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类型专四词汇讲座.doc

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    1、词汇知识一 主要构词法有三种:转化、合成、派生(一) 转化法 (Conversion)一个词由一种词类转化为另一种词类的构词方法叫转化法。转化后的词含义往往与原词密切相关;读音有的不变,有的有变化(主要是双音节词) 。Head n. - head toward 向着走 head v.(二) 合成法(Compounding/Composition) handshake upset outlook(三) 派生法(Derivation/Affixation 词缀法)通过在一个词的前面或后面加词缀生成新词的构词方法就是派生法。词缀有两种,加在词的前面的叫前缀,通常用来改变原词的含义;加在词的后面的叫后

    2、缀,通常用来改变原词的词性。词根 root/base; 前缀 prefix; 后缀 suffix;1 常见前缀及其意义1)anti- 反;抗;防antibiotic; anti-imperialist; anti-colonial; antibody2)arch- 主要的Arch-reactionary; arch-enemy; archbishop; arch-criminal3)auto- 自(动)的Automobile; automatic; autobiography4)bi- 双bicycle; bilingual; bilateral5)by- 在旁;副;次要的bystander;

    3、 by-product; by-election; by-effect6)co- 共同co-operation; co-worker; co-existence7)counter- 反counter-revolutionary; counter-attack; counter-clockwise8)de- 除去;否定demilitarize; decentralization; demobilize9)dis- 不;否定(做相反动作)disappear; discover; disorder; dislike; disarmament; 10)en-; em- 使成为enable; enlar

    4、ge; enslave; encourage; embed11)ex- 前; 向外ex-soldier; ex-president; ex-wife; export12)extra- 外extraordinary; extra-curricular; extra-official13)for-; fore- 先;前;预forward; foresee; forearm; foretaste; foreman14)for- 禁;弃forbid; forget; forgo(摒绝、放弃)15)hydro- 水hydro-electric; hydroplane16)in-; im-; il-; i

    5、r- 不;非informal; impossible; immoral; irregular; illegal17)inter- 间;相互interview; international; interchange(交换、互换)18)mal- 恶maltreat; malnutrition; malpractice19)micro- 微;放大;百万分之一microfilm; microphone; microsecond;20)mid- 中midday; midnight; mid-autumn; mid-term21)mis- 误mislead; misunderstand; misuse;

    6、mistaken; misfortune22)mono- 单一monotonous; monochrome; monolingual; monosyllabic;monopoly; monologue23)multi- 多multi-national; multi-purpose; multi-colored; multilateral24)neo- 新Neo-colony; neocolonialism; neoclassical25)non- 不;非nonexistent; nonsense; non-stop; non-smoker26)post- 后于post-war; postgra

    7、duate27)pre- 先于pre-war; pre-revolution; prepay28)pro- 赞成;亲善;代替pro-American; pro-consul(代理领事); pronoun29)pseudo- 伪pseudonym; pseudo-science30)re- 重;再;复reunite; review; reread; retell31)semi- 半semiconductor; semi-colonial; semi-weekly; semi-final32)sub- 下;次substructure; subway; subdivide; subheading33

    8、)super- 上; 超supermarket; superprofit; superpower; superstructure34)sym-; syl-; syn- 同synonym; sympathy; symphony; syllable35)tele- 远telephone; telescope; television; telegram/telegraph36)trans- 横过;转移transport; translate; transplant; transformation(变化); transoceanic37)tri- 三triangle; trichord; tricar

    9、; 38)ultra- 之外;极;超ultra-violet; ultra-leftist; ultramicroscope39)un- 不unable; untrue; unfair; unjust40)uni- 一;单uniform; unilateral; unisex; unique; unicycle41)vice- 副vice-dean; vice-president; vice-governor42)over- 过于;上overdo; over-estimate; oversimplify43)under- 不够;下underfeed; under-estimate; under

    10、ground44)self- 自动(我)self-service; self-correcting; self-starter45)mini- 特小的minibus; miniskirt; minicab46)hyper- 超;过分hypertension; hypersensitive; hyperactive; 47)poly- 多polytechnic(多种工艺的;综合性工艺学校;工业学校/ 大学) polysemy(一词多义); polychromepolygamy(多配偶,一夫多妻/一妻多夫);2 常见名词后缀及其意义1)age 状态;集合marriage; shortage; te

    11、enage2)al 动作;性质;状态signal; arrival; withdrawal; approval; refusal; revival(复兴); renewal(更新);3)an 人;语American; Russian; Italian; African4)ance 性质;状态;动作importance; appearance; acceptance5)ant,ent 人assistant; defendant(被告); student; merchant6)ate 职务;动作涉及对象;盐酸doctorate(博士头衔); consulate(领事职位/ 任期); elector

    12、ate(全体选民); legate (使节/者); precipitate(沉淀物); sulphate(硫酸盐) ;7)ation/ition 动作preparation; competition; repetition8)cide 杀insecticide; suicide9)cracy 统治democracy; aristocracy; bureaucracy10)craft 技巧;工艺;飞行器handicraft; aircraft11)dom 状态;领域kingdom; freedom; wisdom12)ee (被动)人employee; absentee; trainee13)e

    13、er 人engineer; volunteer; mountaineer14)ence/ency (抽象 n.)currency; dependence; excellence; frequency; consequency15)er 人;机器 fighter; thinker; writer; washer; harvester; 16)ese 人;语Chinese; Japanese; Hunanese; Viennese; Vietnamese17)ess 女性actress; princess; goddess; shepherdess; tailoress18)ette 小;女性;

    14、cigarette; kitchenette; dinette; usherette19)ful 量handful; armful; mouthful; spoonful;20)graph 书写;录telegraph; photograph21)hood 身份;境遇;状态childhood; livelihood(生计); likelihood; neighborhood22)ian 人Christian; guardian; musician; technician23)ice 抽象 n.justice; service24)ing 物体;概念building; feeling; paint

    15、ing; wedding25)ion 抽象 n.expansion; discussion; decision26)ism 主义;教feudalism; Buddhism; imperialism; terrorism27)ist 主义者;人artist; socialist; communist28)ity 抽象 n.possibility; capability; equality29)let 小booklet; streamlet; leaflet; bracelet30)ling 小 (有时有轻蔑之义)duckling; sapling(幼苗、树苗)31)logy 学科geology(

    16、地质学) ; philology(语言学); biology; psychology;32)man 人postman; countryman; Frenchman33)ment 运动;结果judgment; government; movement; payment34)ness 状态;性质tiredness; correctness; carefulness;35)or 人;机器tractor; accelerator; editor; inventor; extractor 排气扇36)ry/ery 行为;工作;地质;工作地点;货物种类;境遇bravery; nursery; cooker

    17、y(烹调); drapery(布匹、绸缎); slavery; ministry(部) ; peasantry 农民(总称)37)ship 状态;身份sportsmanship; hardship; friendship; apprenticeship; kingship; leadership38)sion 动作;状态tension; revision; 39)th 结果;过程truth; depth; wealth; health;40)tion 动作;状态attention; action41)ty 抽象 n.cruelty; specialty; loyalty; certainty4

    18、2)ure 结果;动作procedure; departure43)y 抽象 n.discovery; difficulty; modesty; inquiry3 常见形容词后缀及其意义1)able/ible 能够tolerable; sensible; receptible2)al 的 additional; national; cultural;3)an (语、地、人)的Russian; Asian; African; European4)ant/ent 的arrogant; excellent; diligent5)ary 的secondary; honorary; imaginary;

    19、 revolutionary6)ate 的passionate; affectionate; fortunate; collegiate7)ed 有;像talented; skilled; dogged; many-sided8)en 的golden; woolen; wooden1作为后缀,加在形容词后,构成动词。这些形容词多为单音节。例如: blackblacken,quickquicken,softsoften ,hard harden 类似形容词常见的还有:mad, broad,deep, thick, weak,dead, fat,flat ,red,straight,moist,s

    20、harp ,white,loose, short,dark,bright ,coarse,fast,rough ,fresh 等。在这些形容词后添加词缀-en 时,red,flat,fat 等词应先双写末尾辅音字母,再添加-en;white,wide 等以字母-e 结尾的单词,添加后缀时,只需加字母-n;fast 一词加后缀-en 构成的动词 fasten,其含义为“使固定“,而不是“加快“。 2作为后缀加在极少数形容词比较级后,构成动词。例如: lesslessen(减少) ,worseworsen(恶化) 3作为后缀加在某些名词后,构成动词。例如: hastehasten(催促,促进,加速

    21、) ,frightfrighten(使惊吓) ,strengthstrengthen(加强,巩固) ,lengthlengthen(延长,使变长) ,heightheighten(提高,升高) 4作为后缀,加在某些物质名词后,构成形容词,表示“由构成的“、“由制成的“ 。例如: silksilken(丝制的) ,earthearthen (泥土做的) ,woodwooden(木制的) ,wheatwheaten(小麦的,小麦制的) ,leadleaden(铅的) 5作为前缀,加在某些形容词前构成动词。表示“使(成)“。例如: ableenable(使能够) ,dearendear(使受喜欢)

    22、,largeenlarge(扩大) , nobleennoble(使高贵,抬高) ,richenrich(使富有,丰富) 值得注意的是,如果该形容词的首字母为 m,p,b 时,前缀 en-应改写为 em-。例如: bitterembitter(加苦味于,使受苦;使怨恨) ,brownembrown(使成淡黑) 6作为前缀,加在某些名词前,构成动词,表示“放进“、“放在上面“、“ 使成“。例如: rootenroot(使植根于) ,rageenrage(激怒) ,slaveenslave(征服,使做奴隶) ,campencamp(扎营) ,dangerendanger(危及) ,compass

    23、encompass(包围) ,crustencrust(把 包上外壳) ,codeencode(译成电码) ,courageencourage(鼓励) 如果该名词的首字母为 m,p,b 时,前缀 en-应改为 em-。例如: powerempower(授权) ,bodyembody(使具体化) 7作为前缀,加在少数动词前,表示“在里面“、“包砖?“。例如:foldenfold(拥抱,包进) ,wrapen- wrap (包围,围绕) 8作为后缀,加在极少数名词后构成复数。这是古英语的痕迹。例如: oxoxen(牛) ,childchildren(小孩) 9有时作为前后缀,同时加在一个词上面。例

    24、如: lightenlighten(启蒙) ,liveenliven(使生动9)ern 方向northern; southern; eastern; western10)ese (地、人)的Vietnamese; Viennese;11)fold 倍twofold; manifold12)ful 的hopeful; beautiful; useful; helpful;13)ial 的editorial; racial; material; dictatorial;14)ian (人)的Canadian; Christian15)ic/ical 的(有些意义不同)electric/electr

    25、ical; historic/historical; poetic/poetical; typical; grammatical;16)ish 属于;稍微bookish; childish; selfish; British; yellowish17)ist/istic (主义)的;artistic; idealistic; materialistic; 18)ive 性;倾向active; attractive; impressive19)less 无fearless; meaningless20)like 如childlike; fatherlike; homelike21)ly 品质;的

    26、weekly; daily; friendly; comradely; lovely22)most 最foremost; topmost; utmost23)ous 多nervous; glorious; superstitious 24)some 引起;适于;易于troublesome; tiresome; quarrelsome25)ward 向backward; inward; outward26)y 充满;性质rainy; handy; mighty; icy; 4 常见动词后缀1)ate isolate; consolidate; facilitate; formulate;2)en

    27、 deepen; strengthen; shorten3)ify purify; classify; simplify; intensify; qualify4)ize/ise realize; modernize; criticize; mechanize5 常见副词后缀1)ly quickly; swiftly; highly2)ward(s) forward; backward; upwards; downwards4)wise likewise; otherwise; clockwise6 常见数词后缀1)teen 13-192)ty 20, 30, 40, 903)th 4th,

    28、5th, 6th, 7 个别前缀引起词类变化1)en- + n./adj.v. endanger; enslave; enlarge2)be- + n./adj.v. belittle; befriend; behead3)a- + n.adj./ad. asleep; aboard; aside; ashore;away; awake; ablaze4)a- + v.v. arise; awake; arouse; abide; await5)out- + vi.vt. outrun; outlive; outshine; outvote6)out- + vi.n. outcome; out

    29、let; outlaw; outlook二 一些次要构词法(一)截短法(Clipping/Shortening)1 截头 telephonephone; aeroplaneplane; 2 去尾exam; lab; ad; dorm; pop; photo; kilo; gym3 即截头又去尾refrigeratorfridge; influenzaflu4 几个词 一个词nylon-stockingsnylons;popular song singerpop-singerThree-dimensional filmThree-D (3D)(二)拼缀法(Blending)一个词的一部分(或全部

    30、)+另一个词的一部分(或全部)1 首+尾 motor + hotelmotel; boat + hotel botel smoke + fogsmog; breakfast + lunchbrunchOxford + CambridgeOxbridge2 首+首 international + policeinterpolcommunication + satellitecomsatformula + translationFORTRAN/FortranPsychological + WarfarePsywarmotor + pedalmopedsituation + comedysitcom

    31、American + IndianAmerindScience + fiction Sci-fi3 全+尾 air + hotelairtel; car + barbecuecarbecueauto + utopiaautopia; lunar + astronautlunarnautslim + gymnasticsslimnasticswork + welfareworkfarejazz + discothequejazzotheque Nixon + economicsNixonomicstravel + cataloguetravelogue4 首+全 medical + aidmed

    32、icaidmedical + care medicaremedical + chair medichairhelicopter + pad helipadtelevision + viewer televiewertelevision + diagnosis telediagnosispsychological + warrior psywarriorhelicopter + car helicar(三)缩写词/缩略词(Abbreviation)a shortened form of a word, often one used in writing特征:有缩写标志/符号Eg. Mr. Mrs

    33、. Ms. Dr. prof. Apt. Rd. St. Ave. No. a.m. p.m. AD/A.D. BC/B.C. kg. km. dl. m. dm. cm. mm. TV/T.V. FL. PA. S. N. E. W.(四)首字母缩略词(Acronym)AIArtificial IntelligenceAPEC =Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation (forum)ASEAN = Association of South East Asian NationsBIS = Bank for International SettlementCIACe

    34、ntral Intelligence Agency CIDCriminal Investigation DepartmentCSD = Commission on Sustainable Development EU = European UnionFAO = Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsFBIFederal Bureau of InvestigationG-7 =Group of SevenGATT = General Agreement on Tariffs and TradeIAEA = Internati

    35、onal Atomic Energy AgencyIBRD = International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) IMF = International Monetary Fund IQintelligence quotientISO = International Organization for StandardizationNAFTA =( North American Free Trade Agreement)NATO = North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationOECD =

    36、 Organization of Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting CountriesSARspecial administration regionSARSSevere Acute Respiratory SyndromeUFOunidentified flying objectUNCTAD = United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentUNICEF = United Nations Childrens Fund

    37、 (formerly, United Nations International Childrens Emergency Fund)UNESCO = United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural OrganizationVIPvery important person WTO= World Trade Organization1.表示否定意义的前缀 decentralization1) 纯否定前缀 a-, an-, asymmetry(不对称)anhydrous(无水的) dis- dishonest, dislike /unlikei

    38、n-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, 2)immoral, illegal, irregular immune immaturene-, n-, none, neither, never non-, nonsense sense of touch sensible/sensitiveneg-, neglect ones duties/ignoreun- unable,the disabled/the incurably illinability unemployment 3)表示错误的意义 male-,

    39、mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调) mis-, mistake, mislead ,misfortunemisprintpseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience 3)表示反动作的意思 de-, defend, demodulation(调解) composedis-, disarm, disconnect un-, unload, uncover 4)表示相反,相互对立意思 anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的) contra-, contre-, contro-, co

    40、ntradiction, controflow(逆流) counter-, counteraction, counterbalance ob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupy with-, withdraw, withstand 2. 表示空间位置,方向关系的前缀 1)a- 表示 “在之上”, “向” aboard, aside, 2)by- 表示“附近,邻近,边侧” bypath, bypass(弯路) shortcut3)circum-, circu-, 表示 “周围,环绕,回转 ” circumstance, circuit 4)de-, 表

    41、示 “在下,向下” descend, degrade 5)en-, 表示 “在内,进入” encage, enbed(上床) 6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部,外” exit, eclipse, expand, export 7)extra-, 表示“额外” extraction (提取) 8)fore- 表示“在前面” forehead, foreground /foresee/forecast9)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示 “向内,在内,背于” inland, invade, inside, import 10)inter-, intel-, 表示“在间,相互

    42、” international, interaction, internet Interchange/interview11)intro-, 表示“向内,在内,内侧” introduce, introduce 12)medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中,中间” Mediterranean, midposition 13)out-, 表示“在上面,在外部,在外” outline, outside, outward 14)over-, 表示“在上面,在外部,向上” overlook, overhead, overboard 15)post-, 表示“ 向后,在后边,次” postscri

    43、pt(附言) , postwar16)pre-, 表示 “在前”在前面” prefix, preface, preposition /prewar17)pro-, 表示 “在前,向前” progress, proceed, 18)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面,下” subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement 19)super-, sur-, 表示“在之上” superficial, surface, superstructure 20)trans-, 表示“移上,

    44、转上,在那一边” translate, transform, transoceanic 21)under-, 表示“在下面,下的” underline, underground, underwaterUnderwear/shirt/blouse22)up-, 表示 “向上,向上面,在上” upward, uphold, uphill(上坡) upgrade3. 表示时间,序列关系的前缀 1)ante-, anti-, 表示“先前,早于,预先” antecedent, anticipate, 2)ex-, 表示 “先,故,旧” expresident, exhusband 3)fore-, 表示

    45、“在前面,先前,前面” foreward, forecast, foretell(预言) 4)mid-, medi-, 表示“中,中间” midnight, midsummer 5)post-“表示“在后,后” postwar, 6)pre-, pri-, 表示“在前,事先,预先” preheat, prewar, prehistory 7)pro-, 表示 “在前,先,前” prologue(序幕) ,prophet(预言家) 8)re-, 表示“再一次,重新” retell, rewrite remarry recall4. 表示比较程度差别关系的前缀 1)by-, 表示“副,次要的” b

    46、yproduct, bywork(副业) 2)extra-,表示“超越,额外” extraordinary, 3)hyper- 表示 “超过,极度” hypersonic(超声波), hypertension(高血压) 4)out-,表示“超过,过分” outdo(超过 ), outbid(出价过高的人) 5)over-,表示“超过,过度,太” overeat, overdress, oversleep overweight/fat/accumulate6) sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低,次,副,亚” subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热

    47、带 ) 7)super-, sur- 表示“超过” supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass /beyond/overtake8)under-,表示“低劣,低下” undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足 ) 9)vice- 表示“副,次” vice president, vice chairman Associate prof. deputy director 5. 表示共同,相等意思的前缀 1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同,一起”。 connect, combine

    48、, collect, combat, coexist, co-operate /co-owner2)syn-, syl-,sym-,表示“同,共,和,类” symmetry, sympathy, synthesis(合成) 6. 表示整个完全意思的前缀 1)al- 表示“ 完整,完全 ”alone, almost, 2) over-表示“完全,全”overall, overflow(充满) 3) pan-表示 “全,总,万”panentheism( 泛神论) ,panorama 7. 表示分离,离开意思的前缀 Pan-American1)a- ab-, abs-,表示“分离,离开” away,

    49、 apart, abstract, abstain 2)de- 表示 “离去,处去”depart, decolour, 3)dis-, di-, dif-, 表示“ 分离,离开” divorce, disarm( 缴械) 4)ex-, e-, 表示“离开,分离”expel, exclude, expatriate( 驱出国外) 5)for- 表示“离开,脱离”forget, forgive 6)表示“离开”release, resolve 7)表示“分离,隔离”separate, seduce, select 8. 表示通过,遍及意思的前缀 1)dia-,表示“通过,横过”diameter, diagram, 2)per-, pel-,

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