1、1语法专项（四）形容词，副词一形容词：（一）形容词的构成：构成 例词本身为形容词的词 red; glad; nice名词+y windy; rainy; sunny; foggy; cloudy; snowy; healthy; wealthy; lucky加后缀-able;-ent;-en;-al comfortable; national; wooden; different名词+ly friendly; lovely; deadly; weekly; monthly形容词+名词+ed warm-hearted; good-tempered副词+过去分词 well-educated; st
2、rongly-built (体格健壮的)形容词+现在分词 good-looking; easy-going (好说话的 )名词+形容词 duty-free (免税的)形容词+过去分词 new-born; ready-made(现成的)副词+过去分词 hard-working名词+现在分词 peace-loving名词+过去分词 man-made复合形容词的构成其他方式 over-all(总的) ；face-to-face(面对面的)（二）形容词的句法功能：功能 例句作定语（修饰名词/代词） He is a good swimmer.作表语 His advice is helpful.作宾语补足
3、语 He found the door open.作主语或宾语 The old should be respected.作伴随状语 Tired and hot, we had to stop to have a break.（三）形容词的位置：1 单个形容词的位置：（1）一般放在所修饰的名词前： a red coat delicious food（2）置于所修饰的名词后：一些表语形容词修饰名词后置（alive; alone; awake; asleep; available 等）-He is the most famous scientist alive in the world today.
4、形容词修饰不定代词时后置-There is something wrong with my radio.形容词后接介词短语或不定式时后置-This is a lake full of fish.-They are the students easy to teach.表示长，宽，高，深，厚和年龄的形容词修饰数词短语时后置。-The door is two meters high.-The boy is seven years old.由 and 或 or 连接的成对出现的形容词作定语常后置：-All the people on this island, young or old, are fo
5、nd of music.（3）有些形容词既可前置也可后置，但意义不同：the members present 在座的成员 the present members 现在的成员the concerned doctor 心情忧虑的医生 the doctor concerned 有关的医生（4）how/so/as/too +形容词+a/an+ 名词what/such + a/an+形容词+名词2(5) enough 修饰形容词或副词后置，修饰名词前置：well enough enough food2 多个形容词的位置：一般说来关系最密切的最靠近中心词，关系较远的离被修饰词较远，基本规律：美小圆旧黄，法
6、国木书房。a beautiful little red flower 一朵漂亮的小红花a white cotton shirt 一件白棉布衬衫注：除以上规则外，常把音节短的形容词放在前面，音节长的放在后面。a tall and powerful man 一个高大有力的男人（四）形容词的用法：1 一些表示健康状况或感觉反应的形容词只可作表语，如：content, glad, ill, pleased, sorry, well, unable等。-Im glad to receive your letter.-Im sorry to hear the news.2 一些形容词只作定语，不作表语，如
7、：wooden, real, former, latter, only, inner, outer 等。-She is the only one who passed the exam.-It is a real story.3 一些形容词如 necessary, unnecessary, possible, impossible, important, unimportant 等作表语时，主语不能是人，常用 it 作形式主语，将真正的主语置后。-It is unnecessary for you to go there.-It is impossible for him to finish
8、the work today.4 系动词 feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem, get, become, turn 等后接形容词作表语。-The flowers smell sweet.-The picture looks wonderful.-Trees turn green in spring.二副词：（一）副词的分类：分类 例词时间副词 now, then, often, early, soon, ago, finally, tomorrow, today 等地点副词 there, here, below, above, up, d
9、own, abroad, overseas, halfway 等方式副词 well, slowly, hard, badly, heavily, carefully 等频度副词 ever, never, seldom, once, often, frequently, usually, always 等程度副词 still, rather, much, too, very, almost, nearly, quite, greatly 等关系副词 when, where, why 等疑问副词 how, when, where, why 等连接副词 when, where, why, how,
10、therefore, besides, otherwise, moreover, meanwhile 等（二）副词的构成：构成 例词本身为副词的词 now, rather, very, there, how, when与形容词形式相同的副词 early, late, high, wide, deep形容词+ly 构成的副词 slowly, quickly, clearly, normally副词+ly 构成的副词 late-lately, hard-hardly, close-closely, high-highly（三）副词的语法功能：功能 例句作状语修饰动词，形容词，其他副词，介词短语，从
11、句，代词，或数词。-Dont ride too fast. (修饰副词)-The pen is just behind the door. (修饰介词短语)-This is exactly what he said. (修饰从句)-Nearly everybody came to the party. (修饰代词)3作定语位于所修饰词后。 -The population here is very large.作表语指主语的方向，方位等 -My bedroom is upstairs.作补语。 -Let him out.作介词宾语。 -He has just come back from abr
12、oad.（四）副词的位置：（1）频度副词一般置于行为动词前，be 动词后，第一个助动词后。-He seldom arrives on time.-He is always late.-He can hardly finish the work.（2）程度副词一般置于被修饰的形容词，副词或动词前（enough 除外） 。-This is a very good book.-I quite understand.-He plays the piano fairly well.enough 修饰形容词，副词时后置。 -You are old enough to go to school.（3）表示可
13、能性的副词通常不用于句末，如：probably, possibly, certainly, definitely 等。但 perhaps 和surely 一般置于句首。-The have probably gone there.-Perhaps he doesnt know your name.（4）若句中同时出现几个副词，顺序为：方式副词-地点副词- 时间副词-He told the news to me angrily at school yesterday.三易混形容词，副词辨析：（一）normal, common, ordinary, usualnormal: 正常的（身体/精神） ；
14、常规的 normal speedcommon: 普通的；常见的 common people common disease common senseordinary: 普通的；日常的 ordinary people ordinary lifeusual: 寻常的 as usual than usual（二）alive, live, living; lively, lovelyalive: 活着的（人/物） （表语 /后置定语/宾补） catch/bury sb. alive 活捉/活埋某人live: 现场直播的/地(adj./adv.) （前置定语）a live fish a live broa
15、dcast 现场直播living: 活着的（人/物） （表语/前置定语） a living fish the living, the dead 生者，死者lively: 生动的（表语 /定语） lively and interesting 生动有趣的lovely: 可爱的 （表语/定语） a lovely child（三）alone, lonelyalone: 形容词/副词 “单独，独自一人 ”，不含感情色彩lonely: 形容词 “孤独寂寞” “荒无人烟”有浓厚的感情色彩-The old man lives_ in the _ village and never feels _. （四）ce
16、rtain, sure共同点： be certain/sure of/that 对确信的make certain/sure of/that弄清楚，确保be certain/sure to do务必做,一定做不同点：It is certain that 是确实的 (sure 无此用法)-It is certain that the earth is round.（五）possible, likely, probable可能性：possiblelikely probable句型： It is possible/likely/probable thatsb./sth. is likely to do
17、 Tom is likely to win the prize. It is likely to rain.It is possible for sb. to do sth.（六）late, later, lately4late: 形容词 /副词 “迟到的，晚的 ” -The train was late. -I got up late yesterday.later: 形容词/副词 “较迟的，较晚的” -See you later. later on 后来lately：副词 “近来，最近” （=recently） -Have you seen Tom lately?（七）fairly, ra
18、ther, pretty, very, quite程度由弱到强：fairlyquite-rather/pretty-very/muchfairly 常用来表示愉快的场合，rather 常用来修饰表示令人不愉快的形容词-Its _ cold today while it was _ warm yesterday.quite a + 名词单数 -Mary is quite a good teacher.一般只有 rather 可与比较级或 too 连用；quite 只与 better 连用。-It is rather warmer today. -The problem is rather too
19、 difficult.（八）specially, especiallyspecially：专门地，特别地（强调目的） -The coat is specially designed for the King.especially: 特别地，尤其地（强调程度） -I feel especially interested in this project.（九）almost, nearly两者都表示“几乎，差不多”，常可互换当修饰 no, nothing, none, never 等表示否定意义的词时，用 almostnearly 可被 very，pretty 或 not 前置修饰，而 almost
20、 不能-_ no one too any rest.-The car is pretty _ new.（十）deep/deeply, wide/widely, high/highly, close/closely以 deep 和 deeply 为例： deep 表示具体的深度，deeply 表示抽象概念 “深深地”-They dug deep in the ground in the hope of finding gold.-I was deeply moved by his story.四形容词，副词的特殊用法（一）neither, nor, no more, hardly, seldom
21、 等否定副词位于句首时，句子需要部分倒装Hardly had I arrived home when he called to tell me the good news.He didnt finish the work and neither did I.（二）值得的表达be worth sth/doing sthbe worthy of sth/being doneto be donebe worth ones while to do sth/doing sthbe worth while (for sb) to do sth（三）too much/much tootoo much +/U
22、/n.作代词，在句中充当主、宾、表语，相当于不可数名词much too + adj./adv. 只作状语（四）too +adj. +to do sth 太而不能too +(ready/glad/willing)等 adj. +to do sth 表示肯定（五）can not/never too/more/enough 无论怎样都不过分，越 就越好New year cannot come too soon. 但愿新年早日到来。You can not pay too much attention to your mistake.（六）A 对于 B 犹如 C 对于 DA is to B (just)
23、 as C is to D. Air is to us just as water is to fish.A is to B what C is to D. Air is to us what water is to fish.五 形容词，副词的比较级和最高级（一） 基本原则：不作比较用原级，两者比较用比较级，多者比较用最高级，如：5-He is very tall.-He is very short, but taller than me.-Among the three short girls, Mary is the tallest.（二）形容词副词的比较等级的构成：1.规则变化：类别
24、例词加后缀-er 和-est tall-taller-tallest；soon-sooner-soonest原级以字母 e 结尾, 只加-r 和-st fine-finer-finest；原级以辅音字母+y 结尾, 将 y 改为 i再加-er 和-estdry-drier-driest单 音 节 词 原级以重读闭音节结尾，且末尾只有一个辅音字母, 双写这个辅音字母后再加-er 和-estbig-bigger-biggestthin-thinner-thinner其前加 more 和 most difficult-more difficult-most difficultheavily-more
25、 heavily-most heavily双音节词少数以 y 结尾的双音节词可把 y 改成i 加 er 或 esteasy，empty，heavy，funny其前加 more 和 most modest，carefully，expensive多音节词一般都可以在前面加 less 和 least 表示否定quiet，clever，interesting2.不规则变化：原级 比较级 最高级good/well better bestbad/badly/ill worse worstmuch/many more mostlittle less leastfarther（具体距离） fartherfar
26、further（具体距离/抽象） furthestolder 较老 /旧的 oldest 最老/旧的oldelder 较年长的 eldest 最年长的later 较远的（时间） latest（最迟/新的）latelatter 后者（顺序） last 最后的（三）使用比较等级的注意点：1极限意义形容词无比较级：complete, double, square, alive, asleep, aloud, awake, alone, correct, right, wrong, enough, fearless, favorite, excellent, perfect, total, forei
27、gn, main, superior，inferior ，senior，junior, prior等。其中 superior，inferior，senior，junior, prior 本身就是比较形式，不能再加 more 或-er，必须与 to 连用。-He is superior to others. 2不能使用双重比较级：不能说 more better，most earliest 等，不过可以用“比较级+and+比较级”形式：-Im getting fatter and fatter.-Were walking more and more slowly.3当特指两者中“较/更”时，比较级
28、前常用定冠词；形容词的最高级要用 the，副词的最高级可以省略the。-This book is the more useful of the two.64 “the+比较级，the+ 比较级”，表示“越越”-The more, the better.-The more dangerous it is, the more I like it.5比较级的常见修饰语：much, far, even, still, a lot, lots, a great deal, a bit, a little, a little bit, slightly, almost, rather, any, no 及
29、倍数等。-Japanese is much more difficult than English.6最高级的常见修饰语：by far, much, nearly, almost, very, second, next 等。-This is by far the best news for a long time.-The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.（四）几个重要的比较结构：1asas“与一样”：as+形容词/副词原级+as+名词/代词/从句（否定句中也可用 soas）意思明确时，可省略第二个 as 及其后的内容：-He
30、 studies as hard as his brother.-This dress is twice as expensive as that one.-I gave him as much as he could eat.有些 asas 已成固定词组asas possible/sb. can, as/so long as, as soon as, as well as, as/so far as (sb see/know/be concerned),as good as The noise of my motorbike is as good as silent.2. more than
31、: （数量）多于；不只是；非常-That is more than I can tell. 那事我实在不明白。morethan比更; 与其不如 -He is more a teacher than a writer. not more than: 不超过（at most） -He has not more than three children. 他最多三个孩子。no more than: 仅仅，只有（only） （强调少）-He has no more than three children. 他只有三个孩子。not less than: 不少于（at least）no less than:
32、 多达 （强调多）与其不如(形容词或名词的比较 )be morethan She was more frightened than hurt.be lessthan She was less hurt than frightened.be not as/so muchas She was not so much hurt as frightened.be ratherthan She was rather frightened than hurt.berather than She was frightened rather than hurt.3. 与其不如(动词的比较 )prefer st
33、h to sthprefer doing sth to doing sthprefer to do sth rather than do sthwould do sth rather than do sthwould rather do sth than do sth4. 一就no soonerthanWe had no sooner started work than it began to rain.No sooner had we started work than it began to rain.=We had hardly started work when it began to
34、 rain.Hardly had we started work when it began to rain.5. 不同范围和同一范围的比较同一范围：more than any other +n 单数any +n 单数 elseany/all of the other +n 复数any/all of the others不同范围：more than any +n 单数any/all of the +n 复数76. 最高级+ever = never+比较级This is the best film I have ever seen.= I have never seen a better fil
35、m.7. 倍数的表达倍数+as+形容词/ 副词原级+as (可从第二个 as 开始省略)倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than倍数+the+ 名词 +of （常用名词： size/length/height/width/weight/depth）This ball is twice as big as that one. = This ball is twice bigger than that one. = This ball is twice the size of that one.在少数情况下还可用“倍数+what 从句”表示倍数：The production of cars in 199
36、4 was six times what it was in 1987. 若表示几倍多，在倍数前加 more than/over若表示一个半，可用：one and a half +名词（复）或 one+名词（单）+and a half一个半小时：one and a half hours/one hour and a half巩固练习：1. Mothers holding jobs outside the home should have _ schedules to make it easier to care for their children. (2010 山东卷)A. heavy B.
37、 smooth C. flexible D. complex2. People have always been _ about exactly how life on earth began. (2010 天津卷)A. curious B. excited C. anxious D. careful3. Drunk driving, which was once a _ occurrence, is now under control. (2010 福建卷)A. general B. frequent C. normal D. particular4. I have been convinc
38、ed that the print media are usually more _ and more reliable than television. (2010 浙江卷)A. accurate B. ridiculous C. urgent D. shallow5. Studies show that people are more _ to suffer from back problems if they always sit before computer screens for long hours. (2010 陕西卷)A. likely B. possible C. prob
39、able D. sure6. In this lecture, I can only give you a purely _ view of how we can live life to the full and make some suggestions about the future. (2010 湖北卷)A. private B. personal C. unique D. different7. Mistakes dont just happen; they occur for a reason. Find out the reason, and then making the m
40、istake becomes _. (2010 湖北卷)A. favourable B. precious C. essential D. worthwhile8. If I find someone who looks like the suspect, my _ reaction will be to tell the police. (2010 湖北卷)A. physical B. immediate C. sensitive D. sudden9. Computers and mobile phones, though they are indeed making our life _
41、 and more _, have reduced the need for face-to-face communications. (2010 江西卷)A. easily; efficient B. easier; efficient C. easy; efficiently D. easily; efficiently10. The school was moved out of downtown as the number of students had grown too _. (2010 四川卷)A. small B. few C. large D. many11. I have
42、seldom seen my mother _ pleased with my progress as she is now. (2010 全国卷)A. so B. very C. too D. rather12. Jim went to answer the phone. _, Harry started to prepare lunch. (2010 辽宁卷)A. However B. Nevertheless C. Besides D. Meanwhile13. -Volunteering is becoming _ popular in China.-Yeah, people are
43、now aware that helping others is helping themselves. (2010 福建卷)8A. naturally B. successfully C. splendidly D. increasingly14. Do you think shopping online _ take the place of shopping in stores? (2010 浙江卷)A. especially B. frequently C. merely D. finally15. Playing on a frozen sports field sounds lik
44、e a lot of fun. Isnt it rather risky, _. (2010 浙江卷)A. though B. also C. either D. too16. Father _ goes to the gym with us although he dislikes going there. (2010 湖南卷)A. hardly B. seldom C. sometimes D. never17. The island is _ attractive in spring and autumn because of the pleasant weather in both r
45、easons. (2010 全国卷二)A. partly B. merely C. nearly D. equally18. I wasnt blaming anyone; I _ said errors like this could be avoided. (2010 湖北卷)A. merely B. mostly C. rarely D. nearly19. Its high time you had your hair cut; its getting _. (2009 全国卷二)A. too much long B. much too long C. long too much D.
46、 too long much20. The Great Wall is _ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year. (2009 上海卷)A. so a well-known B. a so well-known C. such well-known a D. such a well-known21. Compared with his sister, Jerry is even more _ to, and more easily troubled by emotional and relationship
47、problems. (2009 江苏卷)A. skeptical B. addicted C. available D. sensitive22. John is very _ -if he promises to do something hell do it. (2009 浙江卷)A. independent B. confident C. reliable D. flexible23. Frank put the medicine in the top drawer to make sure it would not be _ to the kids. (2009 江西卷)A. accessible B. relative C. acceptable D. sensitive24. It was a nice house, but _ too small for a family of live. (2009 天津卷)A. rarely B. fairly C. rather D. pretty25. Usually John
