1、- 1 -第 5 章:副词 副词的分类: 时间副词:一般放在句首或句尾, 注意,early 、late、before 、later 、yet 等一般放在句尾,already、just 一般放在动词的前面。如:We will visit the Great Wall tomorrow.(我们明天要去参观长城) / They have already been to the UK twice.(他们去过英王国两次)/ Soon the lost boy found his way back home.(不久迷路的孩子找到了回家的路) 频度副词:一般放在 be 动词之后或者助动词与主要动词之间,但
2、sometimes、often 等还可以放在句首或句尾,usually 可放在句首,once 可放在句尾,twice 、three times 等一般放在句尾。如:Sometimes I get up early.(我有时起得早)/ The workers usually have lunch at the factory.(工人们通常在厂里吃午饭 )/ Take this medicine twice a day.(这种药一天吃两次) 方式副词:一般放在行为动之后,suddenly 可以放在句首、句尾或动词之前。如:Old people can hardly walk as quickly
3、as young people.(老年人几乎不可能走得和年轻人一样快) / Suddenly he saw a light in the dark cave(山洞).(突然,在黑黢黢的山洞里,他看见了一丝亮光) 地点副词:一般放在句尾, 但 here、there 还可放在句首。如:There you can see thousands of bikes running in all directions(方向).( 在那里, 你可以看到成千上万的自行车朝各个方向流动) / The frightened wolf ran away.(受到惊吓的狼逃开了)/ He walked out quiet
4、ly and turned back soon.(他悄悄地走了出去,很快又返回) 程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时 ,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough 总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only 位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She go
5、t to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车) 疑问副词:用于对句子的状语进行提问, 位置总是在句首。如:When and where were you born?(你何时何地出生?)/ Why did little Edison sit on some eggs?(小爱迪生为什么要坐在鸡蛋上?)/ How do you do?(你好!) 连接副词:用来引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,在从句中作状语。How I am going to kill the cat is still a question.
6、(我打算怎样杀死那只猫还是个问题)/ That is why everyone is afraid of the tiger.(那就是人人都害怕老虎的原因)/ He wondered how he could do it the next day.(他不知道第二天怎样做那事) 关系副词:用来引导定语从句, 在从句中作状语。如:This is the place where mr Zhang once lived.(这就是张先生曾经住过的地方 )/ Please tell me the way how you have learned English so well.(请告诉我你的英语是怎样学得
7、这么好的方法) 其它副词:too“也”,用在句尾; also 放在动词前;either “也不”,放在句尾;nor“也不”, 放在句首;so“如此,这样”,放在形容词、副词前;on/off“开/ 关”放在动词之后;not 放在 be 之后、助动词之后、不定式或动名词之前;maybe/perhaps 放在句首;certainly放在句首或动词之前。如:He went to the Palace museum and I went there,too.(他去了故宫- 2 -博物院,我也去了 ) / maybe your ticket is in your inside pocket.(也许你的票就
8、在你的里边衣袋里) / -Tom doesnt have a computer. Nor do I.(汤姆没有计算机, 我也没有。) 副词的构成:从形态上看,大多数副词都是由“形容词后缀-ly”构成的,例如: slowly, heavily, truly, terribly 等。形容词变副词:.在形容词词尾直接加-ly。如:real-really; helpful-helpfully; careful-carefully; slow-slowly; quick-quickly; quiet-quietly .以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词要变 y 为 i,然后再加-ly。如:busy-busi
9、ly; angry-angrily; easy-easily .某些以辅音字母加不发音的字母 e 结尾和以-ue 结尾的形容词要先去掉 e,然后再加-y 或-ly。如:terrible-terribly; true-truly; gentle-gently 注意: friendly; motherly; lovely,weekly,lively 等词是形容词而非副词。.英语中还有少数与形容词同形的副词,例如:daily, early, fast, hard, high, long, near, straight, well 等。请比较它们的词义和用法:the high jump 跳高项目(形容
10、词) to jump high 跳得高(副词)a fast car 行得快的汽车(形容词)to drive fast 开快车(副词)an early riser 早起的人(形容词)to get up early 起得早(副词)a straight line 直线(形容词)Go straight ahead. 一直朝前走。(副词)注意:兼有两种形式的副词 .late 与 lately: late 意思是“晚“; lately 意思是“最近“。例如:You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?.deep 与 deeply: dee
11、p 意思是 “深“,表示空间深度;deeply 时常表示感情上的深度,“ 深深地“。例如:He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.high 与 highly:high 表示空间高度;highly 表示程度,相当于 much 。例如:The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.wide 与 widely: wide 表示空间宽度;widely 意思是“广泛地“,“在许多地方“ 。例如:He opened t
12、he door wide. English is widely used in the world.1.副词的基本功能是修饰动词、形容词和副词,在句中主要用作状语,也可用作定语和表语,可以表示时间、地点、程度、方式等。(1) She did not speak to him politely. (修饰动词)(2) Im much better today. (修饰形容词比较级) (3) He runs very slowly. (修饰副词) (4) Luckily, he got the first in the composition. (修饰整句句子) (5) My mother is o
13、ut. (作表语) (6) People there were waving their hands and shouting. (作定语 ) - 3 -在形式上,许多副词由相应的形容词带后缀-ly 构成,如:badly、quickly,有些则与形容词同形,如 high、 fast、far 等。 注意:以辅音+y (读作/I/)结尾的形容词变副词时,须把变,再,如 easily、happily 等。补充: 副词则主要用于修饰动词、形容词、其他副词以及全句,以表示程度、方式、时间、地点以及对话语的态度等。例如:.修饰动词的词语就是副词,如 beat it heavily 中的“heavily”就
14、是副词,修饰“beat”,狠狠地打击。 .还有的副词是修饰形容词的,常常表示程度。如 extremely beautiful 中的“extremely”修饰形容词“beautiful”,“极其漂亮的” .还有的副词本身修饰副词,和修饰形容词类似。He plays football very well. .较特殊情况的副词可以放在句首,表一种伴随状态。例如:“Fortunately,I managed it in time“中的 fortunately。幸运的,我最后及时的完成了(那件事情)。 2.副词的位置. 副词修饰动词时,通常可以放在句首、句中或句末。如:Usually I do my h
15、omework in the evening. (句首) 通常我晚上做家庭作业。 I often get up at six. (句中) 我常在 6 点起床。Please speak slowly. (句末) 请慢慢说。注意:频度副词通常置于系动词、情态动词、助动词之后,实义动词之前。例如: Mary is always late for the meeting. 玛丽开会老是迟到。We must always remember our friends.我们必须牢记我们的朋友。 I have never been to London. 我从未去过伦敦。My mother often does
16、morning exercises in the morning.我妈妈经常在早上做早操。 . 副词修饰形容词或副词时,通常放在形容词或副词的前面,但也有例外。如:These flowers are quite beautiful. (在形容词前) 这些花相当漂亮。 He works very hard. (在副词前)他工作很努力。 She is old enough to go to school. (在形容词后)她已到了上学的年龄。但应注意:A.副词 very 可以修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。 例如:(错) I very like English. (对) I like English v
17、ery much. B.副词 enough 应放在所修饰的形容词、副词或动词的后面,形容词 enough 放在名词前后都可。例如:The boy is old enough to go to school.这个男孩到上学的年龄了。I know him well enough. 我非常了解他。He didnt get up early enough to catch the early bus. 他起床不够早,没有赶上早班车。C. 注意顺序:quite/rather a good player=a very good player.一个相当不错的球员。. 按一般规则,如果有几个时间状语,单位大的
18、应放在单位小的后面。如:The film will begin at seven oclock this evening. 电影今晚 7 点开演。 I was born at two oclock on the morning of May15. 按一般规则, 既有地点状语又有时间状语时,地点状语应放在时间状语之前。如:We had a meeting in the classroom yesterday afternoon. 我们昨天下午在教室开了一个会。 He watched TV at home last night. 他昨晚在家看电视。- 4 -3.形容词与副词的比较 1)有些形容词可
19、作副词,词类不同,词义相近。 a fast train (adj.快的) run fast (adv.块地)a straight line (adj.直的) go straight ahead (adv.直接地) 这样的词还有 early, daily, deep, low, high, little, loud, much, near, slow, wide 等。 2)有些词既可用作形容词,也可用作副词,词形相近,词义、词性不同。 (1) a hard stone (adj.坚硬的) study hard (adv.努力地) Its hard to say. (adj.困难的) (2) He
20、 is sitting still. (adj.不动地) Its still raining. (adv.仍然) (3) He draws very well. (adv.非常) He is the very man Im looking for. (adj.正是) (4) Youre right. (adj.正确的) Its right in my pocket. (adv.就、正) (5) She is a pretty girl. (adj.漂亮的) Its pretty cold. (adv.相当地) (6) You should be just to him. (adj.公正的) W
21、e were just caught in the rain. (adv.刚好) 3)很多 adj.+ly 便构成与原词词义相同的副词,但有些则构成词义完全不同的副词。 再如:bad 坏的badly 非常地、厉害地 near 近的nearly 几乎、将近 most 最大mostly 多半、几乎 fair 公平的fairly 相当地 4)少数形容词与它的副词通用 (1) The sun was shining bright (brightly). (2) Dont talk so loud (loudly). (3) They walked slow (slowly) down the path
22、. (4) Hold tight (tightly). 5)在连系动词后用形容词作表语,不用副词。 (1) The news sound terrible.(不用 terribly ) (2) The rose smells sweet. (3) The food tastes good. (不用 well) (4) She looks beautiful. 小结:一、有关副词的重要注释: asas常构成一些词组: as soon as(一旦就), as well as(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能地)。如:Please ring me up as soon a
23、s you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。) 注释 “as long / much as + 名词”可以表示“长达/多达”的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达 50 万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。) later、af
24、ter 、ago、before 的用法:“一段时间+later/ago”分别表示“(多久) 以后/以前”, 主要用于过去时态。“after/before+ 某个时刻”分别表示 “在某时刻之后/ 之前”,此时两个词是介词。ago 与 before:ago 只能用于过去时,before 用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那
25、儿吗?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。) above、below、over、under 的用法:在上下方用 above 和 below,在高低处用 over 和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。) - 5 -当 above、below、over 、under 是介词性质时, 意义相似。 too、also、 either、nor 的用法:too(“也”)用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,
26、 且用逗号隔开;also(“也”) 用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either(“也”) 用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor(“也不 ”)用于倒装句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didnt watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。 )/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。) enough、too
27、、so、very、quite、very much 的用法: enough (“足够,十分”) 放在形容词或副词之后;too(“太”)、very(“非常”)、quite(“相当”)、so(“如此地”)等放在形容词或副词之前,very much(“非常”) 放在动词之后。如:Its too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。 )/ I dont like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果) 注意very 与 much 的区别:very 修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词 ,much 修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much 还可以修饰
28、疑问句和否定句中的动词,very 不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I dont like him much.(我不太喜欢他) sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time 的用法:sometimes(有时) 用于一般现在时、 s
29、ometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。 ) how、what 用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用 how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用 what. 如:What a fine day
30、(it is) today!(今天天气真好!)/ How difficult (the problem is)!(问题) 真难呀!) already、yet 的用法:在完成时中,already 一般用于肯定句,yet 一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。) hard 与 hardly 的用法:hard 作为副词意思是:“努力地,猛烈地”,hardly 是否定词,意思是:“几乎不”,一般与情态动词 can/could 连用。如:They study
31、 English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰) like.very much、like.better(=prefer)、like.best 的用法:三个短语分别表示“非常喜欢”、 “更喜欢” 、 “最喜欢” 。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球 )/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best. “quite
32、/what+a+形容词+名词”的用法:记住:quite/such/what.+a+形容词+名词;too/so/how+ 形容词+a+名词; rather+a+形容词+ 名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙)/ It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子) how 的几个短语:how often“多常,每隔多久”,用于一般时态,对表示频度的词语进行提问; how soon“多久以后”, 用于将来时态; how long“多久”,用于
33、过去时、完成时或其他时态; how many times“多少次”,用于过去时或完成时,对总计次数进行提问;how much“多么,多少”, 对程度进行提问, 也可以对数量(不可数)或金钱进行提问。如:How long have you been like this?(你这样已经多久了?)/ How often does he wash his face?(他每隔多久洗一次脸?) - 6 - much、more 与 most 的用法:这三个词除了是形容词作名词的修饰语之外,还是程度副词,much 表示“很”, 修饰原级形/ 副,more 表示“更”用来构成多音节形/副的比较级,most表示“最
34、”用来构成多音节形/副的最高级。此外,much 也可以修饰比较级形/副。如:This park is much more beautiful than that one.(这个公园比那个漂亮多了)/ It is the most instructive film I have ever seen.(这是我看过的最有教育意义的电影 ) no more、no longer、not.any more、no.any longer 的用法:表示时间,可以用no longer、not.ny more、no.any longer,而且 no longer 只能放在谓语动词之前;表示程度,可以用 no mor
35、e、not.any more.如:He no longer lived there.(他不再住在那里)/ Tom wanted no more cakes.(他不想再要蛋糕) / He didn t smoke any more/longer.(他不再抽烟) 被动语态中,方式副词一般放在 be 与谓语动词之间。如: The runner was badly hurt.(赛跑运动员受了重伤) / English is widely spoken in the world today.(如今世界上英语说得很广泛) too.to.与 so.that.的问题:副词 too/so 后面跟形容词或副词 ,
36、to 后面跟动词,that 后面跟从句。Too.to. (“太.以致不”)是否定的结构,用于简单句;so.that.(“如此以致”)是肯定结构,用于复合句。如:The child is too young to join the army.(这孩子年龄太小还不能参军)/ He is so strong that he can lift the heavy box.(他这么强壮 ,搬得动那个重箱子。) 既是形容词也是副词的单词有:early, late, long, last, next, first, near, enough, much, all, hard, alone, fast, sl
37、ow, high, low, straight 等等。如:It was a long holiday.(那是个长假)/ He stayed there very long.(他在那儿呆了好久)/ Think hard then you will find a way.(好好想你就会找到办法)/ He is a very hard(难对付的)person.(他是个难玩的家伙 ) farther 与 further 的用法区别:表示地点、方向或距离时两个词同义,意思为“更远、较远”, 但是 further 还表示“更多、进一步、额外”等意思 ,此时不能换为 farther. 如:They deci
38、ded to go farther/further the next day.(他们决定第二天走得再远些)/ This problem will be further discussed.(这个问题还要进一步讨论 )/ Every one of them had their further studies after they left college.(他们每个人大学毕业后继续进修) rather 与 quite 的用法区别:同 very 一样, 两个词都表示形容词或副词的程度,quite 表示“不到最高程度但是比预料的好”,rather 比 quite 更接近 very 的含义,含有令人惊
39、讶的意思。见下图对“nice”程度的描绘: not nice (fairly) nice quite nice rather nice very nice 如:Its quite a nice film.(这是部好片子) 。(可能意味着不是一部最好的电影) / Its rather a nice film.(这是部很不错的电影。 )(意味着比大多数电影都好) 注意注意 quite 与rather 后面的次序词序。 maybe、possibly、perhaps 的区别:maybe“可能、也许”, 比另外两个词更不正式、更随便、可能性不大;possibly“可能地、或者、也许”,可能性较大,在否定
40、句和疑问句中表示“无论如何” ;perhaps“可能”,较为常用而且正式, 可能性也不大。如:You could put it over there,maybe.(也许你可以把它放在那边) / I couldnt possibly have finished such a long book in such a short time.(我不可能在这么短的时间内完成这么长的一本书)/ I thought perhaps it was the letter you have been expecting.(我以为那也许就是你期盼的信件) (21) most、mostly 的区别:most 作为形容
41、词和名词时意思是“大多数的、大部分的”,作为副词时意思为“最,十分、很” ;mostly 仅为副词, 意思为“主要地、多半地、大部分地” 。如:I was at home most of the time when I was free.(我有空时大部分时间都在家)- 7 -most children are naughty.(大部分的孩子都淘气)/ This is the most exciting part of the film.(这是电影中最令人兴奋的部分)/She is mostly out on Sundays.(星期天她一般不在家) (22) (be) worth、(be) wo
42、rthy of 的区别:worth 一般被看作是介词,后面接名词或者动名词, 用主动表示被动含义,还可以用副词 well 修饰;worthy of 表示“值得的、配得上的”,后面跟动名词的被动形式。如:What is worth doing at all is worth doing well(凡是值得做的,就值得好好去做). / The house is worth ¥300,000.(房子价值 30 万元)/ This book is well worth reading several times.(这本书值得好好读几遍)/ It is a thing worthy of being s
43、een.(这是一个值得看的东西) (23)almost、nearly 的区别:两个词意思相近,都表示“几乎、将近”,大多数情况下可以互换,与否定词连用时用 almost 不用 nearly. almost no 相当于 hardly any(几乎没有)。如:He had done almost nothing today.(他今天几乎没有干什么) / We are almost/nearly there.(我们几乎就到那里了)/ Almost nobody/Hardly anybody understood his words.(几乎没有人懂他的话) (24) a bit 与 a little
44、 的区别:这两个名词短语经常当作副词使用,修饰形容词或副词的原级或比较级,可以互换 ,语气比 rather 弱。如:This digital camera is a bit(a little) expensive.(这台数码相机有点贵)/ It is a little(a bit) colder than yesterday.(今天比昨天冷了点) 另外 ,a little 可以直接加不可数名词,a bit 则采用“a bit + of +名词(不可数或可数名词复数) ”的形式。如:I have got a bit of a cold.(我有点感冒)/ Go and get a little w
45、ater for me, please.(请你去给我搞点水来) 注意 not a bit(=not at all)意为 “根本不”,而 not a little 则意为“非常, 不是一点” 。 (25).so 与 such 的区别 so 修饰形容词或副词;such 修饰名词, 例如,My brother runs so fast that I cant follow him.我弟弟跑得那么快以至于我跟不上他。He is such a boy.他是一个这样的孩子。 so 修饰的形容词后可以有一个单数的可数名词,其结构是“so+ 形容词+a/an+可数名词单数”. such 可以修饰可数名词单复数
46、和不可数名词,名词前可以有形容词作定语,其结构是“such+a/an+形容词+可数名词单数” , “such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词” , 例如,He is so clever a boy.=He is such a clever boy.他是一个如此聪明的孩子。It is such cold weather.这么冷的天气。(正) It is so cold weather.(误) They are such good students. 他们是那么好的学生。(正) They are so good students. (误) 如果可数名词复数前有 many,few 或不可数名词前有
47、 much,little 修饰,用 so 不用such. 例如,so many(如此多的);so few(如此少的)可以加可数名词复数 so much(如此多的);so little(如此少的 )可以加不可数名词 二、形容词、 副词的原级、比较级和最高级 1) 、分类:形容词和副词有原级、比较级和最高级三级。 原级变为比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。2) 、规则变化:1.一般在词尾直接加 er 或 est,例如,tall-taller-tallest,long-longer-longest 2.以不发音的字母 e 结尾的单词在词尾直接加 r 或 st,例如, nice-nicer-n
48、icest 3.以辅音字母+y 结尾的词,把 y 变为 i,再加 er 或 est,例如,heavy-heavier-heaviest - 8 -4.重读闭音节,末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写这个辅音字母,再加 er 或 est,例如,big-bigger-biggest 5.部分双音节词和多音节词分别在原级前加 more 构成 比较级和 most 构成最高级,例如, slowly-more slowly-most slowly;beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful 3) 、不规则变化: 原级 比较级 最高级 good 好的 better 更好的 best
49、 最好的 well 好;(身体)好的, bad,badly 糟糕的 ,糟糕地 worse 更糟糕的, 更糟糕地;( 身体)更不舒服的 worst 最糟糕的,最糟糕地;(身体) 最不舒服的 ill(身体)不舒服的 many 许多的( 可数) more 更多的;更 most 最多的;最 much 许多的(不可数) ;非常 little 少的 less 更少的 least 最少的 far 远的;远地 farther 更远的;更远地 farthest 最远的;最远地 further 进一步的 (地) furthest 最深刻的(地) 4) 、形容词和副词的原级、比较级和最高级的用法: (1)讲述某人/物自身的情况时,用原级。基本句型是: 主语 (sb./sth) + 谓语动词 + (very/too/so/quite/rather) + 形容词/副词原级 +. 如:He is very old now.(他现在很老了