1、英汉互译原理在专业英语八级翻译考试中的应用【2001 年 8 级测试英译汉】Directions: Translate the underline part of the following text into Chinese.Possession for its own sake or in competition with the rest of the neighborhood would havebeen Thoreaus idea of the low levels. The active discipline of heightening ones perception ofwha
2、t is enduring in nature would have been his idea of the high. What he saved from the low wastime and effort he could spend on the high. Thoreau certainly disapproved of starvation, but hewould put into feeding himself only as much effort as would keep him functioning for moreimportant efforts.Effort
3、 is the gist of it. There is no happiness except as we take on life-engaging difficulties.Short of the impossible, as Yeats put it, the satisfaction we get from a lifetime depends on howhigh we choose our difficulties. Robert Frost was thinking in something like the same terms whenhe spoke of “The p
4、leasure of taking pains”. The mortal flaw in the advertised version of happinessis in the fact that it purports to be effortless.We demand difficulty even in our games. We demand it because without difficulty there canbe no game. A game is a way of making something hard of the fun of it. The rules o
5、f the game arean arbitrary imposition of difficulty. When someone ruins the fun, he always does so by refusingto play by the rules. It is easier to win at chess if you are free, at your pleasure, to change thewholly arbitrary rules, but the fun is in winning within the rules. No difficulty, no fun.【
6、2002 年 8 级测试英译汉】The word “winner” and “loser” have many meanings. When we refer to a person as a winner,we do not mean one who makes someone else lose. To us, a winner is one who respondsauthentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine, both as an individual and asa member of a
7、society.Winners do not dedicate their lives to a concept of what they imagine they should be; rather,they are themselves and as such do not use their energy putting on a performance, maintainingpretence, and manipulating others. They are aware that there is a difference between being lovingand actin
8、g loving, between being stupid and acting stupid, between being knowledgeable andacting knowledgeable. Winners do not need to hide behind a mask.Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge. They canseparate facts from opinions and dont pretend to have all the answe
9、rs. They listen to others,evaluate what they say, but come to their own conclusions. Although winners can admire andrespect other people, they are not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them.Winners do not play“helpless”, nor do they play the blaming game. Instead, they assumeresponsibil
10、ity for their own lives.【2003 年 8 级测试英译汉】In his classic novel,“The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer,take his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses,a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All s
11、he sees is a forest. “Where arethe beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” She asks. Hes astonished she cantsee them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he hasbuilt them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already c
12、onstructed andfinished.Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness; the ability to see thepresent from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past andmore emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the
13、Americanis always becoming, never being. ”【2004 年 8 级测试英译汉】For me the most interesting thing about a solitary life, and mine has been that for the lasttwenty years, is that it becomes increasingly rewarding. When I can wake up and watch the sunrise over the ocean, as I do most days, and know that I
14、have an entire day ahead, uninterrupted, inwhich to write a few pages, take a walk with my dog, read and listen to music, I am flooded withhappiness.I am lonely only when I am overtired, when I have worked too long without a break, whenfor the time being I feel empty and need filling up. And I am lo
15、nely sometimes when I come backhome after a lecture trip, when I have seen a lot of people and talked a lot, and am full to the brimwith experience that needs to be sorted out.Then for a little while the house feels huge and empty, and I wonder where my self is hiding.It has to be recaptured slowly
16、by watering the plants and, perhaps, by looking again at each one asthough it were a person.It takes a while, as I watch the surf blowing up in fountains, but the moment comes when theworld falls away, and the self emerges again from the deep unconsciousness, bring back all I haverecently experience
17、d to be explored and slowly understood.【2005 年 8 级测试英译汉】It is simple enough to say that since books have classes fiction, biography, poetry weshould separate them and take from each what it is right that each should give us.Yet few peopleask from books what books can give us. Most commonly we come t
18、o books with blurred anddivided minds, asking of fiction that it shall be true, of poetry that it shall be false, of biographythat it shall be flattering, of history that it shall enforce our own prejudices. If we could banish allsuch preconceptions when we read, that would be an admirable beginning
19、. Do not dictate to yourauthor: try to become him. Be his fellow-worker and accomplice. If you hang back, and reserveand criticize at first, you are preventing yourself from getting the fullest possible value from whatyou read. But if you open your mind as widely as possible, then signs and hints of
20、 almostimperceptible fineness, from the twist and turn of the first sentences, will bring you into thepresence of a human being unlike any other. Steep yourself in this, acquaint yourself with this, andsoon you will find that your author is giving you, or attempting to give you, something far morede
21、finite.【2006 年 8 级测试英译汉】On May 13, 1940, Winston Churchill, the newly appointed British Prime Minister, gave his firstspeech to Parliament. He was preparing the people for a long battle against Nazi aggression, at atime when Englands survival was still in doubt.I say to the House as I said to Minist
22、ers who have joined this government, I have nothing to offerbut blood, toil, tears and sweat. We have before us an ordeal of the most grievous kind. We havebefore us many, many months of struggle and suffering.You ask, what is our policy? I say it is to wage war by land, sea and air. War with all ou
23、r mightand with all the strength God has given us, and to wage war against a monstrous tyranny neversurpassed in the dark and lamentable catalogue of human crime. That is our policy.You ask, what is our aim? I can answer in one word, it is victory. Victory at all costsvictory inspite of all terrorsv
24、ictory, however long and hard the road may be, for without victory there isno survival.Let that be realized. No survival for the British Empire, no survival for all that the British Empirehas stood for, no survival for the urge, the impulse of the ages, that mankind shall move forwardtoward his goal
25、.I take up my task in buoyancy and hope. I feel sure that our cause will not be suffered to failamong men. I feel entitled at this juncture, at this time, to claim the aid of all and to say, “Comethen, let us go forward together with our united strength.”【2007 年 8 级测试英译汉】Scientific and technological
26、 advances are enabling us to comprehend the furthest reaches ofthe cosmos, the most basic constituents of matter, and the miracle of life.At the same time, today, the actions, and inaction, of human beings imperil not only life onthe planet, but the very life of the planet.Globalization is making th
27、e world smaller, faster and richer. Still, 9/11, avian flu, and Iranremind us that a smaller, faster world is not necessarily a safer world.Our world is bursting with knowledge but desperately in need of wisdom. Now, whensound bites are getting shorter, when instant messages crowd out essays, and wh
28、en individual livesgrow more frenzied, college graduates capable of deep reflection are what our world needs.For all these reasons I believed and I believe even more strongly today in the uniqueand irreplaceable mission of universities.【2008 年 8 级测试英译汉】But, as has been true in many other cases, when
29、 they were at last married, the most ideal ofsituations was found to have been changed to the most practical. Instead of having shared theiroriginal duties, and as school-boys would say, going halves, they discovered that the cares of lifehad been doubled. This led to some distressing moments for bo
30、th our friends; they understoodsuddenly that instead of dwelling in heaven they were still upon earth, and had made themselvesslaves to new laws and limitations. Instead of being freer and happier than ever before, they hadassumed new responsibilities; they had established a new household, and must
31、fulfill in some wayor another the obligations of it. They looked back with affection to their engagement; they hadbeen longing to have each other to themselves, apart from the world, but it seemed that they neverfelt so keenly that they were still units in modern society.【2001 年 8 级测试汉译英】乔羽的歌大家都熟悉。但
32、他另外两大爱好却鲜为人知，那就是钓鱼和喝酒。晚年的乔羽喜爱垂钓，他说，“有水有鱼的地方大都是有好环境的，好环境便会给人好心情。我认为最好的钓鱼场所不是舒适的、给你准备好饿鱼的垂钓园，而是那极其有吸引力的大自然野外天成的场所。”钓鱼是一项能够陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。乔羽说：“钓鱼可分三个阶段：第一阶段是吃鱼；第二阶段是吃鱼和情趣兼而有之；第三阶段主要是钓趣，面对一池碧水，将忧心烦恼全都抛在一边，使自己的身心得到充分休息。”【2002 年 8 级测试汉译英】大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并深深地依赖着。尤其在乡间，上千年来人们一直以不变的方式生活着。种植
33、庄稼和葡萄，酿酒和饮酒，喂牛和挤奶，锄草和栽花；在周末去教堂祈祷和做礼拜，在节日到广场拉琴、跳舞和唱歌；往日的田园依旧是今日的温馨家园。这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。【2003 年 8 级测试汉译英】得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢。我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐、堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋。一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来。【2004 年 8 级测
34、试汉译英】在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜如蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。【2005 年 8 级测试汉译英】一个人的生命究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？提出一个绝对的标准当然很困难；但是，大体上看一个人对待生命的态度是否严肃认真，看他对待劳动、工作等等的态度如何，也就不难对这个人的存在意
35、义做出适当的估计了。古来一切有成就的人，都很严肃地对待自己的生命，当他活着一天，总要尽量多劳动、多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。我国历代的劳动人民及大政治家、大思想家等等都莫不如此。【2006 年 8 级测试汉译英】中国民族自古以来从不把人看作高于一切，在哲学文艺方面的表现都反映出人在自然界中与万物占着一个比例较为恰当的地位，而非绝对统治万物的主宰。因此我们的苦闷，基本上比西方人为少为小；因为苦闷的强弱原是随欲望与野心的大小而转移的。农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多；因此欲望也小得多。况中国古代素来以不滞于物，不为物役为最主要的人生哲学。并非我们没有守财奴，但比起莫利哀
36、与巴尔扎克笔下的守财奴与野心家来，就小巫见大巫了。中国民族多数是性情中正和平、淡泊、朴实、比西方人容易满足。【2007 年 8 级测试汉译英】暮色中，河湾里落满云霞，与天际的颜色混合一起，分不清哪是流云哪是水湾。也就在这一幅绚烂的图画旁边，在河湾之畔，一群羊正在低头觅食。它们几乎没有一个顾得上抬起头来，看一眼这美丽的黄昏。也许它们要抓紧时间，在即将回家的最后一刻再次咀嚼。这是黄河滩上的一幕。牧羊人不见了，他不知在何处歇息。只有这些美生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。这儿水草肥美，让它们长得肥滚滚的，像些胖娃娃。如果走近了，会发现它们那可爱的神情，洁白的牙齿，那丰富而单纯的表情。如果稍稍长久一点端详
37、这张张面庞，还会生出无限的怜悯。【2008 年 8 级测试汉译英】都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高。今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻是一种奢望，一种梦想。我想，其实谁都有一个小小花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需要开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的。人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界。心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断地作用于内心渐渐形成的。每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱之人的内心世界的阴晴。专八翻译参译文与翻译原理评析八级考试，受时间限制
38、，有其特殊性。鉴于大纲“译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺、流畅”的要求，建议还是以直译为主，意译为辅；能直译就直译，不能直译再意译。八级考试的体裁大多以散文为主，平时要有针对性的训练。一般说来，英汉互译时，头脑中要有这样的英汉语言对比意识：1 名词 Vs 动词即英语常用名词、常用“定中结构”（“定语中心词”或“中心词定语”）；而汉语常用动词，常用“主谓结构”或“动宾结构”。2 长句 Vs 短句即英语常用长句（树形结构）、强调句式变化、强调长短句结合；而汉语常用短句（竹形结构），忌讳过长的句子。3 替代 Vs 重复即英语常用替代（用代词、用省略、用同义词，强调用词富于变化，忌讳重复）；而汉语常用重复，
39、有同音重复、同词重复、同义重复等。行文喜用排比、对仗、四字短语、四六骈文结构等）。下面，我们用本书所学的翻译原理，对 2001 至 2008 专八真题的参考答案作一简要的评析。【2001 年 8 级测试英译汉】【参考译文】梭罗所理解的“低层次境界”是，为了拥有而去拥有，或与所有的邻居明争暗斗而致拥有。他心目中的“高层次境界”，则是这样一种积极的人生戒律，即要使自己对自然界永恒之物的感悟臻于完美。对于从低层次上节省下来的时间和精力，他可以将其致力于对高层次的追求。勿庸置疑，梭罗不赞成忍饥挨饿，但在饮食方面所投入的精力仅裹腹而已，只要可确保他能去从事更为重要的事务，除此，别无他求。努力才是其精髓。
40、没有磨砺，何来幸福。叶芝说过，除了难以可为的事情，人生的幸福大小就在于所选择的难度高低。罗伯特弗罗斯特也有“以苦为乐”之类的说法，他与叶芝英雄所见略同。世人所宣扬的那种幸福观，其致命错误就在于它认为，幸福似乎可以唾手可得。甚至于游戏也离不开难度。没有了难度也就没有了游戏。游戏之道恰恰在于难中作乐。游戏规则就是人为设定的难度。不依规则便叫人意兴阑珊。下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰会赢得很爽但没劲儿。唯有进退有尺有度方才趣味横生。不难便无趣儿。【翻译要点评析】1. 这是一篇说理性的议论文，作者是美国 19 世纪哲学家、思想家、作家亨利大卫梭罗。文章用词正式，逻辑严谨，哲理性强。翻译时要注意整篇文章的逻辑
41、关系，特别注意语篇的连贯和衔接。2. 整个译文基本做到“忠实原意，通顺流畅”。文中四字短语随处可见，意译比例不少，有一定的可读性。不足之处在于，语体文白相杂，缺乏统一。如：最后一句“随心所欲、信马由缰”是书面语，而“赢得很爽但没劲儿”却又是口头语。3. 英文第一段首句，以名词 possession 为中心组织句子，翻译时做了动词化处理：为了拥有而去拥有，符合汉语的行文习惯。4. “除了难以可为的事情”，可简约为“除了难为之事”。5. “其致命错误，幸福似乎可以唾手可得”，语气和原文有出入，宜将“似乎”一词删除。6. 最后一句，意译成分较多。为语体一致计，不妨改译为：下棋时随心所欲、信马由缰，会
42、赢得轻松，但快乐骤减。唯进退有度，方可趣味横生。没有困难，便没有快乐。【2002 年 8 级测试英译汉】【参考译文】“成功者”和“失败者”这两个词含义很多。当我们将某人称作成功者时，我们并非指他是一个让别人失败的人。对我们来说，成功者乃是这样一个人，无论作为一个个人抑或作为社会的一分子，他的一切反应均由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪。成功者不会穷其毕生之精力，执着于自我之臆想。相反，他们会保持自己的本色。正因如此，他们不装腔作势，不自命不凡，不对别人指手画脚。他们知道，真爱不同于装爱，真傻有异于装傻、博学有别于卖弄。成功者无需面具来伪装。成功者无畏于独立思考，无畏于独立判断、独
43、当一面。他们能够在事实与传闻之间明辨是非，不会假称自己无所不晓。他们倾听别人意见，择善从之，最终得出自己的结论。成功者敬仰尊重别人，但他不会受制于人、不会被他们所摧垮、不被他们所束缚、不会被他们所吓倒。成功者不故意“示弱”，也从不怨天尤人。他们会毅然肩负起人生的责任。【翻译要点评析】1. 这是一篇议论文，语言精炼，修辞讲究。译文注意到这些特点，采用了对比、排比等手法，较好地再现了原文的风格。2. who responds authentically by being credible, trustworthy, responsive, and genuine此句的关键是译好 4 个形容词，译文
44、用汉语四字短语来处理：“由衷而发，富有诚信，值得信赖，反应敏捷，从不虚伪”，读起来非常有节奏感。3. 正因如此，他们不装腔作势，不自命不凡，不对别人指手画脚。do not use their energy doing A, B, and C，汉语重复使用了三个“不”的四字短语，句式整齐，富有气势。原文是一个长句，结果汉译成三个短句，符合汉语的阅读审美习惯。4. 他们知道，真爱不同于装爱，真傻有异于装傻、博学有别于卖弄。difference betweenbetweenbetween分别译为“不同于。有异于。有别于。”，再次体现了汉语喜欢重复的特点，而且用词富于变化；英文以一个名词 differ
45、ence 为中心，汉语都处理成了动宾结构。英语当中实际上也用了重复，那就是三个必要的介词between，字面意思为“在两者之间”，从语法上讲，这些介宾短语都是 difference 的定语，属于定语后置，从字面翻译即为：真爱与装爱的差别，真傻与装傻的差别、博学与卖弄的差别。从效果而言，汉语中动宾结构更生动，也就是说，英语的定中结构（定语加中心词）处理成了汉语的动宾结构。5. “成功者无需面具来伪装”，句中 mask 译成动词。（直译为：无须躲在面具后面）。6. “成功者无畏于独立思考，无畏于独立判断、独当一面”，宜将“独当一面”一词删除。7. 成功者不故意“示弱”，宜译为：假装“无助”。【20
46、03 年 8 级测试英译汉】【参考译文】詹姆斯费尼莫库珀在其名著拓荒者一书中写到主人公，一位土地开发商，带着表妹四处参观自己正在规划中的城镇，津津乐道地描述着宽广的大道，鳞次栉比的高楼和生机盎然的大都市。但表妹环顾四周而茫然。她看到的仅仅是一片树林：“你给我指的美景和大厦到底在哪儿呢？”开发商闻言大惊：“在哪儿？这不到处都是嘛？！”尽管大厦还未破土动工，但他们在开发商的脑海里早已成形，而且真切得如同造好竣工一样。库珀在这里揭示了一种美国人特有的品性前瞻意识:站在将来的高度看现在，自由地抛开历史羁绊而放眼将来。正如艾尔伯特爱因斯坦所说：“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在。”【翻译要点评析】1. 这
47、是一篇关于美国文学的评论性文章，揭示了美国人特有的一种性格前瞻性。语言不难，但要特别注意描述性词语的翻译，译文基本做到了这点。2. 正在规划中的城镇，词义不够准确，改译为“正在建设中的城市”。3. 津津乐道描述着生机盎然的大都市，此处宜断句，添加主语：他。“描述”不妨改为“描绘”，意思更加确切。“生机盎然”宜改为“熙熙攘攘”，以与原文 bustling 相对应。此句三个“四字短语”的使用，使行文优美生动。4. “一片树林”，词义不够准确，宜译为：一片森林。5. 抽象名词 beauties and improvements 较难翻译。为了避免和上文提到的 streets, houses, met
48、ropolis 等词重复，作者用了换词的技巧，这是我们翻译和写作中经常强调的所谓 variety of words。译文用“大厦”和improvements 呼应，语义偏窄；如果发觉译文 “美景和改观”不妥，不妨“以泛对泛”，译成“美景和变化”。6. becoming 和 being 也较难翻译。前者指“未来”，后者指“现在”。整个句子可译为“美国人永远生活在将来而不是现在”，不足之处是原文的“音美”丢失了。拟改译为：“对美国人来说，生活意味着变化，而不是静化”。【2004 年 8 级测试英译汉】【参考译文】过去二十年，我一直单独生活。对于我，最为有趣的是，单独生活的回报与日俱增。经常在醒来时
49、能够亲眼看着太阳在海洋上升起，清楚地知道有一个完整的一天供我使用，没有任何间断。我可以写上几页东西，遛遛狗儿，读读书，听听音乐，我充满了幸福。只有当我疲惫不堪，长时间不间断地工作，或者一时间感到空虚而需要充实自己的时候，我就感到孤独。当我刚从外地讲学回到家中，或者当我见过了很多人而且说了许多话，满脑子纷乱的思绪需要梳理时，这时我也会感到孤独。一段时间内，我觉得屋子既空又大，也不知道“我自身”藏在了什么地方。只好通过浇浇花，也许再看看花草，把它们一棵一棵地当人一样地看看，来慢慢地找回自我。这需要一段时间。当我看着喷泉激起的水花时，这个时刻便来到了：周围的世界慢慢地消失，自我再次从潜意识里涌出，带回到我刚才经历过的一切，让我探究、让我领悟。【翻译要点评析】1. 这是一篇关于个人生活的抒情散文。作者为女作家梅莎唐（May Sarton）。本文选自 The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life 的结尾部分，个别地方有删节。该文语言流畅，便于理解，关键是如何表达英语的文采和风格。翻译时应尽量把作者对孤独的感受用较好的文学语言表达出来。参考译文做到了传情达意，但语言有些地方值得商榷。2. 第一段首句是个比较长的复杂句，汉译时采用了分句法，将原句一分为二，行文流畅
