1、19. 复合句的构成：u 用现在分词构成复合句：现在分词的动作的主语需与主句的主语一致。u 用过去分词构成复合句，用语较正式的文体，代替被动语态，Wounded in the war, his are can not move freely.Born in a happy family, he has never tasted the bitterness of life.u 不定式构成复合句，不定式表示目的：To buy a new car, the young man saved up for years.I went into the garden to pick some flower
2、s.u 通过从句构成复合句：名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同谓语从句）， 关系从句（定语从句）， 状语从句（时间，地点，原因，条件，方式，目的，结果，比较，让步）10. 复合句：lose/loose/missexpect/wait for1. 一般过去时复习：raise/rise, lay/lie, beat/win2. 现在完成进行时形容词变副词：1 直接在形容词后加-ly,careful-carefully, slow-slowly,2 以辅音字母加 y 结尾的形容词，把 y 变 I, 加-ly,2happy-happily, lucky-luckily3 有些词形容词和副词的
3、形式相同，不需要做任何变化fast, hard, late4 有些词加上-ly 后意思与原词相差很远：near-nearly, high-highly, late-lately,3. 时态对比：一般过去时，现在完成时，现在完成进行时throw to,/throw at/throw awayquite/quietcause/reasondrop/fall4. Some, any 的用法n some, any 修饰可数名词或不可数名词，some 用于肯定句，any 用于否定句和疑问句，注意，当期待对方的答案为肯定回答时用 somen many 修饰可数名词，much 修饰不可数名词，在口语中表示很
4、多一般不用 many, much, 而用 a lot of, 在否定句中表示很多用 many, much.I have a lot of money. I dont have much money.n 当一个名词在词组中表示主要目的时不要定冠词：in bed, at church, at class, college, hospital, market, prison, school, sea, university,go to school/church/work/go to the cinema/theatren most 表示大多数或非常：Most students came to cl
5、ass today. We are most excited.3The most 是 many/much 的比较级，或者构成形容词副词的比较级，只能表示最多或用在形容词或副词前面，This is the most interesting book I have ever seen. I have the most books in my class.5. Would/used to dowould do 表示过去习惯的动作，也可以用来表示过去经常性的行为，与 used to do 有时可以替换。不能替换的情况：n used to do 表示与现在强烈对照时，不可以用 wouldI used t
6、o get up early every day, but I get up very late now.n used to do 描写过去状态，would 只表示过去特有的习惯和行为。I used to be a teacher. I used to have a company.I would walk along the river everyday after dinner.n 一个故事的开头不能用 would 表示过去习惯的动作，只能用 used to do 或者一般过去时：When I was a little girl, I always went to the cinema(I
7、 used to go to the cinema). I would sit there for hours.used to do(过去常常做某事)/be used to doing（习惯做某事）6. 比较级最高级复习：很多：many/much/a great deal of/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/a large sum of/a large amount of/a great manyhandsome/beautiful/pretty/good-lookingreach/arrivetake part in/take place7. 介词用法：4at 表示某
8、个具体的位置in 表示在。里面off 表示离开in/with 还可以表示穿戴,with 可以表示带有或长有：a woman in a blue dress, a girl with a hat, a man with a beardu make sb. do 迫使某人做某事，变被动时要加 toHis father made to quit his job. He was made to quit the job.u Let sb. do 表示允许某人做某事Lets 表示建议：Lets go out for a walk. Let us go out please.否定：Dont let us/
9、Lets dont8. 被动语态/强调句型：据说：it is said/ it was said that强调：It is/was+ 被强调部分+that/who 从句I ate the apple two hours ago.It was I who ate the apple two hours ago. It was the apple that I ate two hours ago.I was tow hours ago that I ate the apple.强调谓语用 do+动词原型I did eat the apple two hours ago.Increase/growG
10、ain/earnPick/cut59. 表示目的的几种方式：u 带 to 的不定式及其变体：in order to, so as toI came to this school to/in order to/so as to learn English.I came here not to study Chinese but to study EnglishSo as not to/in order not toEvery morning I got up very early in order not to be late.Want/bring/buy/need/take/use 常用宾语+
11、不定式，不定式常表示宾语的目的：I want something to drink.I need a pen to write.Bring me a chair to sit.u So that/in order that 引导的目的状语从句，主句一般用现在时，现在完成时或一般将来时时，从句要用 shall, may, can, willHe speaks very loudly in order that his grandpa can hear him.She studies very hard so that she can enter university.主句是一般过去时，过去进行时
12、，过去完成时时，从句要用 should, could, might, wouldThe teacher wrote the excerises on the blackboard so that the students would see them when they came in.He sent a letter to his mother so that she could learn the good news.如主句主语和从句主语不同时还可以用不定式+for+名词/代词He sent a letter for his mother to learn the good news.10
13、. 现在进行时表示将来发生的动作：6arrive, come, go, leave 用在现在进行时句子里可以表示不远的将来发生的事情。Spring is coming. I am leaving Beijing in two days.Im meeting a guest this evening.名词修饰名词：car key, world record, flower shop, fur coat, gold watch, cigarette ends, horror film, chair leg付出不一定能得到回报，不付出就不可能得到回报！做人要知恩图报！ 1. 时态对比：将来完成时，将
14、来进行时，将来完成时cost/price/value2. 时态对比：过去完成时/过去完成进行时check/controlgreat/bigsoil/ground3. 间接引语（祈使句）祈使句要变为不定式, 所使用的谓语要根据语气来选择“Stay here,” the policeman said. The policeman requested him to stay there.“Close the window, please,” my mother said.My mother asked me to close the window. 常用的动词: advise, ask, beg,
15、command(命令), order, warn, tell, urge(催促), invite, persuade, remind, forbidinsist/suggest/order/demand 后要用虚拟语态 should+do，should 可以省略7He insisted that we should stay for dinner.4. 虚拟语态（过去条件句的虚拟）（见虚拟语态总结）draw in/draw back/draw up/draw off5. 情态动词：1 Must/have to do 表示必须做某事，must 表示现在和将来，have to do 可以用在任何时
16、态2 Should do/ought to do 都可以表示应该做某事，ought to do 语气更强，一般用在肯定句。3 Had to do 表示过去必须做某事，should have done, ought to have done 表示过去本应该做某事而没做。I should have told you the news earlier.He ought to have known the rules.4 Could have done 表示本能够做某事而没做。I could have saved more people.5 Might/must have done 表示对过去事实的推
17、测6 Couldnt have done 表示对过去事实的否定推测，表示不可能He couldnt have stolen the wallet.Let sb. down, let sb. off, let sb. out, let sb. inAgree/acceptDress up/dress6. Have 用法：have sth. done:n 使别人为我们做某事8I have the car repaired. He has his hair cut. The officer had the clock checked.n 表示某种遭遇：I have my wallet stolen.
18、 He had his teeth knocked out. My sister has her bike stolen.集合名词： 当这个名词作为一个整体使用时动词用单数，当这个名词作为一个组成整体的若干人时动词用复数。常见的有：family, crew, government, staff, class7. 表示成功的做成某事：managed to do, was able to do, succeeded in doing表示没成功做某事：did not manage to do, wasnt able to do, didnt succeed in doingcouldnt do, t
19、ried to docould do 表示可能做某事n say:表示说，讲时，后面不能跟间接宾语，如果加用间接宾语加 to， say sth. to sb.表示道别，背诵表达思想，意见表示据说词组：say a good word, say a prayern tell:表示说，讲后面可跟双宾语, tell sb. sth.常用于讲（实话，谎话，秘密）9辨别，分辨说出时间8. 动名词：有些动词和形容词词组后要加动名词：n admit, appreciated, avoid, consider, delay, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, finish, excuse
20、, feel, keep, like, forgive, mention, mind, miss, practise, resist, risk, suggestn look forward to, be accustomed to, be used to, give up, cant help, cant stand, take to, object to, keep on, put off, burst outn opposed to, consent to ,dedicate to, devote to, admit to, confess to, fall to, in additio
21、n to, stick to, lead to, attribute to, get ton be busy/worth/no good/use doing, have trouble/difficulty/problem/, spend time or money doing, have difficult time doing动名词完成式的被动结构：having been done当一个行为动作由另一个行为动作紧跟着时，第一个动作可以用 after doing,来表达，动名词完成式强调第一个行为动作在第二个行为动作开始之前完成。After he had been asked to driv
22、e out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been asked to drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After I had been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.After having been elected drive out of town, he began to acquire confidence.practise/advise, pratice/a
23、dvice10enjoy/entertain/amuse9. licence/license10. 介词用法：1. 复习：official/employee/shop assistant/clerk/officerhang/hung, hang/hanged2. 复习：summary of unit 474. get out(滚出去，出去)/get into（进去）/get on（进展）/get on with（继续，相处）/get off（逃脱）/get sth. off（取下）/get over（恢复，结束）/get though（通过考试，吃完）变成：grow: 渐渐变成，强调过程，比
24、get 更正式get: 口语中最常用，同 growturn: 变得和以往完全不同，往往是变坏，变色，变声，变质，turn red/pale/sourgo: 进入某种状态，不好的状态，go bad ,go sourcome: 强调结果，come real, come true, come loose, fall: 陷入，变成某种状态，后面不能加形容词比较级，fall asleep, fall illAs usual/than usualbetween/amongmanager/director/headmaster/headmistress/principal/president75. 非限定性
25、定语从句111 用 who, which 引导，前面用逗号隔开，起补充说明的意思，如去掉不影响整个句子的意思。The managers, who knew the event, held an emergent meeting.2 Which 可以指代前面的一句话He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like.3 与限定性定语从句的区别，限定性定语从句是对先行词修饰限定，如果没有定语从句整个句子的意思就会改变，而非限定性从句只是起补充说明的作用，去掉以后不影响句意。例：The visitors who knew the danger could
26、not go any further.那些知道危险的游客们不敢再往前走，（一部分人）The visitors, who knew the danger, could not go any further.游客们知道了危险不敢再往前走。（所有人）B.C., A.D.skin/leather/complexionwax/candle78. keep on/keep off/ keep away from/ keep up/ keep up with/ keep out/ keep sb.in79. 倒装句：1 条件句中的倒装, （见虚拟语态）2 否定意义的副词放在句首，整个句子要倒装：never,
27、 seldom, little, not only, scarely, hardly, no sooner, on no occasionHardly had he stolen the wallet when he was caught by the police man.No sooner had he arrived the cinema than the film began.123 Only+ 状语， only after, only thenOnly in this way could I finish the work timely.Only after he had taken
28、 off his hat did I recognize him.take off/take after/take up/take to/take in/take down/take over80. on display/on show/on business/on foot/on duty/on the whole/on fire/on purpose/on the average/on any account/on second thoughts 81. 形容词修饰名词顺序：特性形状，大小，长短颜色名词a beautiful broad red carpeta small blue cas
29、ean ugly long facelaugh/laugh atwash/wash up82. 在主句用 though, if, although, until, when, while 引导，可以省略主语和系动词Though (he is) poor, he is satisfied with his conditions.Until (you are) invited, you should not come.If she (is in need), she will borrow money from her parents.Temper/mood83. 当宾语是不定式短语，动名词或从句
30、时如果后面有宾语补语，必须用 it 做形式主语，think, find, feel, consider, make13He thought it easy to pass the examination.I feel if right that he should be punished.I think it wrong for people to behave like that.84. Tooto 的用法 to/enough 的区别85. Out of 1 Out of the way/fashion/order/sight/danger/sight（与 in 介词相反）2 Out of
31、breath/work/pring/cash/stock（没有，不足）3 Out of politeness/kindness/pity/curiosity(出于)Enough/fairlyEnough: 修饰形容词或副词/修饰名词/做代词使用88. Run out of/run after/run over/run in/run into89. free/singlequeue/rowfunny-amusing90. And 连接的两个名词如果作为一个整体出现则用单数谓语动词needle and thread, bacon and eggs, bread and butter, cheese
32、 and wine, fish and chips, a knife and fork, sausage and mash91. Make for/make out/make up/make up for92. So/neither 的倒装句so/neither+be+ 主语so/neither+助动词+ 主语so/neither+情态动词+ 主语14一般现在时, do, does/am, is, are现在进行时, am, is, are一般过去时, did现在完成时, have, has一般将来时, will, shall,过去进行时，was, were过去完成时，had过去将来时, wo
33、uld93. 重音：重音在第一个音节上为名词，重音在第二个音节为动词：present, insult, produce, record, process, protest, contrast, contest, rebel, conduct, export, import, increase, permit94. 介词：appear:强调观察者的主观看法He appears to want to go.It appears as if she would win.He appears like a king.(别人觉得他像)seem：根据某种迹象得出一种结论或看法It seems to rain.He seems like a king.(他的外表举止给人感觉像)look：根据外表推断He looks like a king.（他看起来像，但实际不是。）
