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英语三级语法主要考点 2.doc

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1、三级语法主要考点 22008 年 03 月 18 日 星期二 12:567.虚拟语气. 非真实条件句中的虚拟*(1) 三个基本形态(基础)“时态的倒退原则”时间 if 从句中的谓语的形式 主句中谓语的形式现在 did/*were(系动词不论第几人称 ) 情态动词+do*过去 had done (过完) 情态动词+have done将来(了解) were to/should do 情态动词+do情态动词:would 会 (最常用) should 应该 could 能够might 可能*(2) 四种特殊形态a.倒装当 if 条件句中出现了助动词 should、had、were 的时候,把 if 去

2、掉助动词放在句首。(3 种时态都可能出现)b.含蓄虚拟句(没有 if 出现,仍用虚拟)but for “要不是因为” (发生在过去)结构:But for_ , would have done.without “如果没有” (发生在现在的情况多) 结构:Without_ , would do.Without_ , would have done.考试时,不会在时态上做选择。c.跳层虚拟句(难点) “一真一假”would have done(虚假的), but + 真实事件. (通常用一般过去时)真实事件, otherwise/or would have done(虚假的).otherwise=o

3、r “否则”d.混合时间虚拟句(就考了一回)条件句与主句时态不一,主句会给时间状语;而在基本形态中不给时间状语。. 从句中的虚拟(1) 名词性从句*a.宾语从句 (及物动词和介词后接宾语)标志词(动)+ that (should) + do标志词:“要求,建议“ask, advis, beg, command, decide, demand, deserve, desire, determine, insist, order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, suggest, urgeb.同位语从句 (用与主语相同地位的句子补充说明)标志词(名)+ t

4、hat (should) + do标志词:advice, decision, demand, desire, order, preference, proposal, requirement, recommendation, suggestion*c.主语从句 (将复杂的主语放在了句尾;it 是形式主语)It is (was)+标志词(形/过分) that (should)+do标志词(形):appropriate, desirable, essential, important, impossible, necessary, natural, normal, urgent, vital标志词

5、(过分):没考过强调句的标志词给的是状语。d.表语从句(系动词后的从句)标志词(名词)+ is (was) that (should)+do标志词(作为主语的名词):belief, doubt, evidence, fact, hope, idea, news, possibility, proof, question, remark, reply, report, sign, thought (2)目的状语从句in case (should) + dolest (should) + do“以防,万一”. 其他用法(1) wish “希望“ + that (宾语从句)标志是:时间状语,一般是过

6、去时间结构:wish that had done(2) as if = as though “似乎,好象”引导方式状语从句 主 从现 过过 过完*(3) Its (high) time (that) did“该是干什么的时候了”*(4) would rather (that) did “宁可,宁愿”8. 虚拟语气和情态动词真实事件, otherwise(or) +would have done (跳层虚拟句)must have done, or(otherwise) +would have done (must 推测相对肯定)9.名词性从句四种基本形式:(按考试频率由高至低)*宾语从句 *主语

7、从句 同位语从句 表语从句连接词 词义 *从句中的成分 可否省略that 无 不充当成分只有在宾语从句中可以省略if/whether “是否” 不充当成分不能省略if 只能引导宾语从句*连接代词who whom what 疑问词义 主语、宾语、表语 不能省略谁 宾格 什么whose which 疑问词义 定语不能省略谁的 哪一个连接副词when 时间 where 地点 疑问词义 状语不能省略why 原因how 方式*考点:名词性从句,一律要用陈述语序。出题时划线位置:*宾语从句: 及物动词 _介词 _主语从句: _句首_同位语从句: 标志词(名词)_表语从句: 系动词 _考点:a、陈述语序 (

8、多个单词才能考)b、what 和 that (what 作成分,that 不作成分)c、which 不会考 (在名词性从句中不会考)d、同位语从句 (先找标志词,一般选 that)10.定语从句My English name is Sabrina , which is from a film.先行词 关系词关系词:*关系代词:看先行词是人还是物关系副词*(1) 关系代词: 人 物 人、物who whom which that whose as主宾表 宾表 主宾 主宾表 定语 主宾 who 之前不用介词 that 不引导非限制性定语从句,有“,“的是非限制性适用于特殊的先行词之前不用介词 难点:

9、 介词+关系代词 人 whom物 which as 引导限制性定语从句,只用在固定结构suchas the sameas*引导非限制性定语从句(,)时,as 可以放在句首 what 由于 what 本身含有先行词,因此不引导定语从句This is all that I can do. 定语从句,all 为先行词,that 为关系代词all that=whatThis is what I can do. 表语从句 当关系代词作从句宾语时,可以省略。(2) 关系副词 (非重点)when where whythat先行词被最高级、序数词、next、only、very、last 等修饰时,关系代词要用

10、 that.考点:a、介词+关系代词(4)b、代词(数词)+of+关系代词(4)先行词:人、物主谓一致c、as 引导的非限制性定语从句定语从句与名词性从句的区别 定语从句 名词性从句that 主宾表 不作成分what 不引导 主宾表which 主宾 定语出题时划线位置:限制性: 普通名词后 非限制性: “,“后 .大学英语四级考试语法的考点分析2007-08-14 07:39在英语四级历年词汇与结构的考试试题中,语法部分约占 40%,词汇部分约占 60%,而且多有交叉。所以,要想在考试中取得过级分数这两个部分还是不能轻视的。下面将分别讲讲如何去应对他们。 语法题主要有以下考点 1、虚拟语气 强

11、调说话人的主观愿望和假想情况。考生应着重复习能引起虚拟语气的某些介词、介词短语和连词(如 lest,in case,otherwise 等);一部分表示建议、主张、命令、紧要等概念的词语,由于本身隐含说话人的主观愿望,其后的主语从句、宾语从句。同位语从句往往采用“(should)+动词原形”;虚拟倒装句;在would rather,wish,as if,ittime that 等句型中使用适当形式表达主观愿望:混合虚拟句。 2、主谓一致 这类考题灵活性大,需要根据实际情况判定谓语动词的单复数形式。一部分具有生命意义的集合名词作主语时谓语动词多采用复数形式,如 people,poultry,mi

12、litia 等;用 and 连接的成分表单一概念时谓语动词用单数;就近原则;主语中含有某些连词(如 as well as,besides,in addition to 等 )时,谓语动词的数同第一个主语保持一致。 3、倒装结构 表示强调或突出,分为全部倒装和部分倒装。哪些否定词(组) 、介词短语能引起倒装句,部分倒装和全部倒装有何区别,as 在倒装结构中的用法及意义等等,都是考生应当重视的地方。 4、非谓语动词 这是词汇与结构考试中语法部分的重中之重,解题时可以从三个方面人手: 根据非谓语动词同其所修饰的名词或逻辑主语的一致关系,确定使用主动语态或被动语态,然后考虑采用现在分词、现在分词被动式

13、或过去分词; 非谓语动同同主句谓语动词动作发生的先后关系。动作正在进行的用现在分词进行式,同时发生或不分先后发生的用现在分词一般式或过去分词;在主句谓语动词之前发生的用现在分词完成式、不定式完成式;发生在主句谓语动词之后的多用不定式一般式; 表状态多用分词,表目的多用不定式。 5、独立主格题 一般说来,在句子中没有连接词的情况下,逗号是无力连接两个句子的,其中一个分句要么是非谓语形式,要么是独立主格结构。这两种结构都作状语,不同的是独立主格结构有自己的逻辑主语。 6、时态 英语中一共有 16 个时态,最常用的 5 个时态是一般现在时。现在进行时、一般过去时。一般将来时和现在完成时。四级考试中出

14、现最多的考点是将来完成时、现在完成时、过去完成时和完成进行时。针对这一题型,考生首先要抓住的就是时间状语,是现在时间、将来时间还是过去时间?是短暂时间还是延续性时间?7、名词性从句 形容词性的定语从句是考核的重点,用什么引导词,引导词前面的介词形式,引导词在从句中做什么成分(做宾语。主语还是状语等),从句的语序等等均有可能成为考点。此外,主语从句。同位语从句、宾语从句也应适当复习。 1. We were not surprised 感到惊讶的 at _, for he had worked so hard. (2000 年) A. what has he achieved B. that wh

15、at he had achieved C. what he had achieved D. that he had achieved 2. _ I saw was two men crossing the street. (2001 年) A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That 3. Mary found it difficult to talk calmly about which she A B C had experienced at the station. (2002 年) D 4. Would the news _ he failed to pass the

16、exam bother you? (2003 年) A. which B. that C. of which D. on which 5. The fact _ he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation. (2003 年) A. why B. that C. what D. which 6. The old gentleman never fails to help _ is in need of his help. A. whom B. who C. whoever D. whomever 7. _ was un

17、important。(2000 年) A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner 8. How long do you think _ to finish this urgent task? A. did it take you B. it will take you C. will it take you D. it to take you 9. _ was not

18、 the way the event happened. A. Which the press reported B. That the press reported C. What did the press report D. What the press reported 10. No one doubts _ it is true. A. whether B. if C. that D. what答案及解析: 1. We were not surprised 感到惊讶的 at _, for he had worked so hard. (2000 年) A. what has he a

19、chieved B. that what he had achieved C. what he had achieved D. that he had achieved 解析:答案选 C。at 是介词,其后接宾语从句时,从句要用陈述句的语序。achieve 是及物动词,what 在从句中作宾语,所以选 C。that 在从句中只起连接作用,无意义。 2. _ I saw was two men crossing the street. (2001 年) A. What B. Whom C. Who D. That 解析:答案选 A。本句中的主语是主语从句, what 在从句中作宾语。 3. Ma

20、ry found it difficult to talk calmly about which she A B C had experienced at the station. (2002 年) D 解析:答案选 C。what 引导宾语从句,what 在从句中作 experience 的宾语。C 应改为:what。 4. Would the news _ he failed to pass the exam bother you? (2003 年) A. which B. that C. of which D. on which 解析:答案选 B。由于从句 he failed to pas

21、s the exam 是 news 的内容, 所以这是一个同位语从句,应该用 that 引导。 5. The fact _ he does so in so short period of time challenges explanation. (2003 年) A. why B. that C. what D. which 解析:答案选 B。fact 后的从句讲的是 fact 的内容,所以是同位语从句,引导同位语从句的连词只能使用 that。 6. The old gentleman never fails to help _ is in need of his help. A. whom

22、 B. who C. whoever D. whomever 解析:答案选 C。本句中需要填入一个连接代词引导宾语从句。且此代词要在从句中作主语。A、D 都只能作宾语。whoever 引导宾语从句。who 也可以引导宾语从句,但 whoever强调无论谁。 7. _ was unimportant。(2000 年) A. Whether he enjoyed our dinner or not B. No matter how he enjoyed our dinner C. If he enjoyed our dinner D. What he enjoyed our dinner 解析:答

23、案选 A。本句中包含一个主语从句,意思是 “他是否喜欢我们的饭不重要。 ”只有A 最符合题意。B、C 中的 no matter how 和 if 都引导状语从句;D 项中的 what 在从句中作主语或宾语,而本从句中有主语和宾语。 8. How long do you think _ to finish this urgent task? A. did it take you B. it will take you C. will it take you D. it to take you 解析:答案选 B。think 后接宾语从句。从句不倒装。 9. _ was not the way th

24、e event happened. A. Which the press reported B. That the press reported C. What did the press report D. What the press reported 解析:答案选 D。此处需填入一个主语从句。在这个主语从句中作动词 report 的宾语应该用连接代词 what。 10. No one doubts _ it is true. A. whether B. if C. that D. what 解析:答案选 C。doubt 用在肯定句中后接 if 引导的从句;用在否定句中后接 that 引导

25、的从句。 将 think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine 等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。例如: I dont think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。注意:若谓语动词为 hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。例如:I hope you werent ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连接词: that, whether ,if (不充当从句的任何成分)连接代词:

26、what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which连接副词:when, where, how, why不可省略的连词:1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。例如:That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了,我们很高兴。We heard the news that our team had won. 我们听到消息说我们队赢了。比较:whether 与 if 均为“是否“的意思。 但在下列情况下, whether 不能被 if 取代:1. whether 引导主语从句并在句首2.

27、 引导表语从句3. whether 从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有“or not“大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it 充当形式主语。例如:It is not important who will go. 谁去,这不重要。It is still unknown which team will win the match. 到底谁赢呢,形势尚不明朗。 名词性从句:名词性 that-从句大学英语三级考试 2007/9/22 保存本文 免费试听课程 收藏本页1)由从属连词 that 引导的从句叫做名词性 that-从句。That 只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没

28、有词义。名词性 that-从句在句中能充当主语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。例如: 主语:That he is still alive is sheer luck. 他还活着全靠运气。宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in hi

29、s office.近来谁也没有见过他,这一情况令办公室所有的人不安。形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。2)That-从句作主语通常用 it 作先行词,而将 that-从句置于句末。例如:It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。Its a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。用 it 作形式主语的 that-从句有以下四种不同的

30、搭配关系:a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that 有必要It is important that 重要的是It is obvious that 很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that 人们相信It is known to all that 从所周知It has been decided that 已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是It is a fa

31、ct that 事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-分句It appears that 似乎It happens that 碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起 定语从句与名词性从句的主谓一致CET-4 考试 2006/9/6 保存本文 免费试听课程 收藏本页 主谓一致就是指在英语句子中,主语和谓语在人称和数的方面应保持一致。很多学生对于英语的主谓一致了解不深,对定语从句和名词性从句的主谓一致了解得更少,因此很容易犯错误。下面就对这一问题进行探讨。 一、定语从句的主谓一致 一般来讲,定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致。例如: 1I am no

32、t one who is afraid of difficulty我是个不怕困难的人。 2Dont choose me,who am not qualified for this job不要选我,我不适合做这项工作。 3Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon有问题要问的人,今天下午到我办公室来。 另外,关于定语从句的先行词,one of 后常接复数名词,在非正式的英语口语中,有时甚至在一些很正规的文体中,动词的数不是与先行词保持一致,而是与 one 相一致,这是因为说话者或写作者首先想到的

33、是 one,而不是 one 后面真正的先行词。例如: 4That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that has appeared in recent years那本词典是近几年来所见到的最有价值的词典之一。 5Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals thatis noted for its busy harbor布宜诺斯艾利斯是一个以其海港的热闹而闻名的国家首都。 第 5 句中的 is 不能改成 are。这点很好理解,因为用 are 就意味着世界上所有国家的首都都以海港热闹而出名,这是不符合实际的

34、。 当 one 前面有 the only 等限定词和修饰语时,定语从句的谓语动词也要与 one 保持一致而取单数形式。例如: 6He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。 二、名词性从句的主谓一致 主语是名词性从句(常用 what,whatever,when,where,why ,how ,that,whether等引导放在句首)时,动词通常用单数形式。例如: 1What I am most interested in is American movies我最感兴趣的是美国电影。

35、 2Whatever he says is of no importance无论他说什么都不重要。 3Whoever says that is wrong无论谁说这话都不对。 4That he will come is certain他肯定会来。 5Why he is late for class is more than I can tell为什么他上课迟到,我也说不上来。 但在下面的句子中谓语动词要用复数形式,因为主语从句中的动词是复数,所以主语从句应当作复数看待。例如: 6Who are going to attend the meeting have been decided by t

36、he manager哪些人去参加会议,已由经理做出了决定。 转贴于:CET-4 考试 _考试大【责编:daiy 纠错】7Whoever say that are to be punished谁这样讲,就惩罚谁。 由此可见,名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。学习时只有灵活处理,才能真正把主谓一致这个语法项目融会贯通。 四六级备考重要实用基础知识:主谓一致CET-4 考试 免费试听课程 收藏本页 2007/4/13 保存本文 我在这里说的主谓一致并不是指单纯的语法现象,而是在写作中的具体应用,这也是我为什么说是实用基础知识的原因,大家都知道主谓一致的语

37、法点很多,我在这里只总结了写作中最常用的几点: (1) 当单数名词做主语后接 with,together with,as well as,rather than 等短语做定语时,谓语动词形式不受定语的影响,也就是说无论定语中名词或者代词是单数还是复数,谓语动词只和主语保持一致,在写作中可经常用到这一点。看下面这个例子:老师和同学们步行去那里。这句话怎么翻译呢?我想很多人如果在写作中想表达这个意思会翻译成 The teacher and his students are going there on foot.这样的句子显得有些单调,如果应用我们上面说的这个语言点时,可以说:The teache

38、r together with his students is going there on foot.大家可以比较一下这 2 句话的差别,是不是第 2 个句子更有“档次”些呢?但是如果第 2 个句子的谓语动词 is 搞错,不但提高不了分数,反而弄巧成拙扣了很多分,这一点一定要注意。(2) 有些同学想增加文章的亮点,会尝试使用一些名词性从句或者非谓语动词短语做主语,这种情况也要注意谓语动词的准确使用。名词性从句或者非谓语动词短语做主语时往往表达一种抽象概念,谓语动词应该用单数形式,看下面 2 句话:Driving cars is easy. To protect the fruits of o

39、ur country victory is our sacred duty.(3) Neither nor,either or,not only but also 等句型在写作种也比较常用,这种句子中的谓语动词应该取决与主语中邻近部分,看下面这个句子:Not only I but also Tom and Mary are fond of watching TV.(4) 在议论文写作中会经常遇到“大量许多”,很多同学只会用 many much 这种简单的表达,我把它的短语表达方式总结一下供大家写作时使用。第一组:A large amount of,large amounts of (只修饰不可

40、数名词)例句:A large amount of damage was done in a very short time.Large amounts of money were spent on the bridge.第二组:A large number of,large numbers of第三组:A lot of,lots of第四组:A large quantity of,quantities of.第五组 many a ,more than one例句:Many a way has been tried.More than one example is necessary to ma

41、ke students understand this rule clearly.如果使用这组表达也要特别注意谓语动词的形式,many a ,more than one 做定语修饰主语的单数可数名词时,虽然表示复数概念但是谓语动词要用单数。 语法指导:时态与时间状语CET-4 考试 2006/9/6 保存本文 免费试听课程 收藏本页 时间状语 一般现在时 every , sometimes, at , on Sunday, 一般过去时 yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now 一般将来时 next,

42、tomorrow, in+ 时间, 现在完成时 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently 过去完成时 before, by, until, when, after, once, as soon as 过去进行时 this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while 将来进行时 soon, tomorrow,

43、 this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening 转贴于:CET-4 考试 _考试大 It (This, This evening, yesterday.) is (was, will be) first (second, third.) time (day, month.).结构中的从句,要求用完成时态。【例如】Is this the first time youve been to Beijing?This is the eighth month that I have been

44、out of work.This is the second time that the goods produced by our factory have been shown in the International Exhibition.在 no soonerthan, hardly/barely/scarcelywhen,等的句型中,主句要用过去完成时。【例如】No sooner had he seen me than he left the room.Hardly had the helicopter landed when the waiting crowd ran toward

45、 it.Scarcely had I seen the lightning when I heard a clap of thunder. 情态+ 动词进行/完成进行时态CET-4 考试 2006/9/6 保存本文 免费试听课程 收藏本页 情态动词也可以和动词进行形式或完成进行形式构成谓语:表示“应当正在”,“想必正在”的意思。 【例如】 Why should we be sitting here doing nothing? She might still be thinking about the question you raised. He cant be swimming in su

46、ch weather. At the moment she may (might) be playing with her schoolmates. We neednt be standing here in the rain. We might take shelter in the hut over there. 情态动词间或也可以和一个动词的完成进行形式构成谓语,表示“应当一直在”,“想必一直在”这类意思。 【例如】 They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields. They may have been discussing the problem this morning. She couldnt have been swimming all day.

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