1、高考英语语法复习专题- 特殊句式一、考点聚焦主谓一致1、语法形式上的一致主语为单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。The number of students in our school is 1,700.Mary and Kelly look alike.2、意义上一致（1）主语形式虽为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词用复数。The crowd were runing for their lives.单数形式代表复数内容的词有 people、police、cattle 等。（2）主语形式为复数，而意义上却是单数，谓语动词用单数。The news is very e
2、xciting.形复意单的单词有 new、works（工厂） 、means 和以 ics 结尾的学科名称 physics、poli-tics、 economics 等。3、就近原则。即谓语动词的单复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。如果连词 or、either or、neither nor、not only but also 等连接的并列主语，如果一个是单数，一个是复数，谓语动词与靠近它的主语一致。Either you or I am mad.4、应注意的若干问题（1）名词作主语。某些集体名词如 family、team 等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语用单数，反之用复数。My family i
3、s going out for a trip.The whole family are watching TV.这类词常有 audience、class club、committee、company、crew、crowd、enemy、government、group、party、public、team 等。Population 和“a group(crowd)of + 复数名词”也适用于这种情况，强调整体用单数，强调各个部分用复数。某些集体名词如 people、police、cattle、oxen 只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。单、复数同形的名词作主语时，谓语动词应根据意义决定单、复数。A
4、 sheep is over there. Some sheep are over there.名词所有格之后的名词被省略，这种情况一般只指商店、工场、住宅等；作主语时，动词一般用单数。My uncles is not for from here.常见的省略名词有 the bakers 、the barbars、the Zhangs 等。表示店铺的名词一般作集体名词看待，但用作主语时，谓语动词往往用复数。如：Richardsons have a lot of old goods to sell.当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，往往可以根据意义一致的原则，把这些复
5、数名词看作一个整体，谓语用单数。Thirty years has passed.Five minutes is enough to finish the task.不定代词 each、every、no 所修饰的名词即使以 and 或逗号连接成多主语时，谓语动词仍用单数形式。如：Each boy and each girl in my class has a dictionary.如果主语有 more than one 或 many a 构成，尽管从意义上看是复数内容，但它的谓语动词用单数形式。More than one student has seen the play.Many a boy
6、has bought that kind of toy.但是， “more + 复数名词 + than one”结构之后，谓语用复数。一些由两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses、clothes、trousers、shoes、compasses、chopsticks、scissors 等。但如果主语用 a kind of、a pair of、a series of 等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk.this kind of book = a book of this kind(这种书)
7、，其谓语动词；短语 this kind of men = men of this kind = these kind of men(口语)（这一类人） ，但 this kind of men 的谓语用单数，men of this kind 和 these kind of men 的谓语用复数，all kinds of 后跟复数名词，谓语用复数形式。如：This kind of men is dangerous.Men of theis kind/sort are dangerous.复数形式的单、复数同形名词作主语时，按意义一致的原则，用作单数意义时，谓语用单数，反之，谓语用复数。这类名词有
8、means、works、species(种类)、Chinese、Japanese 等。当它们的前面有 a、such a、this、that 修饰时，谓语用单数；有 all、such、these、those 修饰时，谓语用复数。如果名词词组中心词是 all、most、half、rest 等词语，所指是复数意义，谓语动词用复数形11式，反之用单数。All of my students work hard.All of the oil is gone.在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：12Between the two windows hangs an oil painting
9、.（2）由连接词连接的名词作主语。用 and 或 both and 连接并列主语，谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果并列主语指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式，这时 and 后面的名词没有冠词。Truth and honesty is the best policy.To love and to be loved is the great happiness.Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.A knife and fork is on the table.当主语后面跟有 as well as、as
10、 much as、no less than、along with、with、like、rather than、together with、but、 except、besides、including、in addition to 等引导的词组时，采取“就远原则” 。以 or、either or、neigher nor、not only but also 等连接的词作主语时，采取“就近原则” 。（3）代词作主语。名词型物主代词连接的动词，既可以用单数，也可以用复数，这取决于它所代替的是单数还是复数。Ours (Our Party) is a great Party.Your shoes are w
11、hite, mine (= my shoes) are black.such、the same 起指示代词作用时，应根据其所指的内容来决定单、复数。Such is our plan. Such are his last words.关系代词 who、that、which 等在定语从句中作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。疑问词 who、what、which 作主语时，谓语动词可根据说话人所要表达的意思决定单、复数。Who lives next door? It is Xiao Liu.Who lives next door? It is Wang and Li.不定代词 any、e
12、ither、neither、none、all、some、more 等作主语时，要注意下列情况：（A）单独作主语时，视其在文中的意义，动词可用单数或复数形式。Now all has been changed. All are present.（B）其后接 of 时，若 of 的宾语为不可数名词，动词用单数形式；若 of 的宾语为复数名词或代词时，动词可以是单数，也可以是复数；在正式文体中，单数形式的动词更常用。Do (es) any of you know about the accident? None of us has(have) seen the film.（4）分数、量词作主语。“分数
13、或百分数 + 名词”构成的短语以及由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a large quantity of, a heap of, heaps of, half of + 名词 ”构成的短语作主语时，其谓语动词要与短语中 of 后面的名词的数保持一致，这是因为短语中后面的名词是中心词，而短语中前面的量词是修饰语。如：Lots of damage was caused by flood.A number of students have gone to the countryside.A large quantity of people is needed here
14、.Quantities of food (nuts) were still on the table.a great deal of、a large amount of 修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数；large amounts of 修饰不可数名词，其短语作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。表示数量的 one and a half 后，名词要用复数形式，但是其短语作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。One and a half apples is left on the table.half of、(a)part of 修饰可数名词单数及不可数名词时，谓语动词用单数，修饰可数名词复数
15、时，谓语动词用复数。(5)名词化的形容词作主语。如果主语由“the + 形容词（或分词） ”结构担任时，谓语通常用复数。这类词有 the rich、the poor、the brave、the injured、the living、the wounded 等。如表抽象的也可以用单数，如 the unknown、the beautiful 等。（6）从句作主语。由 what 引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。What we need is more money.What we need are more people/teachers.在“
16、one of + 复数名词 + who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词 who/that/which 的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是 one，因此从句中的谓语动词也应该是复数形式。如 one 前有 the only 则用单数形式。This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told by my father.She was the only one of the girls who was late for class today.（7）不定式、名动词（短语）作主语用单数形式；There be 句型中
17、 be 的单复数取决于 be 后的第一个词的数。 There is a book, two pens on the desk.There are two pens, a book on the desk.倒装句的要点复习1.完全倒装（1）在以 there、here、now、then、such 引导的，引起人们注意的招呼句要倒装。There goes the bell. Here comes the bus.（2）表示动态的状语，置于句首时，句子要完全倒装。Off went the horse. In came the boss.From the speaker comes the doctor
18、s voice.（3）表示地点的词语置于句首或强调地点概念时。South of the town lie two steel factories.Between the two buildings stands a tall tree.注意：句子的主语为人称代词时，句子不倒装。Here it is. Away they went.2.部分倒装（1）否定词 never、seldom、hardly、scarcely、barely、rarely、little、not、nowhere、by no means、at no time、neither、nor 等放在句首时，句子常倒装。如：By no mea
19、ns shall we give up.Never have I been to the USA.Seldom does she get up late in the morning.（2）在 not only but also no sooner than 、hardly when 、scarcely when 、not until 、so that 、such that 句型中，主句倒装，从句不倒装，但要注意：neither nor 连接的句子前后两个分句都要倒装。Not only is she smart but also she is beautiful.Such great prog
20、ress did he make that he was praised.So heavy is the box that I cant carry it.Neither has he a pencil, nor has he a pen.（3）Only + 状语或状语从句 +其他（only 在句首时要倒装） 。Only then did I realize the importance of learning English.（4）so、neither、nor 放在句首时，表示前面的情况也适用于另一个人或物时，用部分倒装。（5）表语或状语或动词原形 + as/though + 主语 + 其他
21、时，句子要倒装。 （在让步状语从句中）（6）虚拟语气中用倒装代替 if。Were I you, I would go there at once.Had you come yesterday, you could have helped us.（7）在一些表示祝愿的句子中。Long live China!强调句句型1、陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分（通常是主语、宾语或状语）+ that/ who（当强调主语且主语指人）+ 其它部分。e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.2、一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把 is/ was
22、提到 it 前面。e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?3、特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分（通常是疑问代词或疑问副词）+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其它部分？e.g. When and where was it that you were born?4、强调句例句：针对 I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday. 强
23、调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.5、注意：构成强调句的 it 本身没有词义；强调句中的连接词一般只用 that, who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that, who 不可省略；强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句
24、谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用 It was ，其余的时态用 It is 。（二）not until 句型的强调句1、句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其它部分e.g. 普通句：He didnt go to bed until/ till his wife came back.强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.2、注意：此句型只用 until，不用 till。但如果不是强调句型， till, until 可通用；因为句型中 It is/ wa
25、s not 已经是否定句了，that 后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。（三）谓语动词的强调1、It is/ was that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词 do/ does 或 did。e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！2、注意：此种强调只用 do/ does 和 did ，没有别的形式；过去时用 did ，后面的谓语动词用原形。It 的用法（一）作人称代词1、
26、it 代替前面（或后面）的单数名词或分句等所表示的事物。e.g. You cannot eat your cake but have it.（it 代替前面的 cake）Although we cannot see it, there is air all around us. （it 代替后面的 air）They say he has left town, but I dont believe it. （ it 代替前面 Theytown 分句中的情况）2、代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西（包括婴儿） 。e.g. Yesterday we saw a big tree. It was f
27、ully twenty metres high. （it 代替前面的 tree）The baby cried because it was hungry. （it 代替前面的 baby）3、在某些习惯说法中，可以代替人。e.g. - Someone is knocking at the door, Peter. - Who is it? - Its me.- Who are singing? - It is the children.- The light is still on in the lab. It must be the third-year students doing the
28、experiment.4、it 与 one 的区别：这两个词都可以代表前面说过的名词，但 it 用于同名同物的场合；one 则用于同名异物的场合。e.g. - Do you still have the bicycle? - No, I have sold it.- Is this knife yours? - No. It is Xiao Zhangs. Mine is the one on the desk.5、it 与 that 的区别：两词都可代替某一特定名词，但 that 指同一类，并非同一个。e.g. The climate of South China is mild（温和的）;
29、 I like it very much.（it 指 the climate of South China）The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.（that 指 the climate）（二）作无人称代词it 作无人称代词时，除了句中找不到它所代表的词语外，另一个特点是它后面的内容都是表示天气、时间、距离、度量衡及情况等。It is fine (rainy, windy, etc.).It is noon.It is a half hours walk to the factory.It is eighteen
30、 square metres in area.What does it matter?（三）作强调词，构成强调结构用以帮助改变句子结构，使句子的某一成分受到强调。 “It is (was) + 所强调的成分 + that (who) + 其它成分。 ”在这个句型中，it 本身没有词义。详见“一、强调句 ”。（四）引导词 it 作形式主语（宾语）为了使句子平衡，常采用形式主语（或宾语）it ，而把真正的主语（或宾语）置于句子后面。通常引导词 it 与它所代替的句子成分中间要夹有某些词。e.g. It takes half an hour to go there on foot.（It 与 to
31、go there on foot 之间夹有 takes half an hour 四个词）We thought it strange that Mr Smith did not come last night. （it 与 that 从句中间夹有 strange）但有时 it 与所替代部分之间并不夹有其它词。e.g. You may depend on it that they will support you.（因为介词 on 之后一般不直接接 that 引导的宾语从句。注意：it 不是多余的，不能当作错句）省略为了使讲话和行文简洁，句中某些成分有时可省略。省略可分以下几种情况：（一）简单句
32、中的省略1、省略主语：祈使句中主语通常省略。其它省略主语多限于少数现成的说法。e.g. (I) Thank you for your help.（括号内为省略的词语，下同）(I) see you tomorrow. (It) Doesnt matter.2、省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分。e.g. (There is) No smoking. (Is there) Anything wrong? Why (do you) not say hello to him?3、省略作宾语的不定式短语，只保留 to。e.g. - Are you going there? - Id like to (go th
33、ere).He did not give me the chance, though he had promised to (give me the chance).注意：如果该宾语是 be 动词或完成时态，则须在 to 之后加上 be 或 have。e.g. - Are you an engineer? - No, but I want to be.- He hasnt finished the task yet. - Well, he ought to have.4、省略表语。e.g. - Are you thirsty? - Yes, I am (thirsty).5、同时省略几个成分。
34、e.g. Lets meet at the same place as (we met) yesterday.- Have you finished your work? - (I have) Not (finished my work) yet.（二）并列句中的省略两个并列分句中，后一个分句常省略与前一分句中相同的部分。e.g. My father is a doctor and my mother (is) a nurse.I study at college and my sister (studies) at high school.（三）主从复合句中的省略1、主句中有一些成分被省略。
35、e.g. (Im) Sorry to hear that you are ill.(It is a) Pity that he missed such a good chance.2、省略了一个从句或从句的一部分，用 so 或 not（切不可用 it 或 that）代替。e.g. - Is he coming back tonight? - I think so.- Is he feeling better today? - Im afraid not.这种用法常见的有 ：How so? Why so? Is that so? I hope so. He said so 及 I suppose
36、 not. I believed not. I hope not 等。 （但 I dont think so 比 I think not 更常用） 。（四）其它省略1、连词 that 的省略：、宾语从句中常省略连词 that，但也有不能省略的情况（参看“名词性从句”等有关部分） 。、在定语从句中，that 在从句中作宾语时可省略。、引导主语从句、同位语从句等的连词 that 一般不可省略。在表语从句中偶尔可省略。2、不定式符号 to 的省略、并列的不定式可省去后面的 to。e.g. I told him to sit down and wait for a moment.、某些使役动词（如 l
37、et, make, have）及感官动词（如 see, watch, notice, hear, feel, look at 和listen to 等）后面作宾语补足的不定式一定要省去 to，但在被动语态中须把 to 复原。e.g. - I saw the boy fall from the tree. - The boy was seen to fall from the tree.、介词 but 前若有动词 do，后面的不定式不带 to。e.g. The boy did nothing but play.3、在某些状语从句中，从句的主语与主句主语一致时，可省去“主语 + be”部分。 （参
38、看“状语从句”有关部分）4、连词 if 在部分虚拟条件句中可省略，但后面的语序有变化（参见“倒装句”有关部分）5、主句与从句各有一些成分省略。e.g. The sooner (you do it), the better (it will be).插入语英语句子中（尤其在口语中）常插入一些单词、短语或者句子，用来补充某些含义。语法上称他们为“插入语” 。（一）插入语的类型：1、单词（多是副词） ，如：besides, however, otherwise, therefore, though 等。e.g. She is looking fit, though. 他看起来倒是健康。I can,
39、however, discuss this when I see you. 2、短语e.g. China and India, for example, are neighbours.By the way, where are you from? 3、句子e.g. He is an honest man, I believe.Jack, as far as I know, isnt clever.（二）插入语的位置通常插入语位于句中，并用逗号隔开。但有时，也可位于句首或句末（见上面例句） 。也有时，并不用逗号隔开。e.g. You know that I think you are wrong
40、. 我认为，你明白你错了。What on earth do you mean? 你究竟是什么意思？（三）插入语在句中的作用一般来说，插入语在句中不起主要作用。如果把插入语抽去，句子的含义不大受影响。但是，有的插入语却是句子不可缺少的一部分。e.g. He got the news from nobody knows where. 他这消息谁也不知道是从哪儿得来的。（四）插入语的特殊用法下面这种复杂的特殊疑问句，也可认为包含有“插入语” 。这种疑问句（有的语法书也称为“混合疑问句”或“连锁疑问句” ）常用来征询对方对某一疑问点的看法、判断、认识、猜度或请求对方重复一遍说过的话。口语中出现频率极高
41、。常用动词有 say, suppose, guess, believe, consider, think, imagine 等。e.g. How long did you say she would stay here?When do you suppose theyll be back?How old did you think she was（五）大纲中要求掌握的常用作插入语的词语by the way 顺便说，顺便问一下；so far 到目前为止；and so on 等等；on the contrary 相反； no wonder 不足为奇；as a matter of fact 事实上；
42、come along 快点，来吧；in other words 换句话说；as usual 如同以往；as a result 因此，结果。二、精典名题导解选择填空1.Each of the students, working hard at his or her lessons, _to go to university.So do I .(上海 1998)A.hope B.hopes C.hoping D.hoped解析：答案为 B。本题考查主谓一致中的意义一致原则，不定代词either、neither、each、one 、 the other、another 以及所有的复合不定代词作主语时
43、，谓语动词应根据意义一致的原则采用单数形式，排除 A。选项 C 是非谓语动词的一种，不能单独作谓语，亦应排除。根据答语中的时态又可排除选项 D。2.The number of people invited _ fifty, but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.（NMET 1996）A.were; was B.was; was C.was; were D.were; were解析：答案为 C。本题考查 the number of 和 a number of 的区别。 “the number of + 复数名词/代词”结构中的中心
44、词是 number,“a number of + 复数名词/ 代词 ”结构中的中心词是 of 后的复数名词或代词，故谓语动词分别用单、复数。解题关键在于仔细区分哪个是真正的主语。3.David has made great progress recently._, and _.(上海 1997)A.So he has; so you have B.So he has; so have youC.So has he; so have you D.So has he; so you have解析：答案为 B。 本题考查倒装知识。 “So + 主语 + 助动词 ”表“确实如此” ， “So + 助动
45、词 + 主语”表“也一样。 ”4.I would never ever come to this restaurant again. The food is terrible! .A. Nor am I B. Neither would I C. Same with me D. So do I 解析：答案为 B。本题主要考倒装，以 so/nor/neither 开头的倒装句子，在时态、语态、助动词、情态动词等谓语形式上，要尽可能与上文一致，故选 B，排除 A、D。如说“Its the same with me”也可，但不能省略“the” 。5.The teacher, with 6 girls
46、 and 8 boys of her class, visiting a museum when the earthquake struck.A. was B. were C. had been D. would be解析：答案为 A。本题考查主谓一致及时态知识，句子的主语是 the teacher, 后面跟 with 结构表补充说明，谓语应该与最前面的主语，即 the teacher 一致，应用单数，又因事情发生在地震的时候，因此应该用过去进行时。6. snacks and drinks, but they also brought cards for entertainment when
47、they had a picnic in forest.A. Not only they brought B. Not only did they bringC. Not only brought they D. Not only they did bring解析：答案为 B。此题考查倒装句的用法 not onlybut 等有否定意义的连词及副词位于句首，句子使用部分倒装，故选 B。基础训练一、强调句、It 的用法1. My bike is missing. I cant find _ anywhere.A. one B. ones C. it D. that 2. - Whos that?
48、- _ Professor Li.A. Thats B. Its C. Hes D. Thiss3. _ was Jane that I saw in the library this morning.A. It B. He C. She D. That4. - Have you ever seen a whale alive? - Yes, Ive seen _.A. that B. it C. such D. one5. The color of my coat is different from _ of yours.A. this B. that C. it D. one6. _ will do you good to do some exercise every morning.A. It B. There C. Those D. You7. We think _ our duty to pay taxes to our government.A. that B. this C. its D. it8. The climate of Shanghai is better than _ of Nanjing.A. that B. it C
