1、九 从句的复习复合句：定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句。 定语从句：1. that，which，who 的使用。一个句子当中有两个相同的名词，将其中的一个名词进行替换，如果是人，用 who；如果是物，用 which；that 既可以指人又可以指物。重磅阅读2. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密关系疏远；定语从句中如果谓语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到 which/who/that 的前面； 介词加 which正好表示时间，可以表达成 whe- n；表示地点时，可以表达成 where；表示原因时，变
2、成 why；3. 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；（2）非限定性定语从句：eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation. 非限定性定语从句：which 引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as 则只能放在句子前面名词性从句：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句及同谓语从句；形式：名词+从句；连接
3、词取决于后面的从句是什么样的形式；如果是陈述句，直接加 that 引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 weather 或者 if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子，且在句子中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同谓语、介词宾语等成分；eg. Yuminhong, the president of New Oriental School.状语从句:两个独立的句子中间用一些含义不同的连接词连接；状语从句用来表达两个句子之间的逻辑关系；分成原因状语、条件状语、结果状语、时间状语、地点状语、让步状语、目的状语、比较状语、方式状语等
4、九大类型；定语从句是名词+关系词+从句，关系词的用法取决于名词的问题；名词性从句：同谓语从句：名词+关系词+从句，关系词跟后面的从句有关系，如果是陈述句，直接加 that 引导；一般疑问句：先把一般疑问句变成陈述句语序，然后在其前加上 weather 或者 if；特殊疑问句：直接保留特殊疑问词，后面的句子变成陈述句语序；宾语从句：动词+关系词+从句；表语从句：系动词+关系词+从句；主语从句：关系词+从句+谓语动词；名词性从句，其关系词的来源取决于后面的从句的性质。状语从句：完整句子 1+逻辑关系词+完整句子 2；如何区分定语从句和同谓语从句：whether，what，how 接在名词后面一定是
5、同谓语从句；关系词是 when ，where，why 如果前面不是时间、地点、人物，那么是同谓语从句；如果是的话，则为定语从句；如果见到 which 的话，which 在句中翻译成“哪一个”，就是同谓语；翻译不成“哪一个”就是定语从句；that 就是看它在句中是否充当成分，如果充当成分就是定语从句；不充当成分就是同谓语从句；Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. （主语从句）是否这个计划是可行的仍然值得去考证。I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his il
6、lness. （宾语从句）我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. （同谓语从句）At time when hiring qualified people is becoming more difficult（定语从句），employers who can eliminate invalid bias from the process have a distinct advantage. （定语从句）在雇佣合格人才变得越来越困难的时期，那些能够在雇佣过程中消除站不住脚的
7、偏见的雇主具有明显的优势。Eg. While （让步状语从句）even the modestly educated sought an elevated tone when （时间状语从句）they put pen to paper before the 1960s, even the most well regarded writing since then has sought to capture spoken English on the page.在 20 世纪 60 年代之前，当人们伏案写作的时候，即使那些接受教育不多的人也会追求一种高雅的风格，但是从那以后，即使是那些令人敬仰的文
8、学作品也在追求一种口语的风格。Eg. About 45% of the worlds population lived in the climate zone where mosquito transmit disease . 全球 45%的人口都生活在这样的一个区域，这个地方的蚊子会传播疾病。Eg.He was an Asian American （who was） raised in a household where respectful zones in authority was show by averting your eyes . （定语从句） 他是一个亚裔美国人，在他生长的环
9、境当中，避免与有权威的人对视是对对方尊重的一种表现。五、定语从句：eg：I know the girl.The girl comes from Beijing.I know the girl who comes from Beijing.重磅阅读步骤：1.找到两个句子中相同的名词；2.将两个名词中的一个进行替换，若是人，用 who 替换；若是物，用 which 替换；that 既可以指人，又可以指物；3. 将 who 或 which 引导的句子放在相同名词之后；eg：I like reading books.The books were written by O Henry.I like re
10、ading books which were written by O Henry.eg：I planted a tree.The tree is taller than the house.The tree which I planted is taller than the house.1. who/that/which 所引导的句子必须放在相同名词之后；eg：The teacher prized the boy.The boy is my neighbor.The boy who the teacher prized is my neighbor.eg：This is the book.
11、You are looking for the book.This is the book which you are looking for.eg：This is the book.You are interested in the book.This is the book which you are interested in.2. 谓语动词（结构）和后面的介词有两种关系：关系紧密关系疏远；关系紧密：谓语结构和介词合成在一起，联系紧密，不可分割，一旦分割意思就会发生改变；eg：look for, be interested in , look after, look at定语从句中如果谓
12、语结构和介词关系紧密，则介词必须保留在谓语结构的后面，不能做任何位置的改动；如果谓语结构和介词关系疏远，介词一般提到 which/who/that 的前面；eg: This is the book which you are looking for.This is the book which you are interested in.This is the book in which you are interested .This is the book which you asked for.3. 关系代词和关系副词：eg：Beijing is the place.I was born
13、 in the place.Beijing is the place which I was born in.Beijing is the place in which I was born .定语从句中，如果介词+which 表示地点，则可以用 where 替换；Beijing is the place where I was born .eg: I cant forget the day.I join the army on the day.I cant forget the day which I join the army on.I cant forget the day on whi
14、ch I join the army .I cant forget the day when I join the army .判断：This is the mountain village where I visited last year.This is the mountain village in which I visited last year.This is the mountain village which I visited in last year.正确：This is the mountain village which/that I visited last year
15、.4. 判断关系代词和关系副词的方法：（1）不管是关系代词还是关系副词，都取决于从句中的谓语动词；若该谓语动词为及物动词，则一定使用关系代词；若该谓语动词为不及物动词，且其后没有介词，则一定使用关系副词；eg：I will never forget the days when I worked together with you.I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.I will never forget the days which I spent in the countryside.（2）通过判断先行词在
16、定语从句中的成分eg：Is this the museum （that ） you visited a few days ago?the museum：充当 visit 的宾语Is this the museum ( in which/where ) the exhibition was held?关系代词：前面句子里的先行词也要在后面的句子里充当主语或者宾语的成分；介词+which，恰好表示时间和地点，可以替换成 when，where 这样的关系副词；5 限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句(1) 非限定性定语从句：先行词（即名词）后有一个逗号；eg: In our school，there w
17、ere 8 foreign teachers who come from Australia.（限定性定语从句）In our school，there were 8 foreign teachers， who come from Australia.（非限定性定语从句）限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系非常紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思会改变；非限定性定语从句：定语从句和关系词关系不是很紧密，删掉定语从句后，整个句子意思不会改变，定语从句只起到补充说明的意义；eg：This is the house which we bought last month.（2）非限定性定语从句：先行词是前
18、面的整句话；eg: He won the first place in the competition, which is out of our expectation.We will spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, which was decided last year.This is the house, which we bought last month. 非限定性定语从句：which 引导非限制性定语从句只能放在后面，as 则只能放在句子前面；eg: Smoking is harmful to our heath, which we k
19、now.Smoking is harmful to our heath, as we know.As we know, smoking is harmful to our heath.eg：Alice received an invitation from her boss（ ） came as a surprise .A. It B. that C. as D. which(3)that 和 which 的区别： 什么时候不能用 that，只能用 which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；eg：The tree , that is 400 years old, which is very
20、famous here.什么时候不能用 that，只能用 which：非限定性定语从句中，即逗号之后；介词后面不能用 that，只能用 which；eg：The tree , that is 400 years old, which is very famous here.We depend on the land, from which we can get our food .in that：因为；（4）什么时候不能用 which，只能用 that： 前面的先行词是不定代词，包括 all，anything，nothing，the one， much，little 等； eg：Have yo
21、u taken down everything that Mr. Lee has said ? 如果先行词中出现了 the only, the very 等；eg：This is the only way that we can think out. 如果先行词中出现了序数词和形容词最高级；eg：This is the best film that I have ever seen. 如果先行词中即有人，又有物；eg：They are talking about the school and the teachers that they visited yesterday.例：Medical
22、researchers are painfully aware that there are many problems (他们至今还没找到答案）.they havnt found solutions/answers to these problems.there are many problems which they havnt found solutions/answers to.例：（与我成长的地方相比），this town is more prosperous and exciting.Compared with the place in which/where I grew up,
23、例：（听到他告诉我的消息），I couldnt help laughingHearing the news which/that he told me,例：Career experts say that one of the ways job seekers can stay safe while using the Internet to search out jobs is to conceal their identities.当先行词中是 the way 的时候，后面的连接词可以用 that，可以用 which 和 in which，甚至可以不填；强调句英语中表示强调的 8 种方式1用
24、形容词“very”，“single”等表示强调egYou are the very person Im looking for.你就是我要找的那个人。重磅阅读Red Army fought a battle on this very spot红军就在此地打过一仗。Not a single person has been in the office this afternoon今天下午竟然没有一个人来过办公室。2用反身代词表示强调e.gI myself will see her off at the station我将亲自到车站为她送行。You can do it well yourself你自
25、己能做好这件事情。3用助词“do/does/did+动词原形”表示强调e.gThe baby is generally healthy，but every now and then she does catch a cold那孩子的健康状况尚好，但就是偶尔患感冒。Do be quietI told you I had a headache务必安静，我告诉过你，我头疼。4用“and that”，“and those”，等结构表示强调e.gThey fulfilled the task，and that in a few days他们在几天内完成的就是那项任务。I gave her some pr
26、esents，and those the day before yesterday前天我送给她的就是那些礼物。5用双重否定结构表示强调e.gThere is no reason why this new immigrant should not have the same success.完全有理由相信这些新移民应该拥有相同的成功。A man can never have too many ties.一个男人有再多的领带也不为过。I cant thank you too much我无论怎样感谢你都不过份。A mother can never be patient enough with her
27、 child.I am not unfaithful to you我对你无比忠诚。6用短语“in every way”，“in no way”，“by all means”，“by no means”，“only too”，“all too”，“but too”，“in heaven”，“in the world”，“in hell”，“on earth”，“under the sun”等表示强调e.gHis behaviour was in every way perfect他的举止确实无可挑剔。The news was only too true这消息确实是事实。Where in heav
28、en were you then？当时你到底在哪里？7用倒装句表示强调8用强调句型表示强调It is that 或 It is whoe.gIt was the headmaster who opened the door for me正是校长为我开的门。It was yesterday that we carried out that experiment就是在昨天我们做了那个实验。插入语插入语通常是说话者对所表达意思的一种补充、强调、解释或者是说话人的一种态度。它的位置比较灵活，常常会用逗号或者破折号和其他部分隔开，但是在语法上不会影响其他成分。重磅阅读插入语六大用法小结例 1 _the
29、more expensive the camera， the better its quality.A.General speaking B.Speaking generalC.Generally speaking D.Speaking generally小结：许多分词短语可以用作插入语，这样的分词短语有：strictly speaking（严格地说），generally considering（一般认为）， judging from（根据判断）等。例 2 Two middle-aged passengers fell into the sea. _，neither of them could
30、 swim.A.In fact B.Luckily C.Unfortunately D.Naturally小结：常用作插入语的副词或副词短语有：indeed（的确），surely（无疑），however（然而），frankly（坦率地说），obviously（显然），naturally（天然地），luckily （happily） for sb.（算某人幸运），fortunately（幸好），strangely（奇怪），briefly（简单地说）等。例 3 Your performance in the driving test didnt reach the required standar
31、d，_， you failed.A.in the end B.after all C.in other words D.at the same time小结：常用作插入语的介词短语有：in conclusion（总之），in a word（简而言之），in short（简而言之），in general（一般说来），in a sense（在某种意义上），in my view（在我看来），in his opinion（按照他的看法），in fact（事实上），at first（首先）， in addition（此外），of course（当然），to my surprise（使我惊奇的），to h
32、er regret（使她遗憾的），for example（例如）等。例 4 It is so nice to hear from her._，we last met more than thirty years ago.A.Whats more B.That is to say C.In other words D.Believe it or not小结：用简短的句子结构作插入语，它们常置于句中或句末。这类简短的句子有：I am sure（我可以肯定地说），I believe（我相信），do you know（你知道吗），you see（你明白），Im afraid（恐怕），it is sai
33、d（据说），I suppose（我想），whats more（而且），whats worse（更糟糕的是），that is（也就是说），what is important（重要的是）等。例 5 _ with you，I have no money to spare.A.To be frank B.Whats more C.In addition D.However小结：常用作插入语的不定式短语有：to be sure（无疑地），to sum up（概括地说），to tell the truth（老实说）等。例 6 _， he should have done such a thing.A.Sp
34、eaking general B.Strange to say C.Luckily D.Of course小结：常用作插入语的形容词或其短语有：true（真的），funny（真可笑），needless to say（不用说），most important of all（最为重要），worse still（更糟糕的），even better（更好）等。Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is by his success raising new doub
35、ts about the worth of the business worlds favorite academic title: the MBA (Master of Business Administration).The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquired an aura (光环) of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.Opinion survey
36、s in the worlds two largest economiesJapan and the United Statesshow consumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.破课程讲义 主讲：屠皓民欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材大家好，欢迎大家回到我们的新东方网络课堂！第一讲 句子的基本成分句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语/表语、定语、状语和补语。注：“_”的部分是主干部分。例：Such characteristics make them perfect candidates. 谓语是整个句子的最重要的部分，也是
37、整个句子的突破口。只有谓语是没有从句的概念的。一、谓语1、实义动词，即行为动词，watch, play及物动词：后面直接宾语不及物动词：后面加介词+宾语We have friends all over the world.The examination ended at 11:30 am. They are looking for the lost wallet 不及物动词有的时候也可以做及物动词来用，比如 close，begin, study, leave, work 等The post offices close at 9:00 oclock PM. Close the window!形式
38、变化：时态变化，语态变化，用情态动词+实义动词的原型，情态动词+ have+过去分词形式2、系动词 (构成系表结构)Be 动词持续的系动词：keep，taste，后面加形容词He always kept silent at the meeting. The search proved difficult. 二、主语和宾语(1)认识名词：名词是用来表示人，事物，地点，以及抽象事物名称的。比如：人：John，sister，father 事物：water，air，sun，computer 地点：London，theater 抽象事物：love，happiness，imagination，hope 名
39、词的数：注意单复数名词的格：s 以及 of 逻辑语义：Rachel：Im Carols ex-husbands sisters roommate. Doctor：Im your roommates brothers ex-wifes obstetrician. (产科医生)老友记of: 理清逻辑语义表示所有关系：翻译方法：“A of B”翻译成“B 的 A”The rapidity of the motion of the wing of the hummingbird is remarkable. The coming of age of post-war baby boom brought
40、 remarkable influence upon American society. 特殊：China is proud of its five thousand years of the history and culture. (2)语法功能：充当句子中主语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、同位语等成分。例：The reasons are clear now.Why he murdered his wife is clear now. He has made clear the facts. He has made clear what they had done yesterday. It
41、is the question. It is whether the book is worth reading. We found out the murderer，Tom. We found out the fact that he was killed. 注：代词与名词关系十分紧密，与名词形成特定的指代关系。分为以下几类：人称代词：I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it 形容词性物主代词：my/your/his/her/its/名词性物主代词：mine/yours/his/hers/its 反身代词：myself/yourself/herself/himsel
42、f/itself 不定代词：every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)疑问代词：that/what/which/whose/who/whom (3)名词性结构：动名词与不定式动名词与不定式做主语例：Watching TV is my hobby.Getting enough vitamins is essential to life. Really using a language is not an easy task. (2006 完形)Finding ways to assist this growing homeles
43、s population has become increasingly difficult. (2009.阅读) Knowing what you are good at and doing even more of it creates excellence. To master a language is not an easy thing. To err(犯错)is human；to forgive，divine(神圣的). It is surely not wrong to live in the present rather than in the past of future.
44、动名词与不定式做宾语例：Other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. Bad weather prevented him from starting out for Beijing on time. (2003Text 1)The latest revolution isnt simply a matter of gentlemen reading other gentlemens e-mail. 动名词与不定式检测题(2004Text 1)With thousands of c
45、areer-related sites on the Internet，finding promising openings(空缺)can be time-consuming and inefficientWorking with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. (2004 完形)All these conditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act. (4) 主
46、语从句、宾语从句注：把原来是词的位置转换成句就成了相应的从句。主语从句：that 引导(陈述句)、whether(一般疑问句)、what 等疑问词引导(特殊疑问句)。That English is important is an undoubted fact. Whether he will come to my party makes no difference to me. What we forget what our economy depends on us forgetting is that happiness is more than pleasure without pain
47、. 宾语从句：that 引导(可省陈述句)、whether 等疑问词引导(一般疑问句)。Ive known that you are my source of endless inspiration. I dont know if/whether he needs my help. I dont know how he can come here. He has made clear what they had done yesterday. (5)从句检测题：That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs a
48、nd thus avoid selling its products for more than its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates(倡导者)of free-market economic theories. (1994. 75) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology often depends on the issue of which is seen a
49、s the driving force. 4 定语(1)形容词：He is a handsome boy. He is a boy who is handsome. We should know the culture past and present. (2)形容词性从句：定语从句限定性定语从句(that 可)、非限定性定语从句(that 否)。Mr. Zhang，who came to see me yesterday，is an old friend of mine. He studies hard at school when he was young，which contributes to his success in later life. 例：(2005. 47)Multi-media groups have been increasingly successful：groups which bring tog
