1、过去完成时：表示发生在过去的两个动作在前的那一个，它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。基本形式：过去完成时由 had过去分词构成，因此无人称变化肯定式：I had/Id worked 等否定式：I had not/hadnt worked 等疑问式：had I worked 等否定疑问式：had I not/hadnt I worked 等时态用法：1. 过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式：现在完成时：Ann has just leftIf you hurry youll catch her.（安刚刚走。如果你快一点，就能追上她。）过去完成时：When I arrived Ann h
2、ad just left（我到的时候，安刚刚离开。）但是，过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作，因此可以说：He had left his case on the 440 train.（他把手提箱丢在 4 点 40 分的火车上了。）2.现在完成时可以和 since/for/always 等词连用，表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动：与此同理，过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作。1）在该时刻仍然在继续。例如：Bill was in uniform when I met himHe had been a soldier for ten years
3、.（我遇到比尔的时候，他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了。）2）在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。例如：The old oak tree, which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years, suddenly crashed to the ground（屹立在教堂墓地上已 300 百年之久的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。）但应注意，过去完成时还可以用来表示：3）在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。例如：He had served in the army for ten years; then he retired and married（他在军队里服役十年
4、，后来退伍并结了婚。）3. 过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时，用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作： 例如：He met her in Paris in 1977He had last seen her ten years beforeHerhair had been grey then; now it was white（1977 年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的，这时已经全白了。）过去将来完成时 形式 should / would have done sth. 用法 1、 过去将来完成时表示在过去将来某一时间以前发生的动作，并往往会对过去将来
5、某一时间产生影响。I thought youd have left by this time. 我想这会儿你已经走了。 He told them he would have finished it by 8 oclock. 他告诉他们他会在 8 点以前干完。 I guessed that Helen would have told her something. 我猜海伦会告诉她一些情况的。 2、 过去将来完成时还常用在虚拟语气中，表示与过去的事实相反过去完成时 用法：在过去的时间里，两个动作中，发生在前的哪个动作要用过去完成时。结构：had+过去分词After she had finished
6、 her homework, she went shopping.They had sold the car before I asked the price.The train had left before I arrived at the station.After/before 引导的时间状语从句放在句首要在句子后面加逗号，如果放在主句后则不用加。 变疑问句将助动词移到句首Had she finished her homework? 变否定句在助动词后面加 notShe hadnt finished her homework. 肯定回答及否定回答Yes, she had. / No,
7、she hadnt. 特殊疑问句What had she done?现在完成时构成：主语+ 助动词 have, has+过去分词用法：1） 表示过去发生的和现在有某种联系的动作，常和 just, usually, already, since 等时间副词连用。I have just had lunch. （饱了，不用再吃了。）He has had a cup of tea.（不渴了，不用再喝。）They have already had their holiday. （不能再度假了。）The boy has already read the book. （已经知道书的内容了，不用再看了。）2）
8、 询问别人是否做过某事一般用现在完成时：Have you finished your homework?Have you been to Beijing?Have he seen the film?3） 表示开始于过去并持续到现在的动作I have lived in Beijing for twenty years.I have worked for this school for 1 year.4） 表示一种经历，经验：去过地方，做过 事情，经历过 事情I have never had a bath.I have never seen a film.I have never been to
9、cinema.I have ever been to Paris.Have been to 表示去过， have gone to 表示去了I have been to London.（人已经回来）He has gone to London.（人还在那里）5） 表示一种结果， 一般不和时间副词联用I have lost my pen.I have hurt myself.He has become a teacher.She has broken my heart.句型变化：变疑问句将助动词移到句首，变否定句在助动词后面加 not.Have you lost your pen? I have not lost my pen.肯定回答及否定回答Yes, I have. / No, I have not.特殊疑问句What have you done?What has he done?一般过去时与现在完成时的区别：凡是有明确的表示过去的时间状语的句子为过去时。注意：有些动词表示的动作有一个终点，不能再延续，因此不能和表示一段时间状语连用。错：Ive left Beijing for 3 days.对：I left Beijing 3 days ago. I have been away from being for 3 days.
