1、语法基数词和序数词一 表示数目多少的词叫基数词：one two three.二，表示顺序的数次叫序数词：1st first 6th sixth 10th tenth2nd second 7th seventh 12th twelfth3rd third 8th eighth 20th twentieth4th fourth 9th ninth 21st twenty-first5th fifth 100thone hundredth注意：Hundred thousand million1. 其前有具体数字时，用单数： 2. two thousand students3. 前无数词，模糊数字+s
2、+of 短语: Hundreds of people3.序数词的用法： 序数词前加“a”表“ 再一次 ”。 May I have a second try?我能再试一次吗？ 当“分数词” 用表示“ 几分之几 ”。one third of the students 三分之一的学生 two thirds (of the students) 三分之二（的学生）4.时间表达法：7:05 seven five /five past seven 8:50 seven fifty / ten past eight 8:00 8 （oclock ） 8:30 Eight thirty /half past e
3、ight 5.年、月、日的顺序： 日、月、年 5 Jane 2005 月、日、年 Jane 5 2005In the 1990s (nineteen nineties) 20 世纪 90 年代5.年龄表达法：一个十七岁的女孩 a 17-year-old girl a girl 17 years old 6.416 房间：Room 416 1 路公共汽车：Bus 17.幸福大街 81 号：No.81,Xingfu street8.电话号码 256-9905： two five six nine nine(两个 9 也可表示：double nine)0(零)five9.数字表达：1,115,780
4、: one million one hundred and fifteen seven hundred and eighty8%:eight percent10.Page120 第 120 页11.倍数表达法：三次以上用“基数词+times”，两倍用 twice 或 double。名词所有格一在英语中有些名词可以加“s” 来表示所有关系，1. 单数名词词尾加“s”，复数名词词尾没有 s，也要加“s”。the boys bag 男孩的书包 mens room 男厕所2. 若名词已有复数词尾又是 s ，只加“”。 the workers struggle 工人的斗争3. 凡不能加“s”的名词，都可
5、以用 “名词+of + 名词” 的结构表示所有关系。例 the title of the song 歌的名字5. 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s ，则表示“分别有”；只有一个s ，则表示“共有”。例 Johns and Marys rooms(两间) John and Marys room(一间)6. 在复合名词或短语中， s 加在最后一个词的词尾。例 a two- month holiday a two months holiday 8. 不定代词后接 else , 所有格放在 else 上。例 somebody elses bag二、另外一种所有格是由介词 of 加名词构成的名词短语1.名
6、词的所有格形式除s 外，还可用 of+名词构成短语修饰前面的名词或表示两个名词间的所有关系。2. 使用名词所有格须注意: 一般地说， s 所有格多用于有生命的东西，of 所有格多用于无生命的东西，但也有许多例外。例 students of the school the cost of living the newsof success3 双重所有格双重所有格即 “ of + 名词s 所有格”，表示整体中的一个或部分。 an old friend of my fathers （=one of my fathers old friends我父亲的一个老朋友 an old friend of min
7、e 我的一个老朋友定冠词 the 的用法：定冠词的基本用法：(1) 表示特指的人或事物。如：The man with a flower(2) 指 谈话双方都熟悉的人或事物。如：Look at the blackboard,Lily.(3) 复述前面提到过的人或事物。如：There is a man under the tree. The man is called Robert.(4) 表示世界上独一无二的事物。如：The earth (5) 在序数词和形容词最高级的前面。(6) 常用在乐器名称的前面(7) 用在江河、海洋、山脉等名称的前面。the Himalaya Mountains.(喜马
8、拉雅山)(8) 用在含有普通名词的专有名词的前面。the United States of America.美利坚合众国)(9) 用在姓氏之前表示一家人。如：The Greens (10)和某些形容词连用表示一类人(11)the poor/rich theyoung/old(5) 三餐饭前不用 节、假日前一般不用。球类名词前不用。表示方向的介词On (强调与物体的表面相接触) over （不必与物体相触在正方under 在（正）下方above （不必与物体表面相接触，也不必在 正上方 below 在下方，也不必在正下方between 在之间（指二者） among 在 之间（指三者或三者以上）a
9、cross 从表面横过、越过 through 从内部穿过in front of 指在某地方之外的前面， in the front of 指在某地方之内的前面，can 和 could 的用法1, 表示允许，两者均可用，但用 could 语气更委婉；2,can 表示现在的能力，could 表示过去的能力，3, be able to 有更多时态 4,表示推测时，cant 意为“不可能 ”，感叹句一、由 what 引导的感叹句，其句子结构可分为以下三种：1. “ What + a/an 形容词可数名词单数主语谓语！ ”。2. “ What 形容词可数名词复数主语谓语！”。3. “ What 形容词不可
10、数名词主语谓语！”二、由 how 引导的感叹句，其句子结构也分为三种：1. “ How 形容词 / 副词主语谓语！”。如：2.：“ How 形容词 a/an 可数名词单数主语谓语！”。3. “ How 主语谓语！ ”由 what 引导的感叹句与由 how 引导的感叹句有时可以转换，但句中部分单词的顺序要有所变化。如：1，How beautiful a girl she is! What a beautiful girl she is!,三、有时感叹句也可以由一个单词、词组、祈使句、陈述句等构成。Good idea! （好主意！） wonderful! （太精彩了！） Thank goodnes
11、s! （谢天谢地！）祈使句1 祈使句用以表达命令，要求，请求，劝告等。,2 动词原形开头， Take this seat.3 否定结构句首加 Dont 4 反意疑问句用 will you / wont you?（1），(Dont) open the door, will you / wont you?,（2）， Let us have another try，will you / wont you?（3），Lets have another try，shall we / shant we?形容词比较级和最高级一 、英语形容词比较等级有三个：原级，比较级和最高级。1、规则变化1）单音节词末尾加-
12、er（比较级） ，-est （最高级）2）单音节如以 e 结尾，只加-r（比较级） ，-st（最高级）3）闭音节单音节词如末尾只有一个辅音字母，须先双写这个辅音字母，再加-er（比较级） ，-est（最高级）big thin fat slim hot wet red 4）辅音字母+y,则变 y 为-i，再加-er 和-est 。5）部分双音节和多音节词皆在前面加单词 more 和 most。6）不规则变化原级 比较级 最高级good/well -better best bad- worse- worst many/muchmore- mostlittle -less least far-far
13、ther/further -farthest/furthest注：有些形容词一般没有比较等级。如： right, wrong, woolen 等。原级（同级）比较：2、as+形容词/副词+as; not as(so) +形容词/ 副词+as3、比较级：表示两者之间比 常用 than 可用状语 much, a lot ,a little, even 等修饰：4、最高级：最高级前必须加 the, 副词最高级前常省略 the，后面多用 of， in短语表示范围：5、特殊：John is the cleverer of the two boys.5、 用比较级表示最高级：约翰是班里最高的男生。-Joh
14、n is taller than any other boy in the class. -John is the tallest boy in the class.5、 the +比较级 the +比较级，表示“越越”:6、 more and more+多音节，表示 “越来越”:7 形容词前如加 less 和 least 则表示“较不“ 和“最不“ less important 较不重要 8 that 代指单数和不可数 these 代指复数-TheweatherinShanghai is hotter than that in Beijing.9 Shanghai is one of the
15、biggest cities inChina. 上海是中国最大城市之一。比较级、最高级1.He didnt pass the exam and his teacher looked at him _(angry) .2You are very (care).3I have many (care) students. 4.You planned everything _(well) than I did .5.Ann is as _ as Millie .(care)6Ann writes as _ as Millie .(care)7.Jim works _ than any other st
16、udent in his class .(hard)8.The _(busy) he is , the _(happy) he feels .9.Nobody can jump _(far) than the boy in his class .10.A large number of people go abroad to study _ .(far)11.He talked _(little) of all at the meeting .12. It rained .越来越大。【2011 泰州】5.Who is suitable for the new chairperson of th
17、e Students Union?David is. He is _ enough to come up with new ideas.A. imaginative B. humorous C. modest D. outgoing【2011 无锡】 There used to be lots of fish in the lake. Yes, but there are very _ now.A. few B. fewer C. little D. less【2011 无锡】 Nanjing isnt so large _ Shanghai, however, its the second
18、_ city in East China.A. like; largest B. as; largest C. like; large D. as; large 【2011苏州】 During this years Reading Week, I read the most books in our class. No one read _ books than I. A. many B. more C. few D. fewer 【2011 连云港】9.How amazing the noodle is!Yes, it is _,and breaks the Guinness World R
19、ecord as the longest handmade noodle.A.1,704meterlong B.1,704meterslong C.1,704 meter long D.1,704 meters long【2011 江苏徐州】14. Weve got no coffee. Lets have tea _.A. either B. however C. yet D. instead【2012 江苏连云港】7. The First Huaguoshan International Golf Open was success that we enjoyed ourselves ver
20、y much.A. such a great B. a such great C. so a great D. a so great【2012 江苏宿迁】11. Jack, is there in todays newspaper? No, nothing.A. anything important B. something important C . important anything D. important something【2012 江苏徐州】11. Why are you so , Amy?I thought I lost my purse, but I didnt. I fou
21、nd it in my study!A. angry B. happy C. sad D. nervous【2012 江苏盐城】7.This schoolbag is not expensive. And the price of it is the of the three.A. lowest B. biggest C. highest D. smallest【2012 江苏镇江】12. He speaks French well, but of course not _ a person born in France.A. as clear as B. clearer than C. as
22、 clearly as D. the more clearly【2012 江苏连云港】5.Have you bought for Lindas birthday?Not exactly. Just some flowers,A. something unusual B. anything unusual C. unusual something D. unusual anything【2012 江苏宿迁】17. The meat smells . Throw it away.A. well B. good C. badly D. bad【2013 徐州】50. I _ watch this T
23、V programme. Its very interesting. A. often B. never C. hardly D. seldom【2013 扬州】110. Eagle Father was so_ with his son that he kept the four-year-old son running in the snow without clothes.A. pleased B. sorry C. careful D. strict过 去 完 成 时一、 过 去 完 成 时 表 示 在 过 去 某 一 时 间 或 动 作 之 前 已 经 发 生 或 完 成 了 的 动
24、 作 或 状 态 。 它 表 示 句 子 中 描 述 的 动 作 发 生 在 “过 去 的 过 去 ”。 基 本 结 构 ： 主 语 +had+过 去 分 词二 、 基 本 用 法1 表 示 在 过 去 某 一 时 刻 或 动 作 以 前 完 成 了 的 动 作 ， 可 以 用 by, before 等 介 词 短 语 或一 个 时 间 状 语 从 句 来 表 示 ，I had finished reading the novel bynineoclock last night. They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
25、 2 是 指 过 去 某 一 动 作 之 前 已 经 发 生 或 完 成 的 动 作 ， 即 动 作 有 先 后 关 系 ， 动 作 在 前 的 用过 去 完 成 时 ， 在 后 的 用 一 般 过 去 时 。4) When we reached the cinema,the film had begun3 宾 语 从 句 中 当 宾 语 从 句 的 主 句 为 一 般 过 去 时 ， 且 从 句 的 动 作 先 于 主 句 的 动 作 时 ， 从 句 要 用 过 去 完成 时 。 在 told, said, knew, heard, thought 等 动 词 后 的 宾 语 从 句 。如
26、： She said that she had seen thefilmbefore. 三、用 should, ought to, had better, have to, and must 提建议1. should/ought to 应该must 表示“必须”，侧重于说话人的主观意志。have to 表示“ 必须”，侧重于客观的需要，含有“不得不 ”的意味。had better ( 常缩写为d better) ，表示“最好”，had better do sth.。had better not do sth. 表示“最好不要做”。四、用 why not, why dont youand per
27、haps提建议Why not?/ Why dont you ? 后面必须跟动词原形。动词不定式1. (主语)It is unhealthy for you to eat too much. =To eat too much is unhealthy for you.2.Predictive (表语) My dream is to be a great football player.3.Object (宾语)不定式可以接在有些动词后作宾语, 如: hope, promise, plan, learn, decide, choose, prepare, agree, remember, forg
28、et, seemPlease dont forget to take part in our club party.4.Object Complement (宾语补足语) My parents do not allow me to go out after 6 p.m.这样的搭配有： allow need advise want tell ask order有些动宾结构可以接省略“to”的不定式作宾补。(使役动词) make/ let/ have sb. do sth.（感官动词) see/hear/notice/watch sb. do sth.在被动语态中 “to” 要还原。Millie
29、is made to do plenty of exercises.5.Attributive (定语) Mr Wu is always the last to leave.不定式作定语通常放在被修饰的词之后。I have some more to say. There is need to tell him the truth.He said he found a chair to sit on. 6 Adverbial 表目的 He stayed there to see what would happen.Adverbial 表结果 Linda came back home to fin
30、d her house on fire.（二）疑问词+不定式动词 1) She found out where she could buy cheaper fruits.=She found out where to buy cheaper fruits.间接引语 间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。1. 直接引语转换成间接引语时应注意几个变化:A .人称的变化She said, “I am tired.” She said that she was tired.B.时态的变化：1. 主句谓语是现在时，从句的时态不变He asks, “Is Tom an Englishman?” He asks
31、 if/whether Tom is an Englishman.2. 主句谓语是过去时，从句的时态要相应地降一级一般现在时一般过去时 一般将来时 过去将来时现在进行时过去进行时 现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时3. 直接引语改为间接引语时时态不变的情况(1) 当表示的是客观事实或真理的时候,时态不变。The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east.C.连接词1. 被引用的句子是陈述句, 只需要在句子前面加 that ,在口语中及非正式用语中常常省略,如:Dad said to me, “I enjoy cartoons very
32、much.” Dad told me (that) he enjoys cartoons very much.2. 如果被引用的句子是一般疑问句，这个时候要用 if / whether 引导从句。如:He asked, “Do you like Chinese tea?” He asked me if/ whether I liked Chinese tea.whether/ if 之异同：(1) 强调两方面的选择，特别是句中有 or not 时。如：(4) 在介词之后作介词的宾语时。如： I havent settled the question of whether Ill go back
33、 home.(5) 在不定式前与不定式一起组成词组时。如： Whether to go or stay is still a question.4. 当被引用的句子是祈使句时,改为间接引语时用 ask, want , tell , order 等表示，如:Tommy said to Linda, “Go to close the door.” Tommy asked Linda to go to close the door.The man said to the children, “Dont play with fire.”The man told / ordered the childr
34、en not to play with fire.D. 指示代词，地点状语的变化直接引语 间接引语this that指示代词these those地点状语 here therecome go动 词bring takeE .时间状语的变化F 用陈述语序2. Shirley asked Mary, “Are you from America?” Shirley asked Mary if she is from America.反义疑问句一、基本形式：You cant do it, can you? 你不能做它，是吗？否定 肯定 They are very late for the meeting
35、, arent they? 他们开会迟到了，是吗？肯定 否定当陈述句中含有 be 动词，助动词，或是情态动词时，反问句部分由这些词加上主语人称代词构成，Be 动词包括：am, is, are, was, were助动词有：do, does, did, havehas（用在完成时）, had（用在过去完成时）等情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, will, would, shall, should二、反意疑问句的陈述部分带有 little, few, never, hardly, seldom，nobody, nothing,no 等否直接引语 间接引语now
36、todaytonightthis week/year/termthenthat daythat nightthat week/year/termthree days agoyesterday eveninglast weekyesterdaythe day before yesterdaythree days beforethe evening beforethe week beforethe day beforetwo days beforetomorrowtomorrow morningthe day after tomorrownext week/month/yearthe next d
37、aythe next morningtwo days later/afterthe next week/month/yearF定意义的词时，问句部分用肯定式。如： She never tells a lie, does she? He was seldom late, was he?三、陈述部分带有 dislike,unhappy,useless 等加前后缀构成否定意义的词时，问句部分用否定四、反意疑问句的陈述部分为 I am时，问句部分习惯上用 arent I？表示。陈述部分的主语为不定代词 something, anything,等时，问句部分的主语用 it。主语为不定代词 somebod
38、y (someone), anybody 等)时，问句部分的主语用 he 或 they， 五、 陈述部分为祈使句1）若为 lets 引导，反问句用 shall we? 2）若为 let us 引导 和其余的任何一般的否定祈使句，都用 will you, 3）Please(dont) open the window, will you? 打开窗，好吗？六、He doesnt think she is right, is she?反意疑问句1、Few of them hurt themselves in the accident last night,_A. dont they B. didnt
39、they C. did they D. do they2、 -Youve never seen dinosaur eggs, have you ?-_. How I wish to visit the Dinosaur World.A. Yes, I have B. No, I havent C. Certainly, I have D. Of course, I havent5、John can hardly understand any Chinese, _he?A. Cant B. doesnt C. can D. does6.Dont smoke in the meeting-room
40、,_?A. do you B. will you C. can you D. could you9、The lady couldnt say a word when she saw the snake,_?A. could the lady B. couldnt the lady C. could she D. couldnt she14、Tina is unhappy now,_?A. isnt she B. is she C. is he D.did she21、Hes never been to a foreign country,_?A. has he B. does he C. ha
41、snt he D. doesnt he22、There is some water in that bottle, isnt _A. there B. it C. that D.those26Lets go and play football,_?A. will you B. do you C. wont you D. shall we27、-The boy has to stay at home to look after his little sister,_?A. does he B. is he C. doesnt he D. hasnt he5、He thinks his aunt
42、is right. (改为反意疑问句)He thinks his aunt is right,_ _?9a Unit 1 句型一：It is/was + adj. +of sb. (not) to do 这里形容词是对人的品质、特征等的修饰、说明某人（不）做某事是怎么样的It is very kind of Jackie Chan to raise money for charities. Jackie Chan _ _ _ raise money for charities.It is not wrong of Lucy to help Lily.Lucy _ _ _ _ help Lily
43、.类似句型 1：It is/was + adj. + for sb. +to do sth.对某人来说，做某事是怎么样的。这里的形容词是对做的事的好坏等性质的修饰、说明1. It is easy _ me _ speak English.2. It was quite difficult _ the child _ lift(举) such a heavy box.类似句型 2：It is/was adj.+ that 引导从句. 对某人来说，做某事是怎么样的。 1. 在步行前先训练自己是有必要的。It is necessary that you train yourself before t
44、he walk.转换成: Its necessary _ you _ train yourself before the walk.句型二：to be + adj. +enough + to do 某人足够以至于注意：enough adj./adv. + enough; enough+ n./n.+enough用 to be + adj. +enough + to do 句型改写下列句子：1. Its patient of you to wait for two hours here.You _ _ _ _ wait for two hours here.2. He is kind. He h
45、elps me with my English.Hes _ _ _ help me with my English.Its _ _ _ _ help me with my English.其它类似句型及其转换：suchthat, sothat, enough to, tooto1. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.= He is _ young _ he cant go to school.= He is _ _ enough_ go to school.= He is _ young _ go to school.3. Mr.
46、 Wu is so patient that he spends much time explaining things to us.=Mr. Wu is _ _ _ spend much time explaining things to us. 4. The panda is so fat that it cant go through the hole.=The panda is _ _ _ go through the hole.句子成分 . 主语 subject The classroom is very big. 表语(predicative) 联系动词后面的成分叫表语， 主语 + 连系动词
