1、Justice is what we can not afford to loseJustice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Justice and fairness are closely related terms that are often today used interchangeably. There have, however, also been more distinct u
2、nderstandings of the two terms. While justice usually has been used with reference to a standard of rightness, fairness often has been used with regard to an ability to judge without reference to ones feelings or interests; fairness has also been used to refer to the ability to make judgments that a
3、re not overly general but that are concrete and specific to a particular case. In any case, a notion of desert is crucial to both justice and fairness. The Nortons and Ellisons of this world, for example, are asking for what they think they deserve when they are demanding that they be treated with j
4、ustice and fairness. When people differ over what they believe should be given, or when decisions have to be made about how benefits and burdens should be distributed among a group of people, questions of justice or fairness inevitably arise. In fact, most ethicists today hold the view that there wo
5、uld be no point of talking about justice or fairness if it were not for the conflicts of interest that are created when goods and services are scarce and people differ over who should get what. When such conflicts arise in our society, we need principles of justice that we can all accept as reasonab
6、le and fair standards for determining what people deserve. But saying that justice is giving each person what he or she deserves does not take us very far. How do we determine what people deserve? What criteria and what principles should we use to determine what is due to this or that person? Princi
7、ples of JusticeThe most fundamental principle of justiceone that has been widely accepted since it was first defined by Aristotle more than two thousand years agois the principle that “equals should be treated equally and unequals unequally.“ In its contemporary form, this principle is sometimes exp
8、ressed as follows: “Individuals should be treated the same, unless they differ in ways that are relevant to the situation in which they are involved.“ For example, if Jack and Jill both do the same work, and there are no relevant differences between them or the work they are doing, then in justice t
9、hey should be paid the same wages. And if Jack is paid more than Jill simply because he is a man, or because he is white, then we have an injusticea form of discriminationbecause race and sex are not relevant to normal work situations. There are, however, many differences that we deem as justifiable
10、 criteria for treating people differently. For example, we think it is fair and just when a parent gives his own children more attention and care in his private affairs than he gives the children of others; we think it is fair when the person who is first in a line at a theater is given first choice
11、 of theater tickets; we think it is just when the government gives benefits to the needy that it does not provide to more affluent citizens; we think it is just when some who have done wrong are given punishments that are not meted out to others who have done nothing wrong; and we think it is fair w
12、hen those who exert more efforts or who make a greater contribution to a project receive more benefits from the project than others. These criterianeed, desert, contribution, and effortwe acknowledge as justifying differential treatment, then, are numerous. On the other hand, there are also criteria
13、 that we believe are not justifiable grounds for giving people different treatment. In the world of work, for example, we generally hold that it is unjust to give individuals special treatment on the basis of age, sex, race, or their religious preferences. If the judges nephew receives a suspended s
14、entence for armed robbery when another offender unrelated to the judge goes to jail for the same crime, or the brother of the Director of Public Works gets the million dollar contract to install sprinklers on the municipal golf course despite lower bids from other contractors, we say that its unfair
15、. We also believe it isnt fair when a person is punished for something over which he or she had no control, or isnt compensated for a harm he or she suffered. And the people involved in the “brown lung hearings“ felt that it wasnt fair that some diseases were provided with disability compensation, while other similar diseases werent.
