1、 官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导知识梳理 知识点 1：代词官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导一、代词的分类（九类）：人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、连接代词、不定代词、关系代词。说明大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。二、代词的用法（一）人称代词I you he her it we you theyme you him her it us you them1、代词作主语时用主格，作宾语时用宾格：He has great concern for them. 他很关心他们。She gave the boo
2、ks to you and me. 这些书是她送给你和我的。2、人称代词作表语时，用宾格时较多，特别是在口语中。Who is knocking at the door？ Its me./ Me. 谁敲门？是我。If I were her, I would take the advice. 我要是她就接收这个意见。3、在强调句中常用主格：It was he who did it.It is she who wants it.4、在比较级的句子中 than、as 后用主格、宾格都可以。He is more intelligent than her.He is taller than I am. 5
3、、在使用人称代词时还应注意以下几点： we, you 两词有时可用来泛指一般人：We (you) have to be cautious under such circumstances.在这样的情况下 大家应特别小心。We (You) should keep calm even when we (you) are in danger.即使危急时刻也要保持冷静。They 也可用来泛指某一些人：They dont allow us to smoke here. 这儿不让抽烟。 （They 代表谁不清楚）she 可以用来代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等：I think England will do
4、what she promised to do. 我想英国会履行她的诺言。The “Easter” is due in tomorrow, isnt she? 东方号轮船明天进港，是吗？在并列主语中， “I”总是放在最后，排列顺序为：二 三 一（人称） 。宾格 me 也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.Mr.Zhang asked Li Hua and me to help him.第三人称，男女两性并用，男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.（二）物主代词my your his
5、her its our your theirmine yours his hers its ours yours theirs1、形容词性物主代词一般位于名词前，用作定语，限定该名词的意义。Her parents are in England. 他的父母在英国。2、名词性物主代词作主语：May I use your pen? Yours works better.3、名词性物主代词作宾语：官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导I love my motherland as much as you love yours.4、名词性物主代词作表语：This umbrel
6、la is yours and that one is hers. 5、名词性物主代词与 of 连用：He is a close friend of ours. This stand of ours is beyond reproach. 我们的这个立场是无可非议的。6、某些固定结构中常用定冠词代替物主代词。例如： take sb. by the arm, be wounded in the leg.（三）反身代词1、 见下表：数 单数 复数人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称人称代词 I you He/she/it we you they反身代词 myself y
7、ourself Himself/herselfitselfourselves yourselves themselves另外，one 的反身代词为 oneself2、 反身代词的用法：1）作宾语：He can buy himself a lot of nice things.他可以给自己买好多好东西。We enjoyed ourselves very much last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。He thinks more of others than of himself. 他想到别人比想到自己更多一些。2）作表语：That poor boy was myself. 那个可怜的孩子
8、就是我自己。Ill be myself again in no time. 我一会儿就会好的。3）作主语或宾语的同位语（作主语同位语时，放在主语后或句末）：The thing itself is not important. 事情本身并不重要。You can go and ask him himself. 你可以去问他本人。4）反身代词还可以与某些介词连用，组成固定搭配： by oneself：自己，一个人干They made the machine all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。This is a machine that works by itself.
9、 这是一部自动化的机器。 for oneself：替自己，为自己She made no complaint for herself. 她没有替自己抱怨。He has a right to decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。 among themselves：之间They had a heated discussion among themselves. 他们之间进行了热烈的讨论。5）反身代词和某些动词连用，构成固定短语。例如，enjoy oneself, hurt oneself, teach oneself（四）相互代词（each other, one another）
10、1、相互代词无人称、数和格的区别，在句中作宾语；其所有格分别为 each others 、one anothers ,作定语。They were pleased with one another. 他们彼此都很喜欢。官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导We are all eager to learn from each other. 他们都急切的向彼此学习。The students borrowed each others notes. They have great concern for one anothers work.2、each other 指两者之
11、间，one another 指三者或三者以上之间，但现在区分已不明显。He put all the books beside each other/one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。（五）指示代词指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性，在句子中可以作定语、主语、宾语或表语等。1、指示代词 this 和 that 的区别。this (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物；that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。This is
12、my desk and that is yours.In those days they could not go to school.this 常指后面要讲到的事物，有启下的作用；that 则指前面讲到过的事物，有承上的作用。I want to tell you this: the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon.He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt come.为了避免重复，常用 that 或 those 代替前面已提过的名词。The weather of Beijing
13、is colder than that of Nanjing.The ears of a rabbit are longer than those of a fox.this 在电话用语中作自我介绍，that 询问对方；A: Hello! This is Bob (speaking).喂，我是鲍勃。 B: Whos that please? 请问是哪位？（美语用 Whos it?或 Whos this?）2）such 和 same 的用法。such 指“这样的”人或事，在句中作主语和定语。例如，a. Such was the story.4. We have never seen such a
14、 tall building.same 指“同样的”人或事，在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语， same 的前面要用定冠词the.The same can be said of the other article. 另一篇文章也是同样的情况。 （主语）Whether he can do it or not,it is all the same to me.（表语）（六）疑问代词 疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。1、who/what询问姓名或关系。Who is he? He is my brother. /He is Henry. 询问职业或地位。What is he？ He is a l
15、awyer/teacher.What/who 作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于说话人的视点，可单数也可复数。例如，a. What is /are on the table?b. Who is/are in the library?2、which 与 who、what：which 表示在一定范围内，而 who、what 则无此限制。例如，Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘？What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘？官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导3、疑问代词还可引导名词性从句（被称为连接代
16、词）：例如：I cant make out what he is driving at.我不知道他用意何在。Can you tell me whose the blue shirt on the bed is? 你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗？【难点】（七）连接代词和关系代词： 1、连接代词与疑问代词的形式相同，主要有 who、whom、whose 、what、which 以及它们与 ever 合成的代词 whoever、whomever、whatever、whichever 等。它们用来引导主语从句，宾语从句和表语从句，即连接复合句中的主句和从句，并在从句中担任一定的句子成分。例如，a. D
17、o you know who has won the game? b. I dont know whom you should depend on? c. This book will show you what the best CEO should know. 这本书会告诉你最好的 CEO 的应该了解什么。2、关系代词是用来引导定语从句的代词，它们包括 who、whom、whose 、which、that等。例如，No one is happy with the fact that he found out.【重点】（八）不定代词：不定代词主要有：all、 each、every、both、
18、either、neither、one 、none、little、few 、many 、much、other、another、 some、any 、no，以及由 some、any、no 和 every 构成的合成代词。不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质，并有可数和不可数之分，在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等（every、no 只能作定语） 。1、some 与 any1）一般用法：some、any 可与单、复数可数名词及不可数名词连有。some 一般用于肯定句，any 多用于疑问、否定或条件句。例如，a. He has some Chinese paintings.(定语)b. So
19、me like sports, others like music.(主语) c. Ask me if you have any questions.(定语)d. I dont know any of the students.（宾语）2) 特殊用法：any 用于肯定句表示“任何”的意思。例如，a. Any child can do that.（定语）b. You may take any of them.（宾语）some 用于单数可数名词前表示“某一” 。例如，Smith went to some place in England.（定语）在期待对方回答 yes 时，some 用在表示请求或
20、邀请的问句中。例如，a. Would you like some bananas?（邀请）b. Mum,could you give me some money?(请求)2、one,both,all1）one 作定语、表语、主语或宾语，可以指人或物，表示“一个”的意思，其复数为 ones,指人时，其所有格是 ones，反身代词是 oneself。此外，one、ones 可以代替上文提到过的词，官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导以免重复，one、ones 前面分别可以用 this、that、these、those 或 the、which 等词修饰。例如，a. On
21、e should try ones best to serve the people.(主语、定语) This is not the one I want.(表语) These books are more interesting than those ones.2）both 用作定语、宾语、主语和同位语，可以指人或指物，表示“两者都”的意思。例如，a. This maths problem can be worked out in both ways.(定语)b. Both of the boys are here.(主语)c. We both are students.(同位语)注意： b
22、oth 用于否定句，表示部分否定；表示完全否定时，用 neither。例如：a. Both of us are not teachers. 我们俩并不都是教师。b. Neither of us is a teacher. 我们俩都不是教师。both 不能放在 the、these、those、my 等之后，而应放在它们的前面。例如：a. Both my parents like this film.b. Both the /these boys are tall.3）all 用作主语、表语、宾语、定语、同位语，指“全部的”、 “整个的”，可与可数或不可数名词连用，除少数情除少数情况外，一般不与单
23、数可数名词连用，与复数名词连用时，表示“所有的”、 “全部的 ”，指三个或三个以上的人或物。例如，a. He gave me all the money.他把全部的钱给了我。b. All the schools are flooded.所有的学校都被淹了。c. I told him all about it. 我把一切都告诉了他。d. Thats all for today.今天就在这儿。3、many 和 muchmany 和 much 都表示“ 许多”，但 many 修饰或代替复数可数名词， much 修饰或代替不可数名词。它们在句中可作主语、宾语、定语。much 有时用作状语。4、few,
24、 little; a few, a littlefew 和 little 表示没有多少，含否定意义；而 a few 和 a little 表示有一些，有几个，含肯定意义。另外，few、a few 修饰可数名词；little、a little 修饰不可数名词。它们在句中常用作定语、主语和宾语。5、no 和 noneno=not any,表示“没有”，用来修饰可数名词或不可数名词，通常作定语，none 代替不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式；代替可数名词作主语时，谓语动词可用单数也可用复数形式。none 还可以在句中作宾语。注意：none 既可以指人又可以指物，no one 只能指人。6、ea
25、ch 和 everyeach（各个） ，指两个或两个以上的人或物，侧重个体，在句中作主语、宾语、定语和同位语。every（每个） ，指三个或三个以上的人或物，侧重整体，在句中 只能作定语。例如，a. Every student in our class has a dictionary.(定语，强调班上“所有的人”)b. Each student in our class has a dictionary.（定语，强调各个个体）c. Each of them has been there.（主语）d. We each got a ticket.（同位语）7、either 和 neitherei
26、ther 是“两者中任何一个”的意思，可修饰或代替单数可数名词，neither 是“两者中没有一个”的意思，可以修饰或代替单数可数名词，它们可在句在作主语、宾语或定语。 官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导例如： Here are two pens. You may take either of them.(宾语)注意： either 也作副词，其意为 “也”，用于否定句的句末。例如，He doesnlike tea, and I dont either.（状语）either 与 or 构成连词，意为“不是就是” 或“要么要么”。例如，He is either J
27、apanese or Chinese. neither 用作副词，意为“也不”，即“noteither”。例如，He cant do it, neither can I. neither 可与 nor 构成连词，意为“既不也不” 。例如，Neither he nor you are a student.8、other 和 another, the others 和 othersthe other 表示“两者中的另一个”；“the other + 复数可数名词”表示“其余（他）的”；the others 表示“其他的人或物” ； “others 及 other + 复数名词”泛指“其他的（别的）
28、人或物”。这些词语在句中可作主语、宾语和定语。例如：a. He got two books; one is textbook, the other is a novel.b. Five of the pencils are red, the others(the other pens)are yellow.c. Some are singing, others are dancing.注意：another 修饰或代替单数可数名词，意为“（三个或三个以上的）另一个 ”，不能指两者中的另一个，在句中可作宾语和定语。例如，a. This coat is too dark. Please show m
29、e another.(宾语)b. Please give me another book.（定语）注意：another 修饰复数名词时，意为“再，又” 。例如：Please give me another ten minutes. one another(a second) a thirdthe other意为“一个一个一个一个”用于三者或三者以上的排列someothersothers，意为“一些一些一些 ”。三、疑问代词用于构成特殊疑问句，其中 what，which，whose 兼有形容词特征，可以和名词连用。which 和 what 两者均可与名词连用。就人或物提问。但 which 一般用
30、于有一定范围的情况，what 用于无范围或究竟是什么还不清楚的情况。四、it 的用法考查在英语中，It 的使用相当广泛。它既可用作代词(如：人称代词、指示代词和非人称代词) ，也可用作引导词(做形式主语、形式宾语及构成强调句型 )。 1、考查 it 表示上文提过的事物或心目中的人或物的用法。 上文提过的事物（单数）或事情时，常用 it 来代替；指代心目中的人或物时也常用 it 来代替。 【考例】-_ will make your grandma happy if you buy a walking stick for her birthday, I guess.-It sounds a goo
31、d idea! She has some problems walking now. A. That B. It C. This D. What答案：B命题立意 ：本题考查指代词的用法。试题解析 ：依据题干 you buy a walking stick for her birthday 可知，此处用 it 指代这件事情。官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导【考例】- A latest English newspaper, please!-Only one copy left. Would you like to have_ , sir? A. it B. one
32、 C. this D. that答案：A命题立意 ：本题考查替代词的用法。试题解析 ：it 用于指代前面提到过的名词，可以替代单数可数名词和不可数名词。2、考查 it 作形式主语或形式宾语。 it 作形式主语或形式宾语时，可指代动名词、动词不定式、主语从句或宾语从句。此时， it 自身无词义，位于句子主语或宾语的位置，而真正作主语或宾语的动名词、动词不定式或从句则置于句子的后面。 注意： 考查 it 作形式主语或形式宾语常与 that，this， as 等一起考查。that, this, as 等均不能作形式主语或形式宾语。 【考例】My mother finds great fun to l
33、earn to drive a car. A. it B. this C. the D. what答案：A命题立意 ：本题考查“S + V + it + adj. to do sth.”句型的用法。试题解析 ：it 作指代词，用作形式宾语。3、it/that/one 用法区别（it 主要指代前面提到的同一物；one 用来指代前面出现的单数名词，相当于 a/an+单数名词，表泛指概念，往往是同类而同一物；that 用来替代前面出现的特指的单数可数名词或特指的不可数名词，相当于 the单数/ 不可数名词）【考例】一 Two Evening Papers，please!0nly one copy l
34、eftWould you like to have_, sir? Aone Bit Cthis Dthat答案：B 解析：句意：“请拿两份晚报 !”“先生，仅剩下一份了。你想买它吗?”用 it 来代替前面提到的 one copy，故选 B。【考例】Wheres my watch?SorryI dont knowMaybe you put_ on the table Ait Bher Chim Dthem答案：A 解析：此题考查代词的用法。 it 代替前面出现的单数事物，故选 it。【考例】I cant find the pen I was given. Have you seen _? A.
35、it B. one C. this D. that答案：A。it 指前文出现过的单数物或人； one 常用来代替上文出现的属于同一类事物的单数名词；that 多指电话中的对方或用在比较等级前替代前边的事物；this 指上文中已提到的两点中的后一点，其前一点用 that 表示。 【巩固练习】 （ ）1.Is this her bike? No, it isnt . Its _.A. mine B. my C. me D. hes（ ）2. _ Li Pings brother. A. Her B. His C. Hes D. Shes（ ）3.I dont think we can do it
36、all _.官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导A. by ourselves B. by myself C. by ourself D .by yourselves（ ）4.I cant repair the model ship _. Can you help _ ?A .me; me B. myself ;myself C .myself ;me D. me ; myself（ ）5.Does your brother often wash clothes _ ? A. he B .himself C. herself D .him（ ）6.The book
37、 on the shelf is _ . She wrote name on its cover _ .A .Hers; her ;herself B. Her; hers; herself C. Herself; her; hers D .Her; herself; herself（ ）7.Your mother is kindness _. A .itself B. herself C.oneself D .himself（ ）8.Whats this? _ . A. Its a bread B. It is a bread C. Its bread D. Thiss bread（ ）9.
38、The bowls are on the table .There are some eggs in _.A. the B. them C. it D. he （ ）10.Let _ have a meeting . A. me B. you C. us D. me （ ）11. Mother often sees _ on Sunday .A. her all friends B. all her friend C. her friends D. her all friend.（ ）12.When you see Tom and his sister , tell _ that _ moth
39、er is waiting at the gate.A. his ;his B. her; hers C. them ; their D. his ; her ( )13.You may come to my house _ this week _ next week.A .neither; or B .from; to C .either;or D. either; nor( )14.I dont want this shirt. Please show me _.A .others B .the others C .another D .the other( )15. We study C
40、hinese, English , maths and some _ subjects. A .the other B. one C .other D .another( )16.I have two sisters. _ of them are doctors.A. Both B. All C .Either D. Neither( )17. “Dont worry . Theres _ much wrong with you.“ said the doctor.A. nothing B .everything C. something D .very ( )18.These shoes a
41、re too small. You may buy some _ shoes.A. another B.other C. the others D. others ( )19.I asked Jim and Bob to come to my house for dinner , but _ of them came .A .none B. either C .both D neither ( )20.They are _ the same size , so you may take _ half of the cake. A. at; each B. in; both C. at; nei
42、ther D. in; either ( )21.Betty and John have come back , but _ students in the class arent here yet.A. the other B others C. another D. the others( )22.She stayed there longer than _.A. anyone B .anything else C. anybody D .anybody else( )23. When they met, they stopped and said hello to_.A. each ot
43、her B. each another C. the other each D .each one ( )24. He wants you to talk _ about China.A .anything B .nothing C. thing D .something官网：http:/www.pedu.love 中小学一对一课外辅导( )25.Granny seems ill. Are you sure its _ ?A .nothing serious B. anything serious C. serious nothing D. serious anything 1-5 ACACB
44、 6-10 ABCBC 11-15 CCCCC 16-20 AABDD 21-25 ADADA【提高题】1. At the age of eight, the boy started teaching _ (he) mathematics.2. She said to _(she) , “What a hard problem!“3. The children all thought that they could look after _(they).4. I dont like the present _(it) , but the box.5. She is living all by
45、_(she) now. Sometimes she stays with her son for one or two weeks.6. They enjoyed _ (they) very much at the party.7. The visitors helped _ (they) to the cakes.8. It was noisy in the room. I could hardly hear _ (I) speak.9. If you are careless, you will hurt _ (you).10. I wonder whether Peter made th
46、e model ship (he) .11. She looked at _( she) in the mirror.12. George is very pleased with _(he).13. He was happy as he had cooked _ (he) a good meal.14. If you can do it _(you) , never leave it to others.15. Oh, Mum, I dont want you to wash me. I can wash (I) now16. Mr and Mrs Wilson made the cake
47、(they).17. Make . (you) at home.18. The lady bought _(she) a new hat.19. He thinks only of other people, never of _ _(he).20. The painting was drawn by the children _.(they).1. Which one would you like to take, this one or that one? I would like to take _.A. two B. both C. all D. two of them2. These two pianos are very good. You can choose _ of them.A. both B. each C. either D. any3. Either Bill or Black said that he himself was right, and_
