1、英语名词基础知识精讲精练一、定义与分类名词是表示人、事物、抽象概念等名称的词。根据名词的词汇意义,通常可将其分为专有名词和普通名词。专有名词表示人、地方、组织、机构等的专有名称,专有名词的第一个字母通常大写;普通名词表示人、物、概念等的一般名称。普通名词根据其语法性质可分为个体名词、物质名词、集合名词和抽象名词四类。二、名词复数的构成方法1. 在一般情况下,加词尾 s;而以 s, x, z, sh, ch 等结尾的名词,通常加词尾 es。如:desk / desks 课桌 class / classes 班,课box / boxes 盒子 dish / dishes 盘子注:stomach /
2、 stomachs(胃)是例外。2. 以 y 结尾的名词,其复数构成要分两种情况:以“辅音字母+y” 结尾的名词,将 y 改为 ies;以“元音字母y”结尾的名词,直接加词尾-s ;以 f 或 fe 结尾的名词,也有两种可能:即有些直接加词尾-s,有些则把 f / fe 改为 ves:family / families 家 key / keys 钥匙thief / thieves 贼 wolf / wolves 狼注:在中学英语范围内,要改 f / fe 为 ves 的只有以下 10 个词(它们都是日常生活中的常用词):wife( 妻子 ),life(生命),knife( 小刀) ,leaf(
3、树叶),thief(贼) ,half(一半),self( 自己),shelf( 架子 ),loaf(面包),wolf(狼)。3. 以 o 结尾的名词,有些加词尾 -s,有些加-es ,有些加-s 或-es 均可:kilo / kilos 公斤 hero / heroes 英雄 zero / zero(e)s 零注:在中学英语范围内,加词尾-es 的主要有以下 4 个:tomato( 西红柿) ,potato(土豆),hero(英雄 ),Negro(黑人)。三、单数与复数同形的名词sheep 绵羊 fish 鱼deer 鹿 Chinese 中国人Japanese 日本人 Portuguese 葡
4、萄牙人Swiss 瑞士人 aircraft 飞行器means 方法 series 系列head (牛等的) 头数 works 工厂注:fish 有时也用 fishes 这样的复数形式,尤其是表示种类时;head 若不是表示牲口的“头数”,而是表示“ 人的头”或“人数”,则要用 heads 这样的复数形式。四、不规则的复数名词man / men 男人 woman / women 女人child / children 小孩 tooth / teeth 牙齿foot / feet 脚 goose / geese 鹅mouse / mice 老鼠 ox / oxen 公牛五、名词的可数性名词根据其可数
5、性可分为可数名词和不可数名词。这两类名词的主要特点如下:1. 可数名词的用法特点:可以有复数形式;可直接在其前使用不定冠词或数词;可受 these, those, few, a few, many, a good great many, a great good number of 等修饰。如:There are five rooms in the apartment. 公寓里有五间房。There were many things to be done. 有很多事情要做。A large number of students are Asians. 很多学生是亚洲人(from )。2. 不可数名
6、词的用法特点:通常没有复数形式;其前不可直接用不定冠词或数词;可用(a) little, much, a great deal, a lot of, plenty of, a large amount of, a large quantity of, some, any 等修饰;要表示数量不可在前面直接加数词,而要用 a piece of 之类的结构。如:Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。They havent much furniture. 他们没有多少家具。He lost a great quantity of blood. 他大量失血。六、不可数名词与可数名词的转化有
7、的不可数名词在某些特殊情况下可转化为可数名词,如:1. 有些物质名词表示不同种类或表示“ 一杯 / 罐 / 瓶”等数量意义时,可用作可数名词。如:It was a special tea. 这是一种特别的茶。She brought us three coffees. 她给我们端来三杯咖啡。2. 有些抽象名词表示具体的事物时,可用作可数名词。如:The party was a great success. 晚会非常成功。3. 有些由动词思转化来的名词,表示“一场 / 阵 / 件”时,可受不定不定冠词的修饰(此时通常有形容词或 of 短语修饰 )。如:A heavy snow was fallin
8、g. 下着一场大雪。Id better go and have a wash now. 我还是现在去洗个澡。七、名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,它分-s 所有格和 of 所有格两种形式。1. -s 所有格的构成方法为:对于单数名词和不带词尾-s 的复数名词,直接在其后加 -s 构成;对于带词尾-s 的复数名词只加省字撇() 。如:Jims parents 吉姆的父母 mens club 男子俱乐部the teachers office 教师办公室 注:用 and 连接的并列名词的所有格要分两种情况,即表示各自的所有关系时,要分别在并列名词后加-s,表示共同的所有关系时,只在最后一个名词后
9、加-s :Jacks and Mikes rooms 杰克和迈克(各自)的房间Jack and Mikes room 杰克和迈克(共同)的房间(from )2. -s 所有格的用法:-s 所有格通常用于有生命者,但有时也可用于无生命的东西,如用于表时间或距离的名词后,用于表示国家、城市、组织机构等的名词后等。如:Wherere todays papers? 今天的报纸在哪里?Whats your governments policy? 你们政府的政策是什么?It is the countrys biggest city. 它是这个国家最大的城市。3. of 所有格即指在名词后使用 of 短语来
10、表示所有关系,它既可用于有生命的人或物,也可用于无生命的东西。如:We all like the son of Mr Green. 我们都喜欢格林先生的儿子。Ill never forget the beauty of the lake. 我永远不会忘记那座湖的美丽。注:of 所有格有时可以与-s 所有格互换。如:(from )That mans name is interesting. = The name of that man is very interesting. 那个人的名字很有趣。4. 双重所有格。双重所有格就是指同时既使用 -s 所有格又使用 of 所有格。如:a friend
11、 of my fathers 我父亲的一位朋友a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯先生的一张照片注:被双重所有格修饰名词前有指示代词时,通常带有一定的感*彩( 如赞赏、不满、厌恶等)。如:That little daughter of your cousins is really lovely. 你表哥的那个小女儿真是可爱。(表赞赏)That daughter of your cousins is constantly complaining. 你表哥的那个女儿老是在报怨。(表厌恶)另外,有时是否使用双重所有格会导致意义的变化。比较:a photo of Mr Smiths 史密斯
12、先生收藏的一张照片a photo of Mr Smith 史密斯先生照的一张照片英语名词基础知识精讲精练1. The commander said that two_ would be sent to the Iraqi front the next day.A. womens doctor B. women doctors C. womens doctors D. women doctor2. “Look! The police _ here to keep order! Go away quickly,” one of them shouted.A. is coming B. comesC
13、. are coming D. has come3. She could not speak English, but made her wishes known by means of _.A. signs B. sighs C. movements D. words4. In my opinion, what he told us just now about the affair simply doesnt make any _.A. idea B. meaning C. sense D. point5. Shelly had prepared carefully for her Eng
14、lish examination so that she could be sure of passing it on her first _.A. intention B. attempt C. purpose D. desire 6. _ food is kept in his new cave, but at last Saddam was still arrested.A. Large quantities of B. A great deal of C. A large number of D. Quite a few7. Lets try operating the machine
15、 right now. Wait. Better read the _first.A. instructions B. explanationsC. information D. introduction8.The rest of the magazines_ within half an hour.A. is sold out B. was sold outC. were sold out D. are sold out9. Youd have more _of catching the train if you took a bus to the station instead of wa
16、lking.A. opportunity B. chance C. time D. energy10.The number of deer, mountain lions and wild roses_ much if people leave things_ they are.A. doesnt change; as B. arent changed; likeC. dont change; like D. dont change; as11. I knew I shouldnt accept anything from such a person, but I found it diffi
17、cult to turn down his _.A. offer B. suggestion C. request D. plan12._it is to gather with President Bush at such a special Thanksgiving Day in Iraq!A. what a fun B. what fun C. how fun D. what joy13. Oh., John_ you gave us!A. How a great surprise B. how pleasant surpriseC. what a pleasant surprise D
18、. what pleasant surprise14 He is_ as a leader but he hasnt_ in teaching.A. success; many experiences B. a success; much experienceC. great success; an experience D. a great success; a lot of experiences15 Who did you spend last weekend with?_.A. Palmers B. The PalmersC. The Palmers D. The Palmers 参考
19、答案1. B。复合名词的复数中含有构词成分 man / woman 时,将变为 men / women, 且所修饰的名词也要变成复数。2. C。特殊类群体名词 police / cattle 做主语时,谓语动词用单数。警察个体用 policeman / policewoman;牛的个体用 a head of cattle。3. A。signs 指“手势” ,还可用 our expressions 和 gesture 等 body movements 来表达思想。sigh 意为“叹息” ,words 与前半句矛盾。4. C。make sense 是习语,意为“有道理”、“ 意义清楚” (from
20、 )。5. B。比较: attempt=尝试,企图;intention=意图;purpose=目的;desire= 欲望。6. B。记住: a large / great / good quantity / amount of +复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用单数;large / great / good quantities / amounts of +复数名词或不可数名词,谓语动词用复数。7. A。instructions 说明书(常用复数 ),explanation 解释、说明。8. C。Most of / Half of / Part of / part of +名作主语,谓语与 o
21、f 后面的名词保持一致。本题中 magazines 是可数名词复数,故谓语动词用复数(from )。9. B。表示“机会”时,opportunity 和 chance 两者均可;但表示“可能性”时,只能用chance。10. A。The number of + 名词复数,谓语常用单数;A. number of + 名词复数,谓语常用复数。11. A。表示主动提供的东西,用 offer。12. B。抽象名词表泛指时一般不与冠词连用。13. C。抽象名词有前置或后置修饰语时,前面用不定冠词,使之具体化;如:A. happy life / a good education in that university / a wide knowledge of nature14. B。表具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情緒的人和事; 如:She is a success in cause but a failure in marriage.(成功者、失败者) (from )15. C。表示 Palmer 一家人,指一家人时常用 the +姓氏的复数。