1、1美国文学选读复习提要：PartThe Literature of Colonial America 殖民主义时期的文学1. 17 世纪早期 English and European explorers 开始登陆美洲。在他们之前 100 多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and other Parts of South America 已被 the Spanish 占领。2. 17th 早期 English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞) 开始了美国历史3. 最早殖民者(earliest settl
2、ers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese (荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。4. 美国早期文学主要为 the narratives and journals of these settlements 采用 in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，他们写关于 the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.5. 第一批美国永久居民：the fi
3、rst permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。6. 船长约翰史密斯 Captain John Smith 他的作品(reports of exploration)17th 早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品 in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲
4、述了 filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往 lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.7. 美国第一位作家：1608 年 Captain John Smith 写了封信自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of
5、 That Colony”.8. 他的第二本书 1612 年弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”.9. 他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导 sought a post as guide to the Pilgrims.他 1624 年弗吉尼亚通史 “General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事 how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.10. 他保存了殖民者在 Jam
6、estown 早期开荒史及 explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克地区 )，最重要的是 he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.11. 早
7、期新英格兰文学主要关于 theological, moral, historical and political.12. 清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义 the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a harsh church 想建立神权社会 found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争 they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challen
8、ges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制 hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety 这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。一、William Bradford and John Winthrop 威廉布拉德福德和约翰温思罗普普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;波斯顿第一任首长： John Winthrop.1William Bradford:普利茅斯开发历史 “The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从 16302年开始写起 an account of the s
9、mall group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving. John Winthrop:新英格兰历史 “The History of New England”.1630 年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并开始写日记 ke
10、ep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826 年正式出版 is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.2他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品 the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.3清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净
11、化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民 looked upon themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意 anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing Gods Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之
12、如命，对别人信仰不能容忍 they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为 made laws about private morality as well as public behavior 霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒” “stern and black-browed Puritans”.二、John Cotton and Roger Williams 约翰科登和罗杰 威廉姆斯1John Cotton 第一批知识分
13、子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633 年到 Boston 开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为2Roger Williams:1631 年 came to the Massachusetts 后他对印第安语言非常感兴趣 Indian language.他写过开启美国语言的钥匙或也叫做美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南 “A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in Tha
14、t Part of America Called New England”三、 Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor 安妮布莱德斯特和爱德华泰勒这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。1Anne Dudley Bradstreet 是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一 one of the most interesting of the early poets. 2Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位 the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式 his work followe
15、d they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的 most of Taylors work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.在世时没出版过作品，1937 年发现手稿，1960 年泰勒诗歌全集。Part The Literature of Reason And Revolution 理性和革命时期文学1托马斯佩
16、因常识 Thomas Paines “Common Sense”;托马斯杰弗逊独立宣言 Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。文学上独立的代表作：31785 年杰弗逊：弗吉尼亚洲的声明Jeffersons “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791 年巴特姆：旅行笔记 “Travels” by Bartram一、 Benjamin Frankli
17、n 本杰明富兰克林 1706-1790殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家 in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.1出生于波士顿 Boston,曾创办半岛公报 。1732-1758 出版穷人理查德的年鉴 “Poor Richards Almanac” collocation of proverbs.2建立一秘密俱乐部 the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political id
18、eals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭 successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法 Constitution.3其还是美国第一位主要作家 the first major writer 非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天
19、才 as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.4他最好作品收录在自传 “Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”5教材作品自传 ”The Autobiography” 二、 Thomas Paine 托马斯佩因（1737-1809）1美国著名政治小册子作家 pamphleteer.21776 年 1 月 10 日 his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 常识
20、 ，署名“By an Englishman”.书中大胆拥护 “独立宣言”各主张 it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人 became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.31776-1783美国危机 “American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于 1776 年黑色 12 月出版，这些册子在部队中
21、被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心 was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizens army。 最后一篇 1783 年 12 月 9 日出版。理性的时代 “The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品 1797土地公平“Agrarian J
22、ustice”.三、 Thomas Jefferson 托马斯杰弗逊（1743-1826）1美国历史上最为广泛影响人物 his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神 vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物 a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science,
23、mechanics1776 年同约翰亚当斯、本杰明富兰克林、罗杰谢尔曼、罗伯特R利文斯顿一起起草独立宣言with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence.21790-1793 任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800 起担任两届美国总统。3把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（the Library of Congress
24、）.1819 年4开始创建弗吉尼亚大学并担任第一任校长。41826 年去世，正值独立宣言签署 50 周年 the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”四、 Philip Freneau 菲利浦弗瑞诺（1752-1832 ）1革命战争后期最杰出作家 perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者 double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是
25、新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类 he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者 was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人” （the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父” （Father of American Poetry）.21776 年出版夜屋 （The House of Night）哥特式小说 the Go
26、thic mood. FL帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美” “the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格 blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.31781 写下名诗英国囚船(The British Prison Ship)一首抨
27、击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍 a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺 continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.4作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来 as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格 i
28、n contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.5教材作品：野忍冬花： “The Wild Honey Suckle”印第安人的坟地： “The Indian Burying Ground”Part The Literature of Romanticism 浪漫主义文学1. 1828 年安德鲁杰克逊当选 7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束” the frontier hero Andrew Ja
29、ckson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861 年开始 Civil War.2. 美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States had begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material bene
30、fits and cause overwhelming social disorders.3. 这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响The attitudes of Americas writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.4. 浪漫主义共同点 romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重
31、道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源 moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and mans societies a source of corruption.6超验主义（1830sthe Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精
32、神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分 as a moral philosophy, 5transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness
33、from which all things come and of which all things are a part.7美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式 novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as Americas principal literary forms.一、 Washington Irving 华盛顿欧文 1783-18591. 他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格 was the first great p
34、rose stylist of American romanticism familiar style.2. 他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，作品中尽量表现出自己的个性 the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用
35、自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格 he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐 he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produ
36、ce pleasure.3. 1819-1820 他第一部见闻札记是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment. He introduced the familiar essay to
37、America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣 his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.二、 James Fenimore Cooper 詹姆斯芬尼莫库珀 1789-18511美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家 the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare.21821 年他第二部小说间谍获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独
38、立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War.3库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说 Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824 年领航者最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many
39、sea romances. 1839 年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史美国海军 he wrote the first official history of the U.S. Navy.4库珀边疆小说皮袜子故事集由 5 部小说共同组成，历时 18 年，1823-1841，即杀鹿者 、 最后的莫希干人 、 探路人 、 拓荒者及大草原 。阿伦内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last o
40、f the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest 6approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国 with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his pas
41、t, and made the European conscious of American.三、 William Cullen Bryant 威廉卡伦布莱恩特 1794-18781. 1817 年伟大史诗死之思考 （“Thanatopsis”） ，人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作 the stately poem called ” Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.2. 他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在新闻
42、界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制 apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and the abolition of slavery.3. 致水鸟是其巅峰之作， “用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗” ， “To a Waterfowl” is pe
43、rhaps the peak of his work, “Most perfect brief poem in the language”.4. 后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了伊利亚特和奥德赛his most important later works are his translations of the “Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.四、 Edgar Allan Poe 埃德加阿伦坡 1809-18491. 1833 年，在一次小说比赛中他的金瓶子城的方德先生获奖 he won a contest with his st
44、ory “Ms. Found in a Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能 showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and a writer of fiction.2. 发表了鄂榭府崩溃记 “The Fall of the House of Usher”.3. 1840 年，第一部短篇小说集述异集his fir
45、st collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.4. 1845 年诗集乌鸦出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远 in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong o
46、n many French writers.5. 教材作品：给海伦：“To Helen”乌鸦：“ The Raven”安娜贝尔李 “ Annabel Lee”鄂榭府崩溃记 “The Fall of the House of Usher”五 Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫沃尔多爱默生 1803-18821他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖 he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as
47、the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强 he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance 他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想 he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.21836 年出版了第一本书论自然 “Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是美国学者 ，还有一个是神学院致辞 “The American S
48、cholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收录在他的随笔集中，演讲中最重要的著作是他 1850 年的代表和 1856 年英国人 。1847 年他的诗集问世. Many of his 7lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.3人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，
49、用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味 in his day, Emersons poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.4他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘
