1、1英语标点符号的使用方法书、笔、纸、墨水。大家看看上面的句子，句中用的是什么标点呢？相信谁都会说是：顿号和句号啦。在英文句子里，也有顿号(、)和小圈儿句号(。)吗？上面的句子以英文来写的话，就应该是：Book, pen, paper, ink.可见在英文里是不用顿号和中文式句号的。标点符号在中、英文里的写法和用法有好多差别。下面就让我们从一个中文里所没有的标点开始吧。一、Apostrophe ()省字符号、所有格符号这个标点在中文里是没有的；但在英文里却随处可见。主要用在下列几方面：* 表示所有格 (所有格的变化也不少，详细情形容后再谈)* 缩写式* 表示一些数字、字母、日期、缩写的复数形式1
2、.1 所有格 (Possessives):(注意：下列所有格只用在动物方面)1.1.1 在名词(有生命的)后加上 s 表示单数所有格：1. Sarahs coat is black. 莎拉的外套是黑色的。(Sarahs=莎拉的)2. The boys hat. (这男孩有一顶帽子)3. The boys hats. (这男孩有好几顶帽子)4. Joness office. (Jones 只有一个音节，结尾是 s, 所有格加 s)5. Jones sweet tooth is legendary. (Jones 的结尾是 s, 而接下来的词又以 s 开始，那么，所有格就只加 喔,真好玩！)6.
3、Moses mouth is wide. (Moses 的尾音有重复的 z 音，所有格只加 )7. Louis candy is sticky. (Louis 有不止一个音节，结尾 s，所有格只加 。为什么呢？好玩极了！)8. My mother-in-laws house. (monther-in-law 之类的复合名词，所有格2s 加在结尾处)9. The Surgeon Generals report is due soon. (Surgeon General 是复合词，同上。)哎呀！是不是觉得很乱？让我们归纳一下：A. 一般单数名词(有生命的!)，所有格只在结尾加 s (第 1-3 句
4、)B. 如果单数名词尾是 s, 或 ce，所有格只加 或 s (第 4 句)C. 如果单数名词尾是 s, 而跟着是以 S 开头的词，所有格只加 (第 5 句)D. 如果单数名词尾音有重复的 s 或 z 音，或是 eez 音，所有格只加 (第 6 句)E. 如果 B 项的名词只有一个音节(syllable)，所有格只能加 s (第 4 句)F. 如果 B 项的名词有二个以上音节，所有格则只加 (第 7 句)G. 复合词类处理法同 A。(第 8-9 句)1.1.2 二人(或其他动物)以上的所有格表示法：1. The boys shoes. (在复数 boys 尾加上 而不是 s 喔)2. The
5、womens bags. (woman 的复数是 women, 所有格是 s)3. The childrens caps. (child 的复数是 children，和 women 同类型，所有格加s)4. The actresses hats. (actress 的复数是 actresses，因为结尾是 es, 因此所有格只加 便可)5. The babies toys. (baby 的复数是 babies，结尾有 es，因此所有格只加 )6. Ms. Joneses house. (Joneses 是 Jones 的复数)7. My mothers-in-laws house. (注意是
6、motherS 喔，所有格还是加 s)同样来归纳一下：A.简单复数名词(同样是有生命的喔)的所有格写法是：先将原来单数名词结尾加 s 变成3复数，然后在结尾处再加上 即成。(第 1 句)B. 如果复数名词是由改变其内的韵母形成的，所有格同单数名词一样，结尾加上 s(第 2-3 句)C.如果复数名词尾是 es, 所有格只加 (第 4-6 句)D.如果是复数复合名词，则先将主要单数名词转成复数，然后在复合名词尾加上s(第 7 句)1.1.3 如果是几个名词并列的,所有格 s 加在最后一个名词尾：1. Joe and Lindas house is being sold. 乔和琳达的房子已卖了。(这
7、里表示房子是 Joe 和 Linda 所共有)1.1.4 如果几个名词是个别表示所有格时，每个名词尾都须加上 s :1. Mikes and Mollys grades have improved. 迈克和莫莉的成绩已有进步。(这里表示迈克和莫莉各别的成绩都有进步)1.1.5 不定式名词的所有格是在词尾加 s：1. I need someones help with my homework. (someone 指某人,所有格someones某人的)1.1.6 代名词的所有格不可加上 或 s ：1. Shella, whose eyes are blue? (whose 哪个人的，已有所有格的意
8、思)2. This book is hers, not yours. (hers 她的，yours 你的)3. It hurt its paw. (its 它的)4. Its a nice day. (its 是 it is 的意思,不属于所有格)5. That is your right. (your 你的)1.2 缩写式(Contractions):1.2.1 在字词、日期中一部份字母或数字被省略，以 代之 。41. She wouldnt work for the govt in 93. (wouldnt=would not,govt=government, 93=1993)1.2.2
9、名字、头衔的缩写格式可省略 1. Lt. Wm. Jones visited us. (Lt. =Lieutenant, 不可写成 Lt , Wm=William,不可写成 Wm)1.3 复数形式(Plurals):1.3.1 当一个词在句子里能清楚反映其复数意义时，不可再加 ：1. Dont give me any ifs, ands, or buts. (不可写成 ifs , ands , buts)1.3.2 在句子里，当一个词仅仅作为一个词时，其复数形式可加 s 使其含意更清晰：1. He used twenty-five ands in one paragraph. 他在一段里用了
10、25 个and 字。1.3.3 日期、数目字、只取首字母的缩写词(acronyms)这类以大写字母结尾时，复数形式只需加上 s ，不必再加上 :1. Seven Ph.D.s lived in this building in the 1970s. (Ph.D.s 不可写成Ph.D.s, 1970s 也不可写成 1970s)1.3.4 当一个大写字母的复数形式可能会被误解时，可加上 s 以表示复数：1. The Roman Numerals for the number eight is a V followed by three Is.罗马数字八的写法是 V 后加上三个 I 。(这时如果 I
11、s 只写成 Is , 就可能引起误解)5二. 逗号/逗点 在中文或英文里是再普通不过的一个标点符号；可是，它的用法在中文和英文里可就不一定相同了。二、Comma (，) 逗号、逗点在英文里，逗号的用途有：* 连接句子里不同的成份* 分开句子里不同的成份* 突出句子里的某个成份* 替代句子里的某个成份成份指：词、短语(phrase)、子句(clause)等。2.1 连接句子里不同的成份2.1.1 逗号用在以 and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet 等连接词的两个主要子句之间：1. My father is fond of fishing, but my mother pr
12、efers hiking. (以 ,but 连接两个子句)2. He painted the exterior of the house, and she painted the interior. (以,and 连接两个子句)=2.2 分开句子里不同的成份2.2.1 用逗号分开两个以上的并列形容词：(如果并列的形容词之间可加上 and,but 等，那就加上逗号；否则不可)1. That tall, distinguished, good looking fellow. (可写成 He is a tall anddistinguished fellow.)2. She is a little
13、and old lady. (不可写成 She is a little, old lady.)6-2.2.2 在两个修饰主语的短语之间加上逗号(句短可不加)：1. While waiting for the bus on that cold rainy night, she startedsneezing. (主语 she)2. At 10 oclock the bus arrived. (不必写成 At 10 oclock, the busarrived.)-2.2.3 在 Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., 等名称之前及后都要加上逗号(除了所有格的名称
14、):1. They identified him as Howard R. Williams, Jr., chairman of their board.(,Jr.,)2. That is Howard R. Williams, Jr.s company. (,Jr.s 后面不可再加逗号)-2.2.4 在追问句之前加逗号：1. Do it, wont you? (Do it 是命令语气，wont you?是追问)2. You know the answer, dont you?3. It is warm today, isnt it?-2.2.5 一个以副词或副词短语开头的句子，如果它和前面的
15、句子有关联的话，必须在有关副词或副词短语后加上逗号：1. She believed he had the talent to succeed. Unfortunately, he was lazy.(后一个句子以副词 unfortunately 开头，同时这个句子和前一个句子有直接的关联)-72.2.6 在句子里有超过三个并列词或短语等，在最后一个，and, or, nor 等之前加逗号：1. He promised to supply the pencils, pens, and notebooks for the class.(简单说就是 pencils, pens, notebooks
16、要写成 pencils, pens, and notebooks)2. Her mother sells tomatoes, potatoes, apples, and peaches. (.apples,and.)3. She ran up the stairs, across the porch, and into the house. (up thestaris, across the porch, into the house 是三个短语，在最后一个加 ,and)4. We all agreed that she was beautiful, that she was intellig
17、ent, andthat she was ambitious. (三个 that she was.都是子句 )-2.2.7 在句子中加上逗号，以免引起误解：1. That she knew where the money was, was news to me. (如果 was, was 之间不加逗号，是不是会引起误解呢？)2. Outside, the lawn was cluttered with hundreds of broken branches.外面的草坪上到处是断枝。(如果 outside 后去掉逗号, 那意思就变成“在草坪的外面到处是断枝。”)-2.2.8 用逗号分开引用句：1
18、. “You are beautiful,” he said. (这个逗号要放在引号内)82. Our teacher said, “Freedom is not license.” (.said,)3. “No,” she said, “I was just testing your patience.” (No, /said,)4. “Perhaps,”Tom responded, “I will try anyway.” (Perhaps, /responded,)-2.2.9 逗号用以分开星期、月日、年份：1. On Monday, May 5,2000, her first chil
19、d was born. (Monday, May 5,2000, )2. On March 8, 2003, he bought a new car. (March 8, 2003, )3. June 2000 is one of the most meaningful of my life. (只有月和年，就不必加逗号)-2.2.10 逗号用以分开地名、省名、国名、街道名、巷弄名等：1. Linda lives at 1234 Amarillo Ave., #1, Palo Alto, CA 94303, U.S.A.-2.2.11 逗号用在 such as 和 especially 的前面
20、：1. They enjoy outdoor sports, such as hiking and riding.2. He likes all extracurricular activities, especially basketballplaying.=2.3 突出句子中某个插入成份(Parenthetical elements):所谓插入成份，是指在句子中去掉它也可成立的成份。插入成份一般是感叹词、状语、副词子句等。2.3.1 句子里插入的词、短语、子句等,加上逗号以示插入成份：91. He knew, however, that no one would listen to his
21、 warning. ( 插入however)2. No, you may not come with us. (插入 No)-2.3.2 用逗号分开“乃此非彼”的结构：1. Jane, not Shirley, will attend the meeting. (是 Jane，不是 Shirley)2. He wanted to see Mr. Wu, not Mr. Hu. (是吴先生，不是胡先生)3. Some say the world will end in ice, not fire. (是冰，不是火)4. It was her money, not her charm or per
22、sonality, that first attractedhim. (为的是她的财富，不是为了她的妩媚或个性)-2.3.3 句中有非限制性的词或短语之类，以逗号标出以示插入成份：1. Her husband, Bill, is a scientist. (Bill 为插入成份)2. Kent Howard, my English teacher, is from America. (插入成份 my Englishteacher)3. Her father, who is a famous scholar, teaches English.(插入成份 who is afamous schola
23、r)4. Eleanor, his wife of thirty years, suddenly decided to open her ownbusiness. (试将插入成份 his wife of thirty years 去掉，句子是否也能成立？)-2.3.4 句中的城市名如果和它的省、州、国名并列，省、州、国名前后须加逗号：101. We visited Hartford, Connecticut, last summer. (Connecticut 为插入成份)2. Paris, France, is sometimes called “The City of Lights.“ (
24、France 为插入成份)3. Hartford, Connecticuts investment in the insurance industry is wellknown.(Connecticuts 为所有格式，后面不可加逗号喔)-2.3.5 句中带着连接词(but, and, or.)的插入成份的前面不可加上逗号：1. The Red Sox were leading the league at the end of May, but ofcourse, they always do well in the spring. (but 的后面不可加逗号)2. The Tigers spe
25、nt much of the season at the bottom of the league, andeven though they picked up several promising rookies, they expect to bethere again next year. (and 的后面不可再加逗号)-2.3.6 向人说话时，逗号放在对方名字或称谓之后、之前或者前后都加：1. John, come here. (John, 逗号在名字之后)2. Open the door, John. ( ,John 逗号放在名字之前)3. It is, Sir, not my fau
26、lt. ( , Sir, 逗号放在称谓前面和后面)=2.4 替代句子里某个成份2.4.1 用逗号替代句子里某部份，表示字词的省略：1. The lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb, of meekness. (the lamb, ofmeekness 原本应该是 the lamb is the symbol of meekness)112. George was the hard worker, John, the lazy one. (John, the lazy one 原本应该是 John was the lazy one)三、Period /
27、 Full Stop (.) 句号、句点句号的写法，在英文里是个小黑点(.)，可在中文却是个小圈儿(。)(在科学技术文章里也可用“小黑点”)。用法也有些差异，在英文方面，最“好玩”的是用在缩写方面：* 句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾* 句号用在缩写方面* 句号用在数目字方面3.1 句号用在陈述句、祈使句及礼貌问句等的句尾：3.1.1 用在陈述句(Declarative sentence)尾，表示句子结束：1. I am leaving now.2. Ailan and Xiaodong are my friends.-3.1.2 用在祈使句(Imperative sentence)尾
28、，表示句子结束：1. Close the door.2. Turn in your papers, please.-3.1.3 用在礼貌的、祈使性的、以及间接疑问句(Interrogative sentence)尾，表示句子结束：1. Will you please send me three copies. 麻烦你给我三份。(不要看到Willyou.就在句尾加问号喔)2. Since when am I supposed to believe this. 我什么时候会相信这个呢。123. He asked if you can come. 他问你能不能来。=3.2 句号用在表示缩写(Abbr
29、eviation, Acronym):3.2.1 缩写词(Abbreviation)：(将一个字词省略其中某些字母,字尾须加句号)1. 称呼：Mr. = Mister, Mrs.= Misteress, Dr. = Doctor, Mim. = Ministor /Ministry , Esq. = Esquire (先生)2. 时间：yr. = year, min.=minute3. 星期：Mon. = Monday, Tues. = Tuesday, Wed. = Wednesday, Thurs. =Thursday, Fri. = Friday, Sat. = Saturday, Su
30、n. = Sunday4. 月份：Jan. = January, Feb. = February, Mar. = March, Apr. = April, Jun.= June, Jul. = July, Aug./Ag. = August, Sept. = September, Oct. = October,Nov. = November, Dec. = December (注意：oct. = octave 八度, nov. = novelist小说家, dec. = deceased 亡故)5. 国名：Afr. = Africa / African, Aus. = Austria / Au
31、strian, Fr. = France/ French, Ger. = Germany, It. = Italy / Italian6. 其他：etc. = et cetera (等), Xmas. = Christmas, min. = minimum /minor, max. = maximum, pc. = piece, Ltd. = Limited, num. =number / numbers(No. = Number 第几号之意)-3.2.2 Acronym (只取首字母的缩写词)：1. 公元：A.D. = Anno Domin(公元)，B.C. = Before Christ(
32、公元前)132. 邮政：G.P.O. = General Post Office, C.O.D.= Cash on Delivery, P.O. /p.o. = Postal Order, R.T.S. = Return To Sender3, 时间：a.m. /A.M. = ante meridiem 上午， p.m. / P.M.= post meridiem 下午4. 国名：U.K. = United Kingdom, U.S.A. = United States of America5. 其他：F.O.C. = Free Of Charge, R.I.P. = Rest In Peac
33、e 愿他安息, r.p.m.=Revolution Per Minute, P.T.O. / p.t.o. = Please Turn Over 翻下页，P.T.A. =Parent-Teachers Association 家长教师协会-也许是大家觉得缩写词后加个小黑点是件麻烦事，因此有些就干脆省掉它，下面是一些不加句点的缩写词：1. 组织名：UN, UNESCO, WTO2. 数目：$75 , 2nd , 5th , Henry V3. 常用词：memo , math , exam , lab , dorm , TV , CD , VCD ,DVD,PS =Postscript 附言，SA
34、RS (现在是无人不知其大名的了！)4. 度量衡: mm , cm , km , g , mg , ml , kw , kv=3.3 句号用在数字方面：3.3.1 表示小数点：1. $12.50 , ￥200.20 , RM4.45, 50.45%, 5.2 kg-3.3.2 用于大纲列表：例： I. 第一学期体育教学141. 游泳a. 自由式注意：在括号内的数字或字母，不可加句号：(3), (b), (Iv)四、Ellipsis (.) 省略号英文省略号的写法是三个小黑点(.)，而中文是则是六点()。用法如下：4.1 句子删节4.1.1 表示在引号中的删节：1. “.into that go
35、od night.”2. “You wont.” Lois began. (错误：“You wont.,”)3. “Then youd blast off.on screen, as if you were looking out.of a spaceship.”-4.1.2 在句子中间删节，跟着省略号的字母必须小写：1. He agreed that prices were.reasonable.-4.1.3 句尾删节，要点四点()：1. She disagreed with the decision (最后一点是句号? )=4.2 表示在对话或叙述中的停顿、犹豫、踌躇、语气强调等：1. C
36、lutching at his throat, he gasped, “Help.help me.”2. He seemed nervous.stared straight ahead.kept twitching andjerking.then he ran for shelter.3. You mean.I.uh.we have a test today?=4.3 段落的删节4.3.1 删节一段以上，以一行小点代之：This is paragraph 1. (表示删节第 2-4 段)15This is paragraph 5.-4.3.2 如果段落删节开始开某段的中间，点四点表示下面的文字
37、被删节：This is (这里点四点，表示从这里开始删节)(这里点一行，表示其中的段落被删节)This is paragraph 5.-4.3.3 如果删节的最后一段只省略中间的一部份，最后一段的开始处点三点：This is paragraph 1.is paragraph 5. (.表示它之前的第五段文字被省略)=4.4 表示连结 (以一长串小黑点表示)4.4.1 用于目录：Chapter 3.page 45=五、Quotation Marks 引号 (当没有特别说明时为双引号“” Single QuotationMarks 单引号 )5.1 直接引用，这是最常见的用法：5.1.1 引号内的
38、引用句为原句：1. She said, “Hurry up.” 她说：“快点儿。” (注意中、英标点用法不同处)2. “I can come today,” she said, “but not tomorrow.”3. The sign changed from “Walk,” to “Dont walk,” to “Walk” againwithin 30 seconds.164. “Im finally tired enough to get to sleep,” she yawned. (这里的引用句结尾是逗号，不可用句号喔)5. They shouted,“Congratulatio
39、ns!” through the door.-5.1.2 如果引用句本身为陈述句，而整句为问句，那问号就要加在引号之后：1. Did he say, “I am going to college next year”? (注意是“”？问号在引号之外喔)2. Do you agree with the saying,“A living dog is better than a dead lion”? (整句是问你同意引号内的那句话吗，所以问号要加在句尾)-5.1.3 如果引用句本身是个问句，那问号就要加在引号内：1. Did he say, “Are you going to college n
40、ext year?” (这里“?”这个问句要放在引号内。不可写成 Did he say, “Are you going to college nextyear?”?)2. She asked, “Will you still be my friend?” (句尾同样不可再加问号喔)-5.1.4 引用的字或短语如在整句中并无中断，这时就不必加上逗号：. The phrase “lovely, dark and deep” begins to suggest ominousovertones.-5.1.5 如引用句属于句子的一部份，在引号前加冒号(:)：1. My mothers favorite
41、 quote was from Shakespeare:“This above all, to thine own self be true.”17-5.1.6 如果引用句内又有引用句，那就要用单引号( )以示区别：1. George explained, “I heard her say, Go away!so I left.”2. He said, “Mary said,Do not treat me that way.” (注意句尾的句号是在单引号内，而句尾的单引号和双引号之间不可再加标点)-5.1.7 引用句有两段以上时，只在每一段开始用引号(“)，直到结束段最后才加引号(”)：“Th
42、is is paragraph 1 (这里只用“)“This is paragraph 2 (这里也只用“)“This is paragraph 3.” (最后就要用“”)-5.1.8 多人对话式引用句，各对话各占一段：“Ill do my best,”he said. (引用句结尾用的是逗号，而不是句号,因为接着有 he said)“How old is he?”she asked.“According to his passport hes thirty-one.” (这里的引用句结尾用句号，因为没有 he said)“And what is his real name?”“Wilson.”“Edward Wilson,”she said soft
