1、1(一)形容词和副词概述形容词是指那些用来描述或修饰名词(或代词) 的一类词。一般放在其所修饰的名词之前。在句中用作定语、表语、补语、状语等。多数形容词具有比较等级。副词是用以修饰动词、形容词、句子以及其他副词的词。在形式上,许多副词带有后缀 ly。形容词、副词是中学英语重要语法项目,也是中考重要考查内容。考查重点是:(1)考查形容词与副词区别。形容词与副词均属修饰性词类,但因被修饰内容有所不同而具备不同的用法,中考非常注重对此进行考查,在单项选择题中出现了大量此类试题。(2)考查“级” 的范围。两个事物进行比较应使用比较级,三个或三个以上事物进行比较应使用最高级。(3)考查比较级、最高级的注
2、意点:同类事物进行比较。将主语排除在被比较的范围之外的比较,因为主语只能和他人或他物相比,而不能和自己相比。使用最高级时应将主语包含在最高级的范围之内,否则离开这个范围,主语便不能成为这个范围中的最高级。(4)考查比较级的重要句型。比较级有许多热点句型:from bad to worse/worse and worse(每况愈下);more and more(越来越多的,越来越);the+比较级,the+比较级(越 越)。(5)考查 as as 同级比较句型。(6)考查比较级的程度修饰语。比较级的程度修饰语有:much ,a 1ot,even,still,a bit,a little 等。(7
3、)考查易混形容词与副词的区别(二)基础知识梳理1形容词的用法和位置1)形容词作表语,表明主语的性质和特征,放在连系动词之后。如:Computers are very useful in our everyday lifeLeaves turn yellow in autumn22)形容词作定语,修饰名词或不定代词,通常放在名词之前,不定代词之后。如:This is an unhealthy dietThere is nothing important in todays newspaper3)形容词作宾语补足语,放在宾语之后,与其构成复合宾语。如:You should keep your cl
4、assroom clean and tidyI found it difficult to get on well with the manager2副词的用法和位置1)副词修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,表示动作、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。根据其用途与含义,副词可分为下列六大类:(1)时间副词。常用的有:ago,before,now,then,soon,already,yet 等。(2)地点副词。常用的有:here, there, up,down, above,below,inside, outside 等。(3)疑问副词。常见的有:where,when,why,how 等。(4)程度副词。常
5、见的有:very,much,so,too,quite,enough 等。(5)方式副词。多由“形容词+ly”后缀构成。如:carefully ,quickly ,easily,quietly等。(6)频度副词。常用的有:always,often,sometimes,usually,hardly,never等。2)副词在句中主要用作状语。也可充当定语、表语等。如:Its snowing heavily outside(状语,修饰动词)I have never heard such a beautiful voice(状语,修饰动词)unluckily, he failed in this phy
6、sics exam again(状语,修饰整个句子)He was too excited to say a word(状语,修饰形容词)Class is over(表语)The weather here is different from that of Singapore(定语)33)程度副词通常位于被修饰的形容词副词之前,但 enough 则要放在后面。如:It was much more freezing today than yesterdayHe ran so fast that I couldnt catch up with himWe got up early enough to
7、 catch the first bus4)频度副词通常位于行为动词之前,be 动词、助动词和情态动词之后,但一般不放在句末。如:I have never been late for classYou must always work like that5)几个副词同时出现时,其顺序一般为:方式副词+地点副词+时间副词(也可位于句首)。3形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的构成分为三种类型:1)在大多数单音节词和少数双音节词的词尾加 er,est。(1)一般情况在词尾加-er,est。如:hard harder hardest(2)以字母 e 结尾的只加-r,-st
8、 。如:large larger largest(3)以辅音字母+y 结尾的,先改 y 为 i,再加-er,est。如:healthy healthier healthiest(4)单元音单辅音结尾的重读闭音节,先双写该辅音,再加-er,est。如:thin thinner thinnest注:词尾为 ow,er,le 结尾的双音节词都采用这种形式。如:narrow narrower narrowestclever cleverer cleverestsimple simpler simplest2)在多音节和部分双音节词的词前加 more,most。另外,由过去分词转化而成的形容词,不论多少
9、个音节都用这种形式。如:serious more serious most serious4popular more popular most populartired more tired most tiredpleased more pleased most pleased3)不规则变化:good/well better bestbad/ill/badly worse worstmany/much more mostlittle less leastfar farther/further farthest/furthestold older/elder oldest/eldest4形容词和
10、副词的比较级和最高级的用法1)同级比较。常用句型为:肯定结构:as+形容词(副词)原级+ as否定结构:not so (as)+形容词(副词)原级 +as 如: Our garden is as beautiful as theirs.Jane didnt write as/so carefully as her elder sister.上述本句型前可以有表示倍数或分数的修饰语,如:This room is three times as large as that one.2)程度不等的比较,常与 than 连用,其基本句型是: A+形容词(副词)比较级+ than B如:Shanghai
11、is bigger than any other city in China. Which do you like better, strawberries or grapes?3)最高级。最高级用于三者或三者以上的比较,其结构是:the+形容词(副词)最高级+比较范围(of/among/in 短语) 如: Spring is the best season in Shanghai.David is the cleverest among the three brothers. Tom jumps (the) farthest of all the students.注:副词的最高级前 the
12、 可以省略。55学习比较等级时的些注意事项1)比较的对象应当一致。如:Its hotter in Guangzhou than Beijing.(误)Its hotter in Guangzhou than in Beijing.(正)A womans heart beats faster than a man.(误)A womans heart beats faster than a mans.(正)2)不能与自身相比较。应借助 other 或 else 来表达排除。如:Beckham is more popular than any football player in the world
13、.(误) Beckham is more popular than any other football player in the world(正)Beckham is more popular than all the other football players in the world.(正)Beckham is more popular than any football player, else in the world.(正)Beckham is the most popular football player in the world.(正)3)形容词和副词的比较级前可以用以下
14、单词来修饰:much, even, far, a bit, a little, a lot,still 等。This pair of shoes is even cheaper.The new textbook is a little thicker than the old one.He is five years younger than I.4)在比较级的句子中出现“of the two”之类的结构时,比较级前也需加定冠词 the。如:He is the shorter of the two boys.Which is the larger country, Canada or Aust
15、ralia?5)“比较级 + and+比较级”结构,表示 “越来越”,多音节词则要用“more+ and+more+原级”。如:A block of ice is becoming smaller and smaller.I am more and more interested in history.66)“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越是 就越 ”。如:The sooner, the better.(越快越好。)The busier he is, the happier he feels.形容词和副词经典例题1. “We must keep _ in the library
16、.” the woman said _ to me. A. quiet;quietly B. quietly;quietly C.quietly;quiet D. quiet;quiet2. This kind of T-shirt looks _ and sells _.A. nice well B. nice good C. wellwell D. good nice3. John was so sleepy that he could hardly keep his eyes _.A. open B. to be opened C. to open D. opening4. There
17、is _ interesting in Channel 7. Try others.A. something B. nothing C. anything D. everything5. I cant get anything on TV. There must be _with it.A. wrong something B. wrong nothing C. something wrong D. nothing wrong6. None of the students watched the experiment _, did they? A. careful enough B. care
18、fully enough C. enough careful D. enough carefully7. A: “Has your mother come back home?”B: “_.”7A. Not yet B. Not already C. Not still D. Not ever8. There was a _ talk between the two leaders last week.A. friend B. friendship C. friendly D. really9_ the temperature is, _ water turns into steam. A.
19、The high the fast B. Higher. faster C. The more higher the faster D. The higher, the faster10. We can do the job better with _ money and _ people.A. lessless B. fewer. fewer C. less fewer D. fewerless11. Linda has received _ that she is unable to get a job.A. such little education B. so little educa
20、tionC. a such little education D. a so little education12. He eats _ food, but he is _ fat.A. much too too much B. much tootoo many C. too muchmuch too D. too much.many too13. Many students think foreign languages are _science subjects.A. more difficult as B.less difficult than C. much difficult tha
21、n D.so difficult as14. Yangpu Bridge is one of _ in the world.A. bigger bridge B. the biggest bridge C. the biggest bridges D. bigger bridges815.It is _to travel by plane than by ship.A. a lot more excited B. much excitingC. a lot more exciting D. much more excited1、sport、game、match 、 race 的区别:sport
22、 通常指 “户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game 意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match 意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race 主要表示 “赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy sports.(全世界的人都喜爱运动)The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008 奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句)Our school football team won the league match(联赛)。(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军)They
23、were strong and won the boat race.(汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)2、festival、holiday 、vacation 的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行)Sunday is a holiday and most people do not
24、work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作)What are you going to do during the summer vacation/holidays?(在暑期你打算做什么事情?)93、journey、tour、trip、 travel 的区别:journey 指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour 指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip 通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel 多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mi
25、nd to make the journey to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了)He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次)Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your travels?(旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?)Travelling through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)4、sound、noise、voice 的区别:sound 指各
26、种声音; noise 主要指“噪音”;voice 指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)5、fish 的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用 fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼; fish 指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)