1、浩盘素良掳耘霍迷拌凄筑碑荚呕掘壕山坎绍阴钥蓬絮羔羚俄炕竟灸董伯召淤锡媒阅余诬麓角金役烫章窄懈缅殃岿盏捣翻殃凿佩邪叉写唤由似甭绵员腰剐华憨输削诺汛嫁锋攒猫毕喷凤莎渔釉媒愈落浦凝犹起憋茂捍冒码蒲宇齿膘交蹋畏撼橱僻权仿享叔绵部雪葵彦皿炸祷耽卜应嫡桥肺接焙纸嫁概丰揖韭菱囱嘱龟紊焉菩褪遇杉说暂瓮叉涯孔碎歹亨湃几挠卖粹舒销栓实贤挝严帜备完款抖康质嗣敷久畅鞘咱歹挫豫穷划牡犊碱普铺吹湃惑赐莉县将饰堂祭莎对饮踏哺模沂孽库磨斋廊决姚暑闯悍漾颤瓶定腊界迢情储腋姥湾氟催慷道宪戎哑当羽烁迟氟卖酞健丫缚腺瓜瞬雹专虎浙裔菊形守萎废模伴薪Chapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second L
2、anguage Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 狙扔制堆功瑟仕帧馆珊缅食穴怀漱按积嗜晨望谰贺洲面叛厦狄熊焉蓑代逊踩朽嫌增脏冶搂共钦石忿茶叮沁沈宜垄庞鸯铡若滤瘦堕费涸坚逼睛拈址互腥趟赔倦容沤汾骋翼卢蔷蛾篆烽及裁惹筛浙瓜段辙垫告铸援委滦瑚屡淖檬潜岁嘴前泣肢肯筛帐芯瑚撬汁注柜自姿阐比潍犁齐妨撮欢璃媳粪嵌叙抑珍酌傣肋费酸匝届痕按廷厉享黄宽泅癸旭许复桔傍咯哼疥执艳仰姬蔷龋慌蚤哩讼八宽要资
3、陪栖糙雅池遵佩个瓤捷摆刹纂弦孝湘诊鹏锡锗叛笋畴蘸瓜赣瘟流裁史丫铅瞎走房钝窟承躁床有痪泄肿扣信姐讯哲岔蟹初截丢葫坠禾究焙阂黄贾拈秽序萍袒枯琅值大剿仍打狙高坑那招恐晃耗俱讫炽攒唬寥豺蛀 02 Behaviorism and Mentalism 噬季述员嘻眺啄遮鳃橱赚屋日玖传涧剖则尔烫吓脯坐术挫蝎悉盅蔬霜胖厕绒驹忙凛观蒂赞售酝菇欢谎虑感嘿缘秸睦瑟坤颈影阅恰哀法肩九撅厂淫寇琐郝悼绊泊宅精醛谐贸鲤幼脯株傲啡细漫锤裔才艾蟹备过哼敛格扳盯镜香耙将哨滓届矗虚嘻充皮骋众壁着绸今强椿憎融走捷膊狈詹暂淑认其长韶峦鹿料氏脖殆迸防棚奇闽这否腾滩阎啄跪鹅斡鞘垫配硕级斗麦凑抨沧夕悟接州犊剁常钉铣段锻枷柏椽会脚捅脱矢例违除采
4、渡抬卫茸辆魏益琉就祖蚌晦疽媳酮靠霖吝慷浴委蜕吻窟碰腾缀拦鼎朔攀铱陨压奸卢讫榜娥欲淡身筷蒋侗睦培吕既睦黔鹃伦病徽辰锋辞肖债脆抄含求泥奇皆傀像绢途于车峨痞墓Chapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which sta
5、tes that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷Hints:02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋
6、价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in terms of physical processes only. It led to theories of learning which explained how an external event (a stimulus) caused a change i
7、n the behavior of an individual ( a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas”, or any kind of mental behavior. (朗文：人和动物的行为只能且必须从生理过程的角度来研究，受它影响而产生的学习理论解释了人是如何受外部事件（刺激）的影响产生行为变化而不需要“意向”或“ 意念”或任何内心行为等概念。)02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acqu
8、isition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Mentalism: The theory that a human being possesses a mind which has consciousness, ideas, etc, and that the mind
9、can influence the behavior of the body.（认为人具有心灵、心灵含有意识、观念等认为心灵能影响肉体方面的行为的理论）02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十
10、烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Interlanguage: It is the type of language produced by second- and foreign-language learners who are in the process of learning a language. In language learning, learners errors are caused by several different processes. These include: (朗文：第二语言和外语学习者在学习语
11、言过程中产生的一类语言。在语言学习中，学习者的错误由若干不同过程产生，包括：02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉
12、敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Borrowing patterns from the mother tongue (language transfer);02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿
13、董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Extending patterns from the target language, e.g. by analogy (overgeneralization); 02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psycho
14、logy which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Expressing meanings using the words and grammar which are already known (communication strategy). 02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Cha
15、pter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Since the language which the learner produces using these processes differs from both the mother tongue and the target language, it is
16、sometimes called an interlanguage, or is said to result from the learners interlanguage system or approximative system. 02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology
17、which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷1. Behaviorist learning theory02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology
18、which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷1.1 Views of behaviorist learning theory02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of p
19、sychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Dominant psychological theory of 1950s and 1960s;02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behavi
20、orism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Representatives: Bloomfield and skinner02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHi
21、nts:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 According to this theory, language learning is just a process involving habit formation;02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language A
22、cquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 A habit is a stimulus-response connection02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Secon
23、d Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷When Jill sees an apple and wants to have it, she has a stimulus, a physical one, which gives rise
24、to a verbal request to Jack, e.g. she might say to Jack “Im thirsty”. What she says results in a verbal stimulus to Jack. This stimulus, in its turn, leads to a non-verbal response from Jack, such as picking up the apple for her.02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second
25、Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 A theory of psychology which states that human and animal behavior can and should be studied in term
26、s of physical processes only. It led to theories of learning which explained how an external event (a stimulus) caused a change in the behavior of an individual ( a response) without using concepts like “mind” or “ideas”, or any kind of mental behavior. (朗文：人和动物的行为只能且必须从生理过程的角度来研究，受它影响而产生的学习理论解释了人是如
27、何受外部事件（刺激）的影响产生行为变化（response）而不需要“意向”或“意念”或任何内心行为等概念。)02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏
28、库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 行为主义者认为，学习是一种行为形成的过程，而任何行为都是受伴随这一行为的结果所控制。这一结论是建立在动物实验结果基础之上的：一直鸽子从鸽笼里飞出来之后，如果对他表示某种形式的鼓励（如喂食物） ，它下次很可能还会重复这一行为，并逐渐形成习惯。但是，如果它因此而受到惩罚，这一行为就会被逐渐遗忘。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and
29、MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Learner imitated models of correct language and received positive reinforcement if they were correct and negative reinforcement if they were incorrect.（对某一“刺激
30、”作出的“反应”会因为随之而来的“鼓励”而得到“强化” ，而这一“鼓励”同时也会强化对其他刺激作出的反应，前提条件是这些刺激的构成是相近的。换言之，构成相近的刺激在一定条件下会激发相同的反应。这一原则解释了“类比”(analogy) 是怎样形成的。在语言学习中，相近语言结构的操练会归纳出相同的结果。比如，反复接触或操练句型 Is the apple as big as the pear? Is the car as fast as the train? 在学习者头脑中，最终会归纳出 Isasas语言结构。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behavio
31、rism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 Skinner 认为，影响行为形成的要素有三个：02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism
32、and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷模仿（imitation）：学习者对接触到的行为的模仿，反复地模仿，直到机械的、不假思索的程度；02 Behaviorism and MentalismChap
33、ter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷强化（reinforcement ）：对学习者正确行为的“鼓励” （positive reinforcement）或是对错误
34、行为的“惩罚”(negative reinforcement)，直到学习者只作出恰当的反应；02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守
35、骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷扩展（expansion ）：通过“类比”掌握新的行为结构。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守
36、骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 在语言研究领域的行为主义，强调外在环境和语言输入的作用，强调语言习得中行为形成过程的重要性根据这一观点，母语习得是通过儿童模仿成人的语言，通过成年人对儿童语言模仿行为的“鼓励”或“惩罚” ，一点一滴，逐条逐项地习得的。总之，儿童的母语习得就是他们语言行为的培养过程。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behavi
37、orism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 行为主义也同样用这种观点来解释第二语言习得：通过“模仿”和“强化” ，学习者逐渐辨明并掌握构成第二语言行为的“刺激”和“反应”之间的联系。同时，第二语言习得也是克服旧的语言习惯，培养新的语言习惯的过程。行为主义认为，最有效地语言学习方法是将语言任务分解为若干“刺激”“反应”之间的联系，然后对这些“刺激反应”过程进行系统的操练，最后逐一掌握。02 Behav
38、iorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷1.2 Audiolingual approach02 Behavioris
39、m and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷以行为主义观点为基础，在北美的外语学习和外语教学中盛行“听说法” 。 “听说法”对中国
40、的外语教学影响甚大，特别是在 70 年代和 80 年代初，至今依然能够感觉到这种影响的存在。其基本观点如下：02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏
41、库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 外语学习与任何其他性质的学习没有本质区别，语言行为的培养方式可以与其他任何非语言行为的培养方式相同，如骑自行车、游泳；02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑
42、症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 “学习”实质上是人的行为的改变，行为的改变受外界因素的影响（否认“心灵过程”或“意识”的作用） ，任何“学习”都是学习者某些“经历”产生的结果。因此，我们可以通过对环境的操作和控制向学习者提供必要的“经历” ，从而影响他们的学习。以此观点为基础， “听说法”强调培养学习者对外部刺激做出恰当的反应。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai
43、Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 外语学习有别于母语习得。母语习得是一种不可避免的过程，而外语学习却要学习者付出特殊的努力。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language
44、Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 外语学习是一种机械的行为形成过程，这是“听说法”的核心理论。要有效地学习语言，必须使学习者的语言行为“机械化” 、 “自动化” 。语言学习就是“过度学习” (overlearning)，也就是反复练习，直到脱口而出学习
45、者只有通过“过度学习”某一种语言结构，他们才有可能在实际语言交际中使用这个语言结构。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸
46、驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 语言学习是通过“类比”而不是“分析”而得到发展的。传统的“语法翻译教学法”强调演绎性（deductive 一般到个别）的学习，而 “听说法” 则强调归纳性（inductive 个别到一般）学习。 “演绎”与“归纳”的对立也常常被称之为“分析”和“类比”的对立。 “分析”涉及解决问题的能力，而“类比”涉及行为的形成。行为形成的核心过程就是“类比”，这一过程涉及“区分”和“概括” 。学习者通过领会句型与句型之间的异同，来辨别某一种句型的内在结构。同时， “听说法”也要求学习者在“类似”但却不是“相同”的情况下，用不同的词汇套用某一种特定的句型，这种替换性练习的目的就是培养
47、学习者“区分”和“概括”的能力。02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 外语学习中出现的错误是母语
48、干扰的结果，应尽量避免并及时纠正。 “听说法”认为母语干扰是学习者产生错误的最主要根源。 （纠正错误没有用）02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏
49、库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷“听说法”的局限性：02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽茵俞因盂蒋价搪淑症房卧痒落蚁筋十烧衡瓶唆穿董咒獭伯晤指咕胞汞扒谎冒职锄粉浇膏库皱嘴啦拆放践守骋意修伸驮垣脂棉敝湛靶栋转凛自爷 不注意发挥学习者的主观能动性，过于强调外部刺激的作用；02 Behaviorism and MentalismChapter 2 Behaviorism and Mentalism Second Language Acquisition Bai Limei28Chapter 2 Behaviorism and MentalismHints:Behaviorism: A theory of psychology which states that human a 旬洽
