1、,The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang,1.Emperor Yingzheng2.Mausoleum3. Pits of Terracotta Warriors and Horses,Contents,Emperor Yingzheng,Emperor Yingzheng,The First Emperor of Qin lived from 259 to 210 B.C. and was surnamed Ying and had Zheng as his given name. He ascended throne when he was 13 years old a
2、nd took the helm of the state at age of 22.,Emperor Yingzheng,To further boost his power, Yingzheng promoted a number of talented and competent civil servants and generals. In order to unify the greater China, he laid down a military strategy of befriending distant states while attacking those nearb
3、y. By 221 B. C., he defeated six countries in less than ten years, ending more than 500-year-long chaotic Warring States Period.,Emperor Yingzheng,From then on Yingzheng named himself the First Emperor in the hope that his descendants would pass down his regime from generation to generation. When he
4、 established the first feudal empire in Chinas history he laid a solid basis for the rapid development of its economy, politics, ideology and culture.,Emperor Yingzheng,To achieve this, Emperor Qin Shihuang shook up the civil system in three areas: first, he was responsible for the promotion of offi
5、cials at all levels; second, he adopted the prefecture and county system and third , he standardized the legal system, measures.,Emperor Yingzheng,He also commissioned a large number of laborers to pave high-grade carriageways to facilitate trade and cultural exchange. In addition, he built the Grea
6、t Wall on old foundations that snaked from Jiayu Pass in Gansu Province in the west to Shanhai Pass in Liaodong Peninsula in the east in order to protect China against harassment by the northern nomadic groups.,Mausoleum,Mausoleum,Like other emperors in Chinese history, the First Emperor of the Qin
7、Dynasty built his own grand and luxurious mausoleum. He ordered its construction to begin when he came to power at the age of 13. This imperial mausoleum was originally 120 meters tall and 2,000 meters in circumference. Now it is still 76 meters tall and 400 meters in circumference.,The memorial par
8、k on the ground can be deemed as a miniature capital, since the First Emperor accurately copied the layout of Xianyang, the capital city. There used to be a palace compound in the northwestern part and a fishpond in the northeaster corner. In the outer compound there was a quarry pit in the northwes
9、t and a graveyard in the west. According to historical records, the country boasted a population of 20 million, among which 7 million were able-bodied laborers. To construct the mausoleum, more than 700,00 of these laborers were conscripted.,Mausoleum,The mausoleum of the First Emperor can likened t
10、o a gigantic group of underground palaces. The ceiling is said to be decorated with a map of constellations; the stars were made with variety of glistening pearls and gems. On the ground lies Chinese territory and mercury-filled rivers, lakes and seas. An audience hall was also built. To keep the th
11、ieves away, automatic bows were installed on each door leading to the grave.,Mausoleum,In order to enjoy himself in the nether world, the First Emperor moved almost all his belonging with him and buried some court ladies alive. In order to keep all the secrets from being disclosed, he also buried al
12、ive all the artisan who were involved in building the mausoleum.,The Terracotta Warriors and Horses,The Terracotta Warriors and Horses,The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Dynasty are known as “ the eighth miracles in the world”. How were these Qin Warriors found? Why was their appearance s
13、o different from each other? Why were the tomb figures made?,The Three Pits,The No.1 Pit was open to the public in October 1979. On the World Tourism Day that fell on September 27, 1989, the No.3 pit was completed and opened up. A marble structure was also built in November 1994 on the No. 2 pit. Fu
14、rther excavation work is still being carried out.,No. 1 Pit,No. 1 Pit,No.1 pit was stumbled upon in March 1974 when villagers of Xiyang were digging a well 1.5 kilometers east of the mausoleum. They reported their finding to the administration of culture relics. A prolonged and hard excavation effor
15、t was launched. Five years or arduous work resulted in this gigantic and well-structured museum being built above the underground artifacts. This discovery aroused much interest both at home and abroad.,No. 1 Pit,No.1 pit is 330 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and 5
16、 meters deep, covering a total area of 14,260 square meters. On the east end there stand three rows of terracotta warriors who face east. Numbering a total of 210, they were meant to serve as the vanguards. Behind them are the main forces in 38 columns and were positioned in 11 tunnels. The grounds
17、of the tunnels were laid with black bricks and the wooden roofs were supported by pillars.,No. 1 Pit,The roof was covered by an impressed mat that was to be topped by soil. Each tunnel is five meters deep from the surface. On the south, north and west sides of the tunnels, there stand rows of warrio
18、rs who face outward. More than 1,000 pottery figures have now been unearthed from this pit. It is estimated that more than 6,000 terracotta warriors will eventually be exhumed when the project is completed.,No.2 Pit,No.2 Pit,The No. 2 pit is about half the size of No. 1 pit, covering about 6,000 squ
19、are meters. This L-shaped phalanx is composed of infantry, cavalry and chariot soldiers, from which roughly over 1,000 clay warriors, and 500 chariots and saddled horses could be unearthed. It features a small phalanx in the east featuring 334 bowmen. The southern part of the pit features a phalanx
20、of 64 chariots in eight rows. In the center there are 19 chariots and armless soldiers. The northern end of the pit features a number of chariots and cavalry.,No.3 Pit,No.3 pit is located 25 meters to the west of the No. 2 pit. It was discovered in 1976 and is M-shaped, covering an area of 520 squar
21、e meters. Only one chariot and 64 warriors were unearthed here. They stand in pairs armed with “shu”, an ancient weapon made of bamboo. Archaeologists believe that this pit was meant as a command post. video,The Terracotta Warriors,Archaeologists generally believe that more than 8,000 terra-cotta wa
22、rriors will be exhumed when all three pits are cleared. These warriors are different from each other in their complexions and postures, as all of them were copied after soldiers and commanders of the palace guards in real life.Visitors can tell if they were cavalrymen, infantrymen or bowmen judging
23、by their uniforms and postures. The height of the figures vary from 1.7 meters to 1.9 meters, and they weigh from 100-odd kilograms to 300 kilograms.,Horses,The terra-cotta horses exhumed from the site are modeled after horses bred in northwest China. The ears are pricked up and the postures gracefu
24、l. This shows that the Qin people were especially good at breeding horses They kilned in parts and then were put together.,Terracotta horses,Why did the First Emperor decide to kiln so many pottery warriors and horses?And how were they made?,The records showed that he originally wanted 4,000 teenage
25、d boys and girls to be buried alive when he passed away, and he ordered Li Si, his prime minister, to carry this out. Fearing that this would lead to civil revolt, Li Si suggested life-sized terra-cotta warriors and horses be kilned instead. The emperor accepted this advice and ordered that the proj
26、ect be accomplished copying his 8,000 palace guards.,The artisans went to great lengths to meet the demand. Initially, the products were over-burned. Later, and artisan happened to work out a special technique of kilning the unfinished work separately before piecing them together. In this way, some
27、8,000 pottery warriors were made.,Weapons,The majority of the weapons that these warriors held is made from copper and tin in addition to 13 other rear metals.,Weapons,To protect the weapons from rust, the Qin people plated the surface of arms with a coat of chrome-saline oxide, a technique that was
28、 reinvented only very recently by the Germans during the 1930s.,Weapons,The crossbows came in three sizes. The most powerful of them could hit targets some 600 meters away.,Thousands of real weapons were unearthed from these terra-cotta army pits, including broad knives, swords, spears, dagger-axes,
29、 halberds, bows, crossbows and arrowheads. These weapons were exquisitely made. Some of them are still very sharp; analysis shows that they are made of alloys of copper and tin, containing more than ten kinds of other metals. .,Since their surfaces were treated with chromium, they are as bright as n
30、ew, even though they have been buried underground for more than 2,000 years.This indicates that Qin Dynastys metallurgical technology and weapon-manufacturing technique had reached quite a high level,Bronze Chariots and Drawing Horses,The two sets of bronze chariots and drawing horses on show were e
31、xcavated in a site 18 meters to the west of the main mausoleum in 1980.,Each of the chariots is drawn by a team of four horses.The chariots, horses and figures were cast at scale of 1:2. The chariots were decorated with 1,720 pieces of gold and silver ornaments, weighing a total of 14 kilograms.,The
32、se artifacts provide us with precious historical and scientific clues to the carriage system, metallurgic attainments and craftsmanship of the Qin Dynasty,Bronze Chariots and Drawing Horses,It is now over 2,000 years since the death of the Qin Dynasty. However, Qin Shihuangs unprecedented achievements and the existing terra-cotta warriors have left us a lot to think.,Thank you !,
