1、句法部分北京外国语大学1. In a coherent piece of writing, words and clauses are tied together in some ways. Use the following text to discuss what are some of the ways of tying together words and clauses to make a coherent piece of writing. (30 points) (2009)With the careful dress of a bank manager and a flat,
2、classless accent, John Major is impossible to pigeonhole on either right or left of the Conservative Party. He has made remarkably few enemies in his rapid rise, although his easygoing charm reputedly conceals “a bit of temper”, and he can be caustic. Nevertheless, he numbers Labour MPs among his lo
3、ng-standing friends.II. Answer the following questions.1. What is the aim of IC (immediate constituent) analysis? Make an IC analysis of the following sentence by means of either brackets or a tree diagram. (2010)My mother said Mary liked the handbag 2. What is your comment on the following paragrap
4、h? Rewrite it and explain why you want to rewrite it that way. (2010)One winter morning when Father left the Riding Club on horseback, Fathers horse fell with Father. Not only did the stupid animal fall but the animal landed on Fathers foot. Father pulled Fathers foot out from under, got the horse u
5、p, and went on to the Park for Fathers ride. But Father found later that one of Fathers toes had bent and that Father couldnt straighten the toe out.3. Suppose you are teaching an Englishspeaking person Chinese. How would you help him/ her interpret the following sentences, esp. the relationships be
6、tween the noun phrases at the beginning of the sentences and the verbs? Could you classify the sentences into different groups and suggest strategies for interpreting each group? (2008)(1) 钱你先垫着。(2) 这件事你可以写一部小说。(3) 报纸我包书。(4) 小王我已经告诉他了。(5) 我结婚的都送这个。(6) 动物园跑了一只熊。(7) 谁都了解这个情况。(8) 哪个地方都买不到适合我穿的衣服。北京第二外国
7、语学院I. Complete each of the following statements.1. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called_. (2010, 2008)II. Fulfill the following requirements.1. Bloomfield introduced the IC analysis, whose full name is _ analysis. (2010)A. Internal Component B. Innate Capa
8、cityC. Internal Constituent D. Immediate Constituent2. A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules which specify which sequences of language are possible, and which impossible, is a _ grammar. (2010)A. systemic B. generative C. descriptive D. functional3. Clarify what “American history
9、teachers” means by using IC Analysis. (2010)4. Tell whether each of the underlined parts is endocentric or exocentric. 1) the professor who enjoys bragging of his publications (2010)2) the issue in question (2010, 2009)3) He left because he was tired. (2009)4) a bridge damaged beyond repair (2008)5)
10、 the matter open to argument (2008)6) the professor who plagiarized (2007)7) the design out of the question (2007)8) the year to follow (2007)9) the man who did come (2007)5. Analyze the sentence “The boy chased the dog.” by means of IC. (2009)Analyze the phrase “more beautiful flowers” by means of
11、IC. (2008)6. Distinguish between the two possible meanings of the phrase “small childs cot” by means of IC analysis. (2007)III. Determine if each of the following statements is true or false.1. The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences “Jan lent some money to Jack” and “Jack b
12、orrowed some money form Jan” are synonymous. (2010)2. Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb, and they were separated in traditional grammar. （2007）IV. Answer each of the following questions briefly.1. How do you understand syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? (2010)2. What is
13、syntax? (2009)首都师范大学I. Match the terms with their definitions.1. syntactic categories e. words grouped together sharing similar features (2010)II. Give short definitions with illustrations and/or examples.1. coordination rule (2009)北京航空航天大学I. Define the following terms in linguistic studies.1. cohes
14、ion (2010)2. syntax (2009)3. adjunct (2007)II. Briefly answer the following questions.1. What are endocentric constructions and exocentric constructions? Exemplify the two notions. (2009)2. What are the main concerns of syntax? (2007)北京师范大学1. Explain why the sentence John saw a girl with a telescope
15、 is ambiguous, and explain the ambiguity by drawing two or more syntactic trees for the sentence. (2007)2. What are syntagmatic and paradigmatic relations? Explain each of them with an example. (2007)南京大学I. Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? For those you find ambiguous, paraphrase them
16、 so as to illustrate why they are ambiguous.(1) This is my colleague, Frank.(2) Are you tired of cleaning yourself? Let us do it.(3) In the film, Pat was a witch.(4) He promised me to come next week.(5) Patent medicines are sold by frightening people.(6) Dog for sale: eats anything and is fond of ch
17、ildren.(7) I found something interesting on the Internet.(8) Killer Sentenced to Die for Second Time in 10 years.南开大学1. The following phrases include a head, a complement and (in some cases) a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree diagram with labels indicating these categories for each phrase.(1) in
18、to the housePP(2) full of mistakesAP(3) perhaps earned the moneyVP(4) that argument with OwenNP天津外国语学院I. Multiple choices.1. Split infinitives such as to really understand is a change in the _ feature of words. (2009)A. lexical B. semantic C. syntactical D. segmental2. The requirement that the forms
19、 of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of number and gender is known as _. (2009)A. concord B. governmentC. either A or B D. none of the above3. _ is used as the criterion for determining the boundary between two ICs. (2009)A. Intuition B. Transformat
20、ion C. Substitutability D. Government4. Uninterruptibility of a word means that _.A. words are the most stable of all linguistic units, in respect of their internal structureB. new elements are not to be inserted into a wordC. pauses are not allowed to be used between the parts of a wordD. both B an
21、d C厦门大学1. There are lexical ambiguity and structural ambiguity. How do you think ambiguity can be resolved? Please use examples. (2007)大连外国语学院I. Mark the following statements with “T” if they are true or “F” if they are false.1. In English, nouns have three casesnominative, accusative and genitive.
22、(2008)II. Mark the choice that best completes the statements.1. The structural approach to the analysis of language is connected with _. (2008)A. theme and rheme B. government and bindingC. immediate constituent analysisIII. Essay questions.1. Illustrate “immediate constituent analysis”. (2008)IV. I
23、llustrate the following with a tree diagram. (2007)“the woman beat a baby”V. Explain the following concepts or theories.1. Illustrate the NUMBER issue with both English and Chinese lexical items. (2007)四川大学I. Use examples to show that you understand the following term.1. coordinate subject (2009)II.
24、 Use IC analysis to explain the following expressions. (2007)1. They are moving sidewalks.2. Tom said Marl would go yesterday.3. the synthetic buffalo hides4. the fat mayors wife5. old men and women中山大学I. Fill in the following blanks.1. The development of modern linguistic science has helped push th
25、e study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. More linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in a paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and _. (2010)2. In linguistics, _ refers to the study of the rules gover
26、ning the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences. (2008)II. Define the following terms.1. recursiveness (2010)2. concord (2008)III. Explain the following statements with examples.1. Syntax is about principles of forming and understan
27、ding correct English sentences. (2010)2. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents. (2009)3. Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category (or categories). (2009)
