1、词的运用英语写作专题训练过渡词一. 教学内容：英语写作专题训练过渡词众所周知，要写出清晰流畅的文章，需要把文章中各部分巧妙地连接在一起。这样可使文章自然而别致，并能层层展开主题句，完整地表达中心思想。而过渡词（Transitional Words）是连接这些部分的纽带。过渡词是一种关系指引词，一般由副词或起副词作用的短语承担。此外，代词、连词、上下文的近义词等也可作过渡词。过渡词能使文章启、承、转、合，融会贯通，连成一体。一、过渡词的分类1. 根据意思和作用的不同，过渡词可以分为以下十五类：（1）表并列关系的过渡词:and, also， as well, as well as， or, too
2、, not onlybut also, both and, either or, neithernor（2）表递进关系的过渡词: besides, in addition（加之，除之外）, moreover(此外，而且), whats more， whats worse（3）表转折对比的过渡词：but, however, yet, instead, on the other hand, on the contrary, although, different from, despite, in spite of, whereas, unlike, nevertheless, not onlyb
3、ut also, herethere, years agotoday, thisthat, the formerthe latter, thennow, the first whereas the second, oncenow, on the one hand on the other hand, someothers（4）表原因的过渡词:because, because of, since, as, for, now that, thanks to, due to（由于）（5）表结果的过渡词:so, thus, therefore, as a result, so that, then,
4、thereby, hence, sothat, suchthat （6）表条件的过渡词:if, unless, on condition that, as/so long as （7）表时间的过渡词:when, while, after, before, until, as soon as, later, afterwards, soon, lately, recently, since, from then on, eventually, in the meantime, then, suddenly, at the same time, next, early this morning /
5、 year / century, after a while, in a few days, now, presently, finally, at last, all of a sudden, form now on, at present, immediately, the moment（8）表特定的顺序关系的过渡词:first, firstly, second, secondly, third, thirdly, above all, first of all, then, next, finally, in the end, at last, afterward(s)（后来）, mea
6、nwhile（几乎同时）, thereafter（在那以后）, last, finally, eventually（终于）（9）表换一种方式表达的过渡词: in other words, that is to say, to put it another way（10）表进行举例说明的过渡词: for instance, for example, like, such as （11）表陈述事实的过渡词: in fact, actually, as a matter of fact, to tell you the truth （12）表强调的过渡词: certainly, indeed, ab
7、ove all, surely, most important, in fact, no doubt, without any doubt, truly, obviously（13）表比较的过渡词：like, unlike, in the same way, similarly, similar to（14）表目的的过渡词：for this reason, for this purpose, so that, in order to, so as to（15）表总结的过渡词: in a word(总之，简言之), in general, in short(总之), above all, aft
8、er all, generally speaking, to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary2. 文章段落之间的逻辑关系主要由过渡词来完成，在修辞中称为启、承、转、合。“启”就是开头, “承”是承接， “转”是转折，“合”是综合或总结。（1）用于“启 ”的过渡词语 用于表示“启”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落或文章的开头：first, first of all, at first, in the first place, firstly, to being with, to start with, recently,
9、now, at present, in recent years, in general, generally speaking, at present, lately, currently, It is often said that, As the proverb says, It goes without saying that, It is clear/obvious that, Many people often ask （2）用于“承 ”的过渡词语 表示“承”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第一个扩展句中：second, similarly, in addition, bes
10、ides, then, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what is worse, for example, for instance, certainly, surely, obviously, in other words, especially, particularly, in particular, indeed, still, third, truly, in fact, at the same time, no doubt，It is true that,Everybody knows that,It can be easily pro
11、ved that,No one can deny thatThe reason why is that ,There is no doubt that,To takefor an example (instance) ,We know that,What is more serious is that（3）用于“转 ”的过渡词语 用于“转”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落中的第二个扩展句中：but, however, on the other hand, on the contrary, in contrast, in any case, at any rate(无论如何 ), nevert
12、heless(虽然如此), otherwise, or, or else, while, whereas, but, despite, in spite of ., yet, instead,I do not believe that,Perhaps youll ask whyThis may be true, but we still have a problem with regard to,Though we are in basic agreement with , yet differences will be found, Thats why I feel that（4）用于“合
13、”的过渡词语 用于“合”的过渡词或过渡性的语句通常用在段落的结论句或文章的结论段中：in a word, in general, in short, above all, after all, generally speaking， to sum up, finally, in conclusion, at last, in summary, therefore, as a result, above all, thus，after all(毕竟), eventually, hence, in short, in conclusion, in a word, in sum(总之), on th
14、e whole(就整体而言), to sum upFrom this point of view On account of this we can find that The result is dependent on Thus, this is the reason why we must二、过渡词的应用 有的学生在作文中使用过多简单句，成了简单句堆砌；有的写复杂句时，动辄用 so， and，then，but，or，however，yet 等非但达不到丰富表达方式的目的，反而使句子结构松散、呆板。为了避免这种现象，可以通过使用不同的过渡词,不仅能够丰富句型，而且还能够把思想表达得更清楚，
15、意义更连贯。例如： 1. 学生习作TV and websiteTV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in. They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and
16、interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Some information on websites change all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.E
17、very medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better. 这段文字用简单句表达，它们之间内在的逻辑关系含糊不清，意思支离破碎。如果使用过渡词，将单句与其前后合并，形成主次关系，就把一个比较复杂的内容和关系表达得层次清楚、结构严谨。修改后的文章： TV and websiteBoth TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, webs
18、ites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in. However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day a
19、nd professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say
20、 which is better. 修改后的文章用过渡词来衔接上下段第一段第一句为：Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.第二段第一句为：However, they are different in many ways.第三段第一句为：In a word, every medium has its own features这篇短文每一段的第一句都是主题句，在每个主题句前使用 Bothand, However, In a word 使全文有序地衔接起来。如果在文章中再恰当使用其他的过渡词，会使文章
21、增色很多。（见上文）我们常常遇到这样的作文题目，如：发展私人轿车的利与弊、科学发明的利与弊、网上购物的利与弊。这些题目常常是谈论一个事物的两个方面，这时只要使用表示转折的过渡词就能很好地连接上下段。As a new way of shopping, online shopping is becoming more and more popular in our daily life. Online shopping has many advantages. First, online shopping makes it easier for us to buy things. Instead
22、of searching a crowded store, we just need to watch the computer screen and choose the things we like. Second, it is much faster for us to do shopping. We dont have to spend a lot of time going to shops. Third, we can see a great deal of goods shown on the computer screen at the same time. However,
23、online shopping is not so perfect. The pictures of goods shown on the computer screen are not always what they are. As a result, we can be cheated easily. Whats worse, we can not see the things in detail. Despite the disadvantages of online shopping, I think it is an advanced way to do shopping. So
24、we should develop it.2. 2005 年高考作文题我们主要看一下今年的高考作文题中过渡词的使用:2005 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（ 1）英 语第二节 书面表达（满分 25 分）假定你是李华，正在英国牛津参加短期语言培训，计划星期天去伦敦旅游。互联网上一则广告引起了你的注意，但一些具体信息不明确（箭头所指内容）。请给该旅行社发一封电子邮件，询问有关情况。注意：1. 词数 100 左右，信的格式已为你写好。2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：牛津Oxford 费用feeDear Sir/Madame,_Yours,Li HuaPossible
25、 version: Dear Sir/Madame,Im writing for more information about the day tour to London.As a student at Oxford University, Id like to know if you have any special price for students. As for the money you charge, does it cover the entrance fees for visiting the places listed? What about lunch? Is it i
26、ncluded? Or do I need to bring along my own food?How long will the tour last? Since I need to prepare my lessons for the next day, Id like to know the time to return. Besides, is there any time for shopping? I really want to have a look at the big stores in London.Yours, Li Hua2005 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英
27、语（北京卷）第四部分：书面表达（共两节，35 分）第一节 情景作文（20 分）美国中学生 Jeff 将要来你所在的红星中学学习中文，经协商安排住在你家。假设你是李华，请给 Jeff 写一封信，按照下图顺序介绍他来中国后的生活安排。注意：1. 信的开头已为你写好。2. 词数不少于 60。Dear Jeff,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.Best wishes,Li
28、 HuaPossible version:Dear Jeff,Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.While you are here, well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own b
29、athroom. Our school is quite close to our home, so we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food there, and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4:00 in the afternoon. You ca
30、n then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. Itll be a lot of fun.If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.Best wishes,Li Hua第二节 开放作文（15 分）请根据下面提示，写一篇短文。词数不少于 50。In your English class, the te
31、acher shows this picture of a little boy looking into a mirror, and asks the class to discuss it. Your classmates have different understandings.Look at the picture carefully and tell the class how you understand the picture. Write what you would say on the next page.请将开放作文写在右侧横线内One possible version
32、:We can see in the picture a little boy standing in front of a mirror. Hes letting his imagination fly. What he sees in the mirror is not his physical self but what he will be like in twenty years. Although he is small and short now, he believes he will grow up to be a tall and strong young man like
33、 Yao Ming, who he admires. I think this picture tries to tell us that we should always look into the future with hope and confidence.2005 年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试（ 3）英 语第三节 书面表达（满分 30 分）假设你是李华，最近国内一家英文报纸正在讨论北京动物园是否应迁出市区。以下是你所在班级讨论的情况。请你给该报写一封信，反映讨论结果。赞成迁出： 反对迁出：1. 游客多，交通堵塞2. 郊区环境好 1. 建于 1906 年，中外闻名2. 搬迁易造成动物
34、死亡注意：1. 词数 100 字左右，信的开头已为你写好。2. 可根据内容要点适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。3. 参考词汇：郊区suburbJune 3 ,2005Dear Editor,Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing Zoo should be moved out of the city.June 3, 2005Dear Editor,Recently, our class has had a heated discussion about whether the Beijing
35、 Zoo should be moved out of the city. Some of my classmates are in favor of the move. They say large crowds of tourists to the zoo will result in traffic jams. They also say that once moved animals will have more space and better living conditions in the suburbs. However, other students are against
36、the idea, saying that the Beijing Zoo, built in 1906, has a history of 100 years, and is well known at home and abroad. So it should remain where it is .Whats more, moving may cause the death of some animals .To move or not ,this is a big decision which has to be made by people in Beijing.Yours trul
37、y,Li Hua 句子的运用对英语句子的认识一. 教学内容：对英语句子的认识意义：英语的句式与中文的不同。我们在学习英语的时候要注意到这一点。有的同学在学习中对此没有足够的认识，常常受中文的干扰。在写作中表现出不能写出正确的句子。I. 什么是句子？长的是句子，短的是词。 无论字数多少，只要有主语和谓语（动词），而且能表达完整的意义的一句话就是一个句子。I am tired.Pressing ones palm together and resting ones head on the back of ones hand while closing the eyes as if sleeping
38、 means “I am tired.”（双手合拢，闭上眼，把头靠在手背上像睡觉的样子，意思是说“我累了。”）这两个句子都具备了主语和谓语。都是完整的句子。要记住：在英语中，一个句子必须且只能有一个谓语。1. 省略主语的句子Come in, please. (You)Open the door. Sit down.Stand up.What a day! (What a terrible day it is!)2. 一个句子不能同时有两个谓语。典型错误：1) The old man likes take a walk in the village after supper. The old m
39、an likes to take a walk in the village after supper.2) I enjoy talk with him over a cup of coffee.I enjoy talking with him over a cup of coffee.3) The boy ran to his mother cry.The boy ran to his mother crying.4) After write the notice, he put it up on the wall. After writing the notice, he put it u
40、p on the wall.After he wrote the notice, he put it up on the wall.3. 不要把从句的谓语当成句子的谓语, 或把主句的谓语当成从句的谓语。如果是一个复合句，主句和从句都应该分别有自己的主语和谓语。典型错误：1） 1） Those who eat too much will easily ill.Those who eat too much will easily get ill.2) When he walking in the park, he felt a little tired.When he was walking in
41、 the park, he felt a little tired.3）When I at school, I studied very hard.When I was at school, I studied very hard.II. Practice: 判断以下是否是句子。1. Birds can fly 是2. The birds in the cage which I bought yesterday 不是3. Wait for me at the station 是4. If you know how to play with words to make people laugh
42、不是5. A way of saying “Im sorry” 不是6. Patting the stomach before a meal 不是7. The bread my mother makes is much better than what you can buy at the store. 是8. To make friends in the school which was not far from my new home 不是9. If you want to know what it feels like to fall through the air, take off
43、in a rocket, fly a helicopter or fight alien creatures in outer space 不是III. 常见的句子结构由于英语动词种类的不同，构成了不同的句子类型。和中文不同的是，英语的动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。表达同一个意思时，有的是及物动词，有的就是不及物动词。如：表示“听” 这个意义时，listen 是不及物动词；hear 是及物动词。表示 “看” 这个意义时，look 是不及物动词，see, watch 和 notice 就是及物动词。表示 “到达”，arrive 是不及物动词，reach 是及物动词。不及物动词是不能接宾语的。只能
44、加上一个介词，才能接宾语。如：listen to, look at, arrive in等等。1. 主语 + 不及物动词e.g. He came in.The airplane from Hong Kong arrived at four p.m.On his arrival he went straight to the counter.To catch up with others, youd better work harder.How did the accident occur?In July, the ship set out for the Pacific. Australia
45、has changed a lot in the past forty years.They lived by hunting animals, birds and fish.2. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语常见的系动词有：be, seem, appear, become, go, get, grow, turn,look, sound, feel, taste, smelle.g. She is very happy.I am a student.He became nervous when thinking of stealing.It is impossible to find a sh
46、op that is open after 5 p.m. in this area.We are proud of our friends.To become a top gymnast, it is important to start when very young.Its much cheaper to camp than to stay in a hotel.It is useless trying to argue with him.I got caught in the traffic.Just then, the traffic light turned red.He seeme
47、d to have misunderstood you.3. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语e.g. We learn English at school.He wondered whether Bill had managed to escape.I didnt mean to be so rude.Most people here earn their living by farming. We will send these goods to the flooded area.You must keep your word.I took some photos of some beauti
48、ful actress.I hope that one day I shall be able to repay you.被动：English is learnt at school.These goods will be sent to the flooded area.4. 主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语有些动词需要接两个宾语。间接宾语一般由人担任，直接宾语一般由物担任。give, offer, teach, tell, read, ask, bring, pass, lend, return, write, throw, allow, send, cost, make,
49、buy, do, get, save, cook, sing, find 等。e.g. My brother gave me a book.Who sent you the computer?My mother would read me a story before I went to bed.I wont tell you anything about it.Can you sing us an English song?Pass me the newspaper, please.这样的句子变为被动时可根据需要，将任何一个宾语作为句子的主语。e.g. I was given a book.A book was given to me.5. 主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾补e.g. Unfortunately they find it difficult t
