1、雅思写作核心语法知识A:句子构成成分回顾 （一）句子构成 句子构成的成分共分为九种：主语，谓语，宾语，表语，定语，状语，补语，同位语和插入语。 一、主语：句子的核心主体，通常位于谓语动词之前，表明一个句子是谁或何种情况所发出执行或是承受的。在写作中常做主语的有名词、代词、主语从句、V-ing、To do 五种。1 名词：Computersare now being widely used in almost all fields. 2 代词：Weare now living in an information-explosion era.3 主语从句：Whether sports stars
2、should earn a high salaryis still discussed heatedly. 4 V-ing: Surfing the Internetoffers a new way for people to relax themselves. 5 To do: To protect the environmentis everybodys business.二、谓语：描述或阐述主语的情况，由动词来充当，常位于主语之后。 1 表状态用系动词：As I see it, movie starsearning a high salaryisunfair and unjustifie
3、d. 2 表动作用及物或不及物动词：The Internethas revolutionizedpeoples way of life. Tastediffers. 3 表拥有：人或物时用：have has 无生命的东西：there be Peoplehavedifferent views on this question.There isno absolute agreement on this question. 4 情态动词动词原形：In this way, teacherscan never be replacedby computers.三、宾语：及物动词或介词所指向的对象。在写作中
4、常做宾语的有名词、宾语从句、复合结构、V-ing、To do 五种。 1 名词作宾语：International tourism promotesthe economic development. 2 宾语从句作宾语：Some people holdthat air travel should be restricted.3 复合结构：The advanced medical technology has madeit possible for people to live longer than ever possible before.4 V-ing: Nobody can avoidbe
5、ing influencedby media.5 To do: Some people wantto work for a big companywhile others chooseto work for a small one.四、表语：接在系动词后，补充说明主语的情况又称为主语补足语。在写作中常做表语的有名词、形容词、V-ing、To do、从句五种。1 名词：The environmental problem isa serious problemin modern society.2 形容词：Time isfleetingand art islong. 3 V-ing: The ar
6、gument isconvincing.4 To do: A possible solution isto set down effective laws. 5 从句：One advantage of computersutilized in education isthat they can enrich the traditional teaching method to a great extent. 五、定语：修饰名词或类似于名词的词。一般翻译为“的”，表示事物性质或状态，分为前置或后置。在写作中常做定语的有形容词、名词、V-ing、To do、从句五种。 1 形容词：Taking p
7、art-time jobs exertsprofoundimpacts on ones future career development.2 名词：Generationgap is now a problem we have to face.名词做定语（名词修饰名词重要原则：第一个名词一般用单数 以下为雅思写作常用名词修饰名词词组）1 Information technology 2 Information center 3 Credit card 4 Generation gap5 Beauty contest6 Communication skills 7 Information age
8、8 Knowledge economy 9 Peace talks 10 Service industry 11 Water scarcity 12 Survival skills13 Press conference14 Safety standard15 Life insurance16 Weather forecast 17 Reception desk18 Coffee break19 Body guard 20 Heart attack21 Department store22 Stock market 23 Office building 24 Science fiction3 V
9、-ing:Clearly, we are now living in anupdatingsociety and the world is now witnessing somebreath-takingchanges. 4To do: Studying abroad provides students with a good opportunityto experience a totally different culture.5 定语从句：That is a good bookwhich is opened with expectation and closed with profit.
10、六、状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整句的词或句。按照功能分十一种：时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随、评注。在写作中常做状语的有副词 、状语从句 、状语从句省略结构 、To do、V-ing、V-ed 从句六种。1 副词 ：Honestly, I cannot give a yes-no answer to this question. 2 状语从句 ：Where there is an open mind, there will always be frontier. 3 状语从句省略结构 ：If so, the conclusion still remains qu
11、estionable.4To do：To solve this problem, people think up various solutions. 5V-ing：Technology is developing by leaps and bounds,making it possible for people to live better than ever before.6V-ed：Encouraged to do so, children will experience better development.七、补语：主语补足语（补充说明主语的情况，又称表语）、宾语补足语（补充说明宾语
12、的情况）在写作中常做宾语补足语的有形容词和 To do 两种。 1 形容词：Many people find this experienceawful. 2 To do: Advertisements often urge peopleto buy goods they do not need. 八、同位语：句子中的两种成份表达同一种概念，即 A=B 称之为同位语。在写作中常做同位语的有名词和从句两种。1 名词：We should learn from the past,the mirror of the present and the hope of the future.2 从句：Univ
13、ersity students should bear total expenses for their tuition on the generalizationthat university students usually earn much more than people without a degree.九、插入语 插入语是说话者对所表达意思的补充、强调、解释或者说话的态度，其位置灵活，常常用逗号或破折号与其它成分隔开，并且在语法上不影响其他成分。书面表达要求语言连贯、地道，恰当使用插入语，可以给文章增色不少。在写作中常用的插入语如下。1 Indeed 的确， 2 Surely 无
14、疑， 3 However 然而，4 Obviously 显然，5 Frankly 坦率地说， 6 Naturally 自然，7 Luckily (或 happily)for somebody,算某人幸运， 8 Fortunately/Luckily 幸好， 9 Honestly 真的，10 Briefly 简单地说, 11 Strange to say 说也奇怪，12 Needless to say 不用说， 13 Most important of all 最为重要是，13 Worse still 更糟糕的是，14 Ina few words(或 in sum，in short)简而言之，1
15、5 Inother words 换句话说， （二）句子分类回顾：根据类型句子可分为四种：简单句、并列句、复合句、并列复合句。一、简单句：一个句子中只包含一个主谓或者由并列连接词来连接两个或两个以上的谓语或主语。 International tourismindeedgives rise tosome problems.Ambition and perseveranceare two substantial factors to success. Learning this coursecan stimulateones imagination andcultivateones independ
16、ence. 二、并列句：由并列连词连接的两个简单句。（and but or so for）Life is hopeandhope is life.Problems never stopbutpeople stop problems.三、复合句：由从属连词引导的从句修饰主句，根据意义可分为：名词从句（主、宾、表、同）、形容词从句（定语从句）、副词从句（状语从句）。It goes without saying thatchange is an unavoidable trend.Some people argue thatthis practice is unjustified.四、并列复合句：在
17、并列句当中出现了复合句。Not onlydo teachers teach us knowledge,butthey teach us many other thingswhich can never be taught by computers. B:六类从句句型归纳总结从句是相对于主句而言的，即它是从属于某一个主句，而不能单独作一个句子。在英语中，主要有三大从句，即名词性从句（包括主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）、形容词性从句（即定语从句）、副词性从句（即状语从句,包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式和比较九种。）（1） 形式主语从句句型形式主语从句是写作中非常常用
18、的一种从句。我们先来看一下它是如何构成的。（That+一个完整的句子可做主语）。比如说：(That education is important ) is clear.这就是主语从句的基本形式。但如果句子要是这样，主语过长。所以，我们习惯于用 it 来代替原来的主语。而把原来的主语放在句子的最后。这句话可改为：It is clear that education is important.这就叫做形式主语从句。 1It is often the case that2It is a fact that（2） 宾语从句句型 宾语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句。它一般用来提出观点。 1 Some
19、people think that2 Some people believe that（3） 表语从句句型 表语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，可构成各种句型。 1 The first thing to be mentioned is that2 Another point to be considered is that3 The last thing to be shown is that（4） 同位语从句句型同位语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，与其前面所修饰名词形成同位关系。 1 I have a dream that one day, all roads will be made
20、 plain.2 We hold this truth to be self-evident that all men are created equal.（5） 定语从句句型定语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，常常起修饰的作用。 who 先行词是人，在定从中可以做主语或宾语 Children who study abroad will have a good opportunity to experience a different culture. which 先行词必须是物，在定从中可以做主语或宾语 Advertisements often urge people to buy thi
21、ngs which they do not need. that 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做主语或宾语 The Internet is a tool that can expand ones horizon. whom 先行词是人，在定从中做宾语Children whom their parents encourage to take part-time jobs will adapt to the society better in the future. whose 先行词既可是人，又可是物，在定从中做定语Children whose parentsguidance is con
22、sistent and rational will have more self-confidence. Where 先行词一般是表示地点的名词，后面加完整句 The museum is the place where people can get educated and entertained. When 先行词一般是表示时间的名词，后面加完整句 Why 先行词一般是表示原因的名词，后面加完整句That is the reason why I am in favor of the former view. As 引导的非限制性定语从句1 As has been said, 2As has
23、been mentioned, （6）状语从句句型状语从句是写作中非常常用的另一种从句，一般分为九种。（一）时间状语从句 When dry desert ends, the green grass grows. （二）地点状语从句 Where there is a will, there is a way.（三）条件状语从句 If the economy still develops at present way, the environment will be getting worse and worse. （四）原因状语从句 Collecting provides relaxation
24、for leisure hours, as just looking at ones treasures is always a joy.（五）结果状语从句 Youth is so wonderful that it is a crime to waste it. （六）目的状语从句Such a plan should be carried out so that the goal of education could be better met. （七）让步状语从句Although advertisements are never without disadvantages, their a
25、dvantages carry more weight. （八）方式状语从句 If we cannot do as we would, we must do as we can. （九）比较状语从句The more we study, the better we understand life.C:非谓语动词归纳总结 在英语中，不做句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式 To do, Ving 和 Ved 三种。（一）不定式：不定式由不定式符号 to 加动词原形构成，及物动词的不定式可以带宾语。不定式的否定结构是在 to 前面加上 not.不定式在句
26、中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。不定式一般在写作中可以做主语，宾语，后置定语，目的状语，宾语补足语和插入语。1（主）不定式做主语，一般用 it 当形式主语，把做主语的不定式短语后置。 It is vitalto receive education in this ever-accelerated society.It is no exaggerationto say that friendship is to people what perfume is to flowers.2（宾）I preferto choose the latter for the following reasons.I
27、n this way, children can learnto cooperate with others. 3（后置定语）The deepest urge in human nature is the desireto be important.The important thing in life is the determinationto attain a great aim. 4（目的状语）To associate with friends, we should be honest and open. To achieve happiness, one has a long way
28、 to go. 5（宾语补足语） Difficulties train oneto be great. The updating society requires peopleto accept new things positively. 6（插入语） To start with, the eye-catching development of technology is a good case in point. Needless to say, we can never do without media.（二）V-ing:V-ing 由动词加 ing 构成，及物动词的 ving 可以带宾
29、语。ving 在句中可以做除了谓语外的任何成分。ving 一般在写作中可以做主语，宾语，定语，状语，和插入语。 1 做主语：Helping othersis happiness in itself.Losingcan be a real beginning. 2 做宾语：Change requiresadapting oneself to a new environment. Reading a book is likeopening a window to the outside world.3 做定语：A 前置(将 Ving 放在名词前修饰名词 相当于一个形容词)Change is ane
30、xcitingbusiness.The Internet is developing at aneye-dazzlingspeed.B 后置 （将 Ving 放在名词后修饰名词 相当于一个省略了的定语从句) Peopleholding the latter viewdo strongly believe that international tourism has more benefits. = Peoplewho hold the latter viewdo strongly believe that international tourism has more benefits.Chil
31、drenspending too much time surfing the Internetmay suffer from some psychological illnesses. = Childrenwho spend too much time surfing the Internetmay suffer from some psychological illnesses.4 做状语： (只要主句的主语是 Ving 的发出者，Ving 可以做所有的状语)Having entered the 21stcentury, we are now blessed with more opport
32、unities and confronted with more challenges. Surfing the Internet, we are often annoyed by various advertisements. Serving in the army, women can perform. as well as men do.5 做插入语： A 常规(一些可以做插入语的副词后加上 Speaking 而意思不变)1 Properly speaking,2 Generally speaking,3B 特殊 （一些由 Ving 构成的特殊插入语)1 Speaking of9 （三）
33、V-ed: Ved 由动词加 ed 构成。Ved 一般在写作中可以做定语，状语，和插入语。(1)做定语：A 前置(将 Ved 放在名词前修饰名词 相当于一个形容词) Chance favors thepreparedmind. It seems that we have embarked upon anever-acceleratedera. B 后置 （将 Ved 放在名词后修饰名词 相当于一个省略了的定语从句) Difficultiesmasteredare opportunities. = Difficultieswhich are masteredare opportunities.C
34、hildrenencouraged to study alonecan cultivate their independence and toughness. = Childrenwho are encouraged to study alonecan cultivate their independence and toughness. (2)做状语：(只要主句的主语是 Ved 的承受者，Ved 可以做所有的状语)Well done, the smallest task becomes a miracle of achievement. Encouraged to learn competi
35、tion, children will adapt themselves to the society better in the future. (3)做插入语：1 Compared with,2 Compared to,3 Given,4 Given closer analysis, 5 Based on the above factors,6 Based on the above discussion, 7 Simply stated, 8 Simply put,D:倒装，强调句型归纳总结 倒装强调：全部倒装是指将全部谓语动词都放在主语之前。部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词,系动词或情
36、态动词放在主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词 do, does 或 did，并将其放在主语之前。而强调句是人们为了表达自己的意愿或情感，通过各种方式对句子中的某个部分进行强调，从而起到修辞的作用。1倒装 A 全部倒装：把全部谓语放在主语前。1there be 句型（特殊的全部倒装句型）There are bloody contents, violence and pornography in the Internet. 2 there here now then 放在句首时，句子进行全部倒装。Now is the time to take action.3 方位状语开
37、头时，句子进行全部倒装。In books are embalmed the greatest thoughts of all ages.4 主语与表语互换位置（当主语过长而表语过短时，可以把主语与表语互换位置从而构成全部倒装）Well-known is that energy crisis poses a threat to the society. 5 伴随状语开头（With 或 Along with 放在句首时，句子应该全部倒装）With globalization have come many problems.B 部分倒装：只将情态动词、助动词或系动词放在主语前 1 only +单词、
38、词组、状语从句位于句首，句子进行部分倒装。 Only through education can we rise in the world. 2 以否定意义状语开头，句子进行部分倒装。 Never has this topic failed to fascinate people.3 neither nor 开头，句子进行部分倒装。Economic success is not the only factor in achieving happiness, neither is social status. 4 so 开头，句子进行部分倒装。Success teaches us somethi
39、ng about ourselves. So does failure. 5 always often particularly many times many a time 放在句首时，句子进行部分倒装。 Always am I amazed when I hear people saying that computers can replace teachers. 6 让步状语从句由 though 或 as 引导时可用倒装，将表语放在句子最前面。Fascinating as computers utilized in education seem, teachersroles are mo
40、re imperative.7 so that 引导的结果状语从句可用倒装。So severe is this problem that we have no alternative but to take some feasible measures to deal with it. 2强调 用 dodoesdid + V 可表强调Some people do believe that nuclear power poses a threat to the world peace.adv 或 adj 可表强调：Never only VeryThis is the very question
41、that deserves careful analysis.双重否定可表强调 Taking part-time jobs is never without drawbacks. what 引导的主从可表强调 What really matters is cooperation.倒装可表强调(凡是倒装都可以表示强调 ) Littlie do people take into account the seriousness of this problem. 比较状语从句可表强调Nothing is more imperative than to learn from the past. 强调句型可表强调 It is was +被强调部份+ that who +原句剩余部份It is stability that destroys peoples ambition and barricades peoples steps.It is through competition that children can learn the meaning of courage.
