代词考点一 不定代词1. some 与 any2. each 与 every3. both, neither, either 与 all, none, any4. none, nothing 与 nobody(no one)5. another, (the)other(s), else 与 the rest考点二 替代词 it, that

18、, (the) one(s), those 的用法1. one(1)不定代词 one 指不定人称时,表示 “人”,可译作“人” , “一个人” 等,它有自身代词 oneself 和物主代词 ones 等形式。one 和 oneself 在句子中做主语或宾语。ones 在句子中作定语。Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all pupils except the ones who had already taken them. 张老师给除了已经拿了课本的学生外的所有学生发课本。It is not hard for one to do a bit of good .Wh

19、at is hard is to do good all ones life.一个人做点好事并不难,难的是一辈子做好事。 (one 作 for 的宾语,ones 作定语)No one can learn a foreign language well without enough practice.没有足够的实践,外语是学不好的。 (one 作主语)One of his cousins came to see him today.他的一位表兄今天来看他。 (one 作主语)(2)不定代词 one 可用来代替前面出现过的可数名词,以免重复。其复数形式为 ones。可以与冠词连用,可以有自己的定语

20、。 -Why dont we take a little break?我们为什么不休息会呢?-Didnt we just have one?我们刚才不是已经休息了么?I hope there are enough glasses for each guest to have one. 我希望有足够的玻璃杯每个客人一个。2. it, one 与 that 的区别 it onethat 三者均可用作代词,指代前面提到的名词。一般说来, it 指代同名同物;one 与 that 则指代同名异物。I have lost my umbrella;Im looking for it (该句中 it 就是指

21、前面的 my umbrella) I have lost my umbrella; I think I must buy one (one 在该句中表泛指,因为 my umbrella 已经丢了) one 与 that 虽可用来指代同名异物,但 one 为泛指,相当于 aan名词;that 为特指,相当于 the 名词。所以 one 所指代的名词的修饰语一般为 aan some any;that 所指代的名词的修饰语往往是 the this that 。 A chair made of steel is stronger than one made ofwood(该句中 one 可以换成 a

22、chair) The water in the cup is hotter than that in the pot(该句中 that 可以换成 the water) one 只能代替可数名词单数,代替可数名词复数时用 ones;that 既可以代替不可数名词也可以代替可数名词单数,代替可数名词复数时用 those。 I like this pen more than that one(one 代替可数名词单数 pen) There were a few young people and some older ones in the house(ones 代替可数名词复数 people) Ma

23、rys handwriting is far better than that of Peter(that 代替不可数名词 handwriting) These pictures are more beautiful than those(those 代替可数名词复数 pictures) one 既可代替事物,也可代替人,that 只能代替事物而不能代替人。有时可以用 the one 或 the ones 代替 that 或 those。 The one That on the table is mine(该句中 The one 代替事物,并且也可以用 That) He is the teac

24、her,the one who is loved by the students(该句中 the one 代替人,不能用 that) He advised the farmers to choose the best seed-heads,the ones those that had the best color(该句中 the ones 代替事物,并且也可以用 those) one 一般有前置修饰语,有时也可有后置修饰语或不用修饰语。而 that 不能有前置修饰语,但可有后置修饰语。 Cook was a strict but good captain,one who took good

25、care of his sailors The water in the well is cleaner than that in the river it 可以替代句中的不定式或从句等,充当形式主语或形式宾语。 one 与 that均无此用法。 It is known to everybody that the moon travels around the earth once every month I found it hard to get on with her it 与 that 均可以替代上文全句的内容或部分内容,而 one ones 则不可以。 Tom is painting

26、 his houseI am told he does it every four years(it 代替前面分句的部分内容 painting his house) Lets say we meet here at three oclockThat ought to give you time to buy everything (That 代替前面表述的内容)考点三 人称代词、指示代词及其他1.人称代词单独使用时,一般不用主格而用宾格。2.指示代词 this, that, these, those 【语法专练】1. (2012 山东,24)My first_of him was that h

27、e was a kind and thoughtful young man.A. expression B. attention C. satisfaction D. impression2. (2012 天津, 3)You are working too hard. Youd better keep a _ between work and relaxation.A. promise B. lead C. balance D. diary3. (2011 山东, 34)Theres a_in our office that when its somebodys birthday, they

28、bring in a cake for us all to share. A. tradition B. balance C. concern D. relationship4. (2010 山东,33)Those who suffer from headache will find they get_From this medicine.A. relief B. safety C. defense D. shelter5. (2009 山东,29)He says that my new car is a _of money. Dont you think those words are ju

29、st sour grapes?A. lack B. load C. question D. waste6. (2012 山东,21)When you are done with the book, just give it to Lucy or Helen or _.A. whoever B. wherever C. whatever D. however7. ( 2011 山东, 24)The two girls are so alike that strangers find_difficult to tell one from the other.A. them B. it C. her

30、 D. that8. (2010 山东, 32)Helping others is a habit, _you can learn even at an early age.A. it B. that C. what D. one9.(2009 山东, 23)I felt so bad all day yesterday that I decided this morning I couldnt face_day like that.A. other B. another C. the other D. others10.(2008 山东,27)Make sure youve got the

31、passports and tickets and_before you leave.A. something B. anything C. everything D. nothing答案:1-5 DCAAD 6-10 ABDBC冠词考点:冠词的基本用法不定冠词 1. 泛指人、事或物的类别,相当于 any. A plane is a machine that can fly. 2. 泛指某人或某物 A boy is waiting for you outside. 3.表示 one 或 every. (但不能与 one 互换) He studies English two hours a da

32、y. 4 用在 quite, rather, many, half, what, such 等词之后。 half a year many a book such a lovely boy What a nice day! 5.用在 so (as, too, how)+adj. 之后. Its too difficult a book for us. How clever a girl she is! 6. 用在物质名词前,表示“一阵、一份、一场” 等。 He was caught in a heavy rain. Id like to have an ice-cream. 7.用在某些表示情绪

33、的抽象名词前,表示“一种、一类” 等。 Its a shame to behave like that. Its a pleasure for me to work with you. 定冠词 1. 特指上文中的人或事. 2. 表示世界上独一无二的东西. the earth the moon the world 3. 用在序数词、形容词最高级或比较级两者中更。 He is the taller of the two brothers. 4. 用在江、河、湖、海、山川、群岛等名词前面,或由普通名词构成的国家、党派等专有名词前。the United States the Communist Par

34、ty of China the Yellow River 5. 用在某些机构、报刊、杂志、会议、学校、历史朝代、军队、船只、飞机等的前面。the World Trade Center the Peoples daily the Times the Tang Dynasty the Mayflower the Air Force 6. 用在表示方位或时间的词组中。 on the left in the east in the morning in the daytime 7. 用在形容词前表示一类人 the young (old, poor, rich, sick, dead, new, bli

35、nd, wounded) 8. 用在姓氏的复数前表示全家人或夫妇俩。 The Turners are sitting at the breakfast table. 9. 用在单数可数名词前表示一类人或事 The horse is a useful animal. 10. 用在乐器前 Do you like to play the piano or the violin? 11. 表示某个世纪几十年代时 He went to Hong Kong in the 1930s. 12. 用在表示发明物的单数名词前 The compass was invented in China 400 years

36、 ago. 13.用在表示国家和民族的形容词前,泛指该国的人民 the Irish the French 零冠词 1.专有名词、人名、地名、广场、街道等名词前面一般不加冠词 2.季节、月份、星期、节假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词 National Day Childrens Day 我国的传统节日常用 theFestival 表示 the Mid-Autumn Festival , the Spring Festival 如果季节名词被定语修饰,加冠词 He joined the Army in the spring of 1992.3. 称呼语及表示头衔的名词做宾语、宾补、及同位语时,一般不用

37、冠词Chairman Mao Professor Liu He, manager of the store, attended the meeting.4.与 by 连用的交通工具名称前不加冠词 He goes to work by bike. 5.表示语言的名词前一般不用冠词 He is fluent in English. 但是在 the Chinese language, the English language 中要加冠词 6. turn 表示变成时,其后跟的名词不加冠词 After graduation, he turned doctor. 【语法专练】1. (2012 山东, 29

38、)Being able to afford_drink would be_comfort in those tough times.A. the; the B. a; a C. a; / D. /; a 2. ( 2011 山东,21)Take your timeits just_short distance from here to _restaurant.A. /; the B. a; the C. the; a D. /; a3. (2010 山东,22)If we sit near_front of the bus, well have_better view.A. /; the B.

39、 /; a C. the; a D. the; the4. (2010 北京,35)First impression are the most lasting. After all, you never get _second chance to make_first impression.A. a; the B. the; the C. a; a D. the; the5. (2012 浙江,2)The development of industry has been_gradual process throughout_human existence, from stone tools t

40、o modern technology.A. /; the B. the; a C. a; / D. a; a6. ( 2010 辽宁,22)There are over 58,000 rocky objects in_space, about 900of which could fall down onto_earth.A. /; the B. the; the C. the; / D. a; the7. (2010 四川,2)In_most countries, a university degree can give you_flying start in life.A. the; a

41、B. the; / C. /; / D. /; a 8. (2009 江西,25)Some people fear that_air pollution may bring about changes in_weather around the world.A. /; the B. the; a C. an; the D. the; a9. (2009 北京,33)The biggest whale is_blue whale, which grows to be about 29 meters long-the height of_9-story-building.A. the; the B. a; a C. a; the D. the; a10. (2008 山东,21)Students should be encouraged to use_Internet as_ resource.A. /; a B. /; the C. the; the D. the; a答案:1-5 BBCCC 6-10 ADADD

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