1、高 考 冲 刺之 阅读理解（四）,第六部分主旨大意题型,题型解读：主旨大意题在高考阅读理解中出现的频率很高，因为这类题主要考查考生在理解全文的基础上运用概括、判断、归纳、推理等逻辑思维的方法对文章进行高度的概括或总结的能力。测试点主要体现在对文章的主题、目的、中心思想的把握以及标题的选择。,命题考点,主旨大意题提问的形式主要有两类：一类是与主题思想(main idea)和作者意图有关的题型；一类是和标题有关的题型( topic或title)。 常见的设问方式有： 标题类：Whats the best title/headline for the passage？ Whats the topic
2、 of the text ?,大意类：The text is mainly about _. The topic/subject discussed in the passage is _ . From the passage，we can conclude that _ . Which of the following best expresses the main idea？/ Whats the main idea of the text ? What does the passage mainly discuss? Which of the following can best sum
3、marize the main idea of this text？ From the passage we learn that _. 作者意图类：Whats the writers purpose in writing the passage？ The writers purpose is that _. In the passage the writer argues that _.,解题策略,（1）把握文章逻辑结构，快速找出主题 高考阅读理解文章的主要逻辑结构： 时间顺序。按时间先后顺序说明某一事件、某一理论的发展过程，属于这种结构的文章主题通常在首段或末段。 “总说分述”结构。首段做
4、总的说明，其他段落分别说明或具体论述首段的观点，属于这种结构的文章主题在首段。最典型的是新闻报道类文章，此类体裁的文章在近年高考阅读中逐渐增多。一般这类文章都有固定格式：城市名称(新闻社)新闻内容。掌握一些国际知名新闻社的英文名称是必要的，路透社Reuters，美联社Associated Press，法新社Agence France Presse。 “分述总说”结构。前面几段分别说明，末段总结。属于这种结构的文章主题在末段。,（2）寻找主题句，确定文章中心思想 不是所有的文章都有主题句，但是对于大部分有主题句的文章来说，主题句表达了文章的中心思想，找到了主题句，也就抓住了文章的主旨大意。根据主
5、题句呈现的形式可以用以下方法： 读首句抓大意。 说明文、议论文等多采用这种结构，文章段落的中心，即主题句在文章开头。因此，要寻找这类文章的主旨大意就需研究文章的首句。,【例题】 Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to stealSuch a person is not really a thiefThey are sick and cannot help themselvesAll small children act naturally and as they grow up they n
6、ormally learn to control their actionsPeople with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to themWith medical help they may become normal citizens againThe things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great valueTh
7、ey often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them,Question：What is the topic of the text？ AYoung Thieves BAn Unusual Illness CReasons for Stealing DA Normal Childs Actions 【解析】该题的答案，就是由文章第一句话而得，答案为B。,读尾句抓大意。 有时文章的主题句安排在文章的结尾，作为对全篇的总结。 【例题】On the night of the party Merlin
8、 rolled into the room playing his violinEveryone was astonished to see him There was just one problemMerlin had no way to stop his roller skaterHe rolled on and onSuddenly he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wallDown fell the mirror，breaking to piecesNobody forgot Merlins grand entranc
9、e for a long time！,Question：What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the paragraph？ AThe roller skates needed further improvement BThe party guests took Merlin for a fool！ CMerlin succeeded beyond expectation DMerline got himself into trouble 【解析】这段文字从Merlin入场的细节开始叙述，到最后一句做了总结：“大家很长一段时
10、间都没有忘记Merlin不同凡响的入场。”可见Merlin取得了意想不到的成功。答案为C。,读首尾段抓大意。 有些文章或段落的开头和结尾部分都有主题句。这种结构是为突出主题思想而使用两次点题的写作方法。这两个主题句在句子结构和用词上有所不同，而且在内容上前句和后句也不重复。 【例题】As prices and building costs keep rising，the“do-it-yourself”（DIY）trend（趋势）in the UScontinues to grow John and Jim are not unusual peopleMost families in the c
11、ountry are doing everything they can to save money so they can fight the high cost of livingIf you want to become a“do-it-yourself”，you can go to DIY classesAnd for those who dont have time to take a course，there are books that tell you how you can do things yourself,Question：What would be the best
12、title for the text？ AThe Joy of DIY BYou Can Do It Too！ CWelcome to Our DIY Course！ DRoss and Hatfield：Believers in DIY 【解析】读文章第一段和最后一段会发现答案是B。,从段落中抓大意。 有些文章或段落的主题句居中，这种文章或段落往往以一句或几句话引出要表达的主题，在主题句出现后，再举例子陈述细节或继续论证。 【例题】In the 1930s，a lot of people in the USA were out of workAmong these people was a
13、man named Alfred ButtsHe always had an interest in word games and to fill his time he planned a game which he called“Lexico” However，he was not completely satisfied with the game，so he made a number of changes to it and changed its name from“Lexico”to“Alph”and,then to“Criss Cross”He wanted to make s
14、ome money from his new game but he didnt have any real commercial（商业性的）success Question：The text is mainly about _ ALexico Bthree men Ca word game DAlfred Butts 【解析】根据这一段落中间部分的叙述，我们能推断出答案是C。,归纳要点抓大意。 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句，只是暗示性地体现主题。这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意。 【例题】In Shanxi Province you may be o
15、ffered brains to eat Frightened？You shouldnt be，because these brains are only a kind of food，which is famous for its unusual name and rich nutrition（营养） Brains as a kind of food were invented more than 300 years ago by Fu Shan，an artist whose mother had been ill for a long timeTo help her become wel
16、l again，he studied medicine and invented a kind of soup（汤）made of meat，vegetables and a number of Chinese medicinesRice wine was also used in the soup to help illness caused by old ageFus soup became the talk of the,townMany people came to see himOne day a restaurant owner asked him what was in the
17、soup“Ill tell you，”Fu said，“but if your restaurant is going to sell the soup，you must call it brains because of its shape and colorAnd your restaurant should be renamed after my mother” Question：The best headline for this newspaper article is _ AA Good Son BA SpecialSoup CHow to Make Brains DHow to
18、Live a Long Life 【解析】要解答此题，必须通读全文。读完全文，并结合各段大意，本文主旨凸现出来，答案应是B。,将首段中心句和各段第一句话连接成一个整体，得出文章主题 通常有些文章会在首段提出一个重要论点，随后在各段分别进一步从不同角度继续阐述，这样我们可以找出首段的中心句，再将其和各段第一句串联在一起，就可以得出文章的中心思想。 【例题】(06北京卷D篇71题) Question ：Which is the best title for the passage？ A.Societal Conditions in Premodern Times B.Practices of Re
19、ducing Maternal Attachment C.Poor Health Service and High Infant Death Rate D. Differences between Modern and Premodern Parents,【解析】从文中第一段：Perhaps to prevent the sadness that infant death caused，a number of societal practices developed which worked against early attachment of mother and child. 第二段：O
20、ne of these premodern attachment-discouraging practices was to leave infants unnamed until they had survived into the second year. 第三段：A third practice which had the same distancing effect was wet-nursing. 从第一段的中心句和各段的第一句不难看出，这篇文章的标题应该是Practices of Reducing Maternal Attachment.,（3）逆向思维法解标题类问题 针对这类题型
21、，考生不妨思考一下，“如果我是作者，遇到这样的标题，文章应该怎样写？”【例题】(05全国I卷B篇62题) Question ： What would be the best title for the text？ A.A Cross-country Trip B.A Special Border Pass C.An Unguarded Border D.An Expensive Church Visit,【解析】如果标题是A Cross-country Trip，那么文章应该讲述一次出境旅行；如果标题是A Special Border Pass，那么文章应该着重讲一个特殊的边境通行证；如果标题
22、是An Unguarded Border，那么文章应该侧重讲边境如何不设防；如果标题是An Expensive Church Visit，那么文章应该讲一次礼拜如何花费昂贵了。经过这样的逆向思维，我们不难发现文章的内容恰好与标题An Expensive Church Visit一致，因此应该选D。,主旨题的注意事项,（1）段落中出现转折时,该句很可能是主题句 （2）作者有意识的反复重复的观点通常是主旨 （3）首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨 （4）提出文章主旨时常伴有的文字提示:therefore, thus, but, however, in short等等,主旨题疑点点拨,1.
23、主旨题的选项特点: (1）正确选项特点:不出现细节信息;不含过分肯定或绝对意义的词 (2)干扰项特点:细节信息明显;过于笼统 2.主旨题寻读策略：主旨大意题(大意和标题题)属归纳概括题。找准文章的主题句是关键。 (1)“主题句定位法”是一种行之有效的方法。往往可以在第一句和最后一句找到答案。 (2)标题选择题“三性”策略。选择标题要看选项是否具有“概括性、针对性和醒目性”。,主旨题强化检测,（08天津）I love charity(慈善) shops and so do lots of other people in Britain because you find quite a few o
24、f them on every high street. The charity shop is a British institution, selling everything from clothes to electric goods, all at very good prices. You can get things you wont find in the shops anymore. The thing I like best about them is that your money is going to a good cause and not into the poc
25、kets of profit-driven companies, and you are not damaging the planet, but finding a new home for unwanted goods. The first charity shop was opened in 1947 by Oxfam. The famous charitys appeal to aid postwar Greece had been so successful it had been flooded with donations(捐赠物). They decided to set up
26、 a shop to sell some of these donations to raise money for that appeal. Now there are over 7,000 charity shops in the UK. My favourite charity shop in my hometown is the Red Cross shop, where I always find childrens books, all 10 or 20 pence each.,Most of the people working in the charity shops are
27、volunteers, although there is often a manager who gets paid. Over 90% of the goods in the charity shops are donated by the public. Every morning you see bags of unwanted items outside the front of shops, although they dont encourage this, rather ask people to bring things in when the shop is open. T
28、he shops have very low running costs: all profits go to charity work. Charity shops raise more than 110 million a year, funding（资助）medical research, overseas aid, supporting sick and poor children, homeless and disabled people, and much more. What better place to spend your money? You get something
29、special for a very good price and a good moral sense. You provide funds to a good cause and tread lightly on the environment.,Question: Which of the following may be the best title for the passage?A. What to Buy a Charity Shops.B. Charity Shop: Its Origin & Development.C. Charity Shop: Where You Buy to Donate.D. The Publics Concern about Charity Shops.,答案与解析：选C 主旨大意题。本文的最后一句为主题句。由“a good moral sense (好的道德感)“和“You provide funds to a good cause（你为一项有意义的事业提供资金）“可知 C项为最好题目。“Charity Shop: Where You Buy To Donate. （慈善商店-一个买东西就相当于捐款的地方。）,
