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高中代词语法.docx

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1、高考英语语法 代 词用来代替名词、名词短语或句子的词称为代词。代词可分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词、反身代词和不定代词等。高考重点要求:1、物主代词、疑问代词、反身代词和指示代词的基本用法2、不定代词的指代含义以及数的情况3、it 的基本用法一一一 知识点概述一 、 人 称 代 词表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词,叫做人称代词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化,见下表:单数 复数人称主格 宾格 主格 宾格第一人称 I me we us第二人称 you you you youhe himshe her第三人称it itthey them人称代

2、词主格:作主语,表示谁怎么样了、干什么了。I am a teacher. You are student. He is a student, too.We/You/They are students.人称代词宾格作宾语,表示动作行为的对象。Give it to me. Lets go (lets =let us)二 、 物 主 代 词物主代词是用来表示所有关系的,分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语,相当于形容词;名词性物主代词相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词” ,相当于名词,可以作主语、表语或宾语。单数 复数数人称类别第一人称第二人称第三人称第一人称第二人

3、称第三人称形容词性物主代词 my your his her its our your their名词性物主代词 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs汉语 我的 你的 他的 她的 它的 我们的 你们的 他(她、它)们的物主代词的用法:(1)形容词性物主代词放在名词前作定语。例如:His pencil box is on the desk.This is our school.(2)名词性物主代词作名词用,本身就相当于“形容词性物主代词+名词” ,因此,后面不可再加名词。作主语:Richards school bag is blue and mine

4、is black. 理查德的书包是蓝色的,我的书包是黑色的。 (mine=my school bag)作表语:Its his. 这是他的(东西) 。作宾语:He borrows your dictionary and you may borrow mine. 他借你的字典,你可以借我的。 (作及物动词的宾语)“of+名词性物主代词”可以放在名词后作定语,表示强调:He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。注意:试比较下面两句句子:This is a photo of mine. 这是我的一张照片。 (照片是我拥有的,但不一定照的是我本人)This is a photo

5、of me. 这是一张我本人的照片。 (照片上是我本人)3、 反 身 代 词单数 myself yourself himself herself Itself复数 ourselves yourselvesthemselves1这些词可用来:1) 作宾语 I cant express myself in English.2) 作表语 I am not quite myself these days. 我近来身体不大舒服。3)作主语或宾语的同位语 The theory itself is all right.在作同位语时,自身代词常译作“本人”或“ 亲自”They must make invest

6、igation themselves.他们必须亲自作调查。与 by oneself 较难区分 By oneself 译为“ 一个人干(不要别人帮助) ”They made the machine all by themselves. 这机器完全是他们自己制造的。2自身代词常和某些动词连用Enjoy oneself, behave oneself(使自己举止良好) , help yourself to sth. 请吃点。 。 。Come to oneself 苏醒3常与某些介词连用By oneself 一个人做(不要别人帮助)For oneself 替自己,自己 He has a right t

7、o decide for himself. 他有权自己决定。In oneself 本身 This is not a bad idea in itself. 这主意本身并不错。To oneself 供自己用 She had a room to herself.她自己住一间房。四 、 指 示 代 词(一)指示代词是具有指示概念的代词this 这; that 那; these 这些; those 那些; such 如此的;same 同样的(二)指示代词的用法(1)this 、 that、 these、 those 在句子中作主语、宾语、表语或定语。(2)such 一般在句子中作定语或主语。such

8、“ 这样的” ,such a 这样一个,such as 像 这样的。(3)same 可作定语、表语、主语和宾语。例如:1)That is our English teacher. (主语)2)This storybook is thicker than that one. (定语)3)I prefer this (these) to that (those) . (宾语)4)What he likes best is this/that. (表语)5)I have never read such an exciting book. (定语)6)I like such sports as bas

9、ketball and swimming. (定语)7)Such is our trip plan. (主语) (指上文提到过或刚说过的内容) 。8)She wants the book and I want the same. (宾语)9)We were born on the same day. (定语)注意:1)this 、 these 指空间上离说话人较近的人或物,可以与 here 连用;that、 those 指空间上离说话人较远的人或物,可以与 there 连用。2)打电话或其他场合,本人这一方用 this 或 these. 反之用 that 或 those。3)such 作定语时

10、,如名词前有不定冠词,应把 such 置于不定冠词之前 。4)在 same 之前必须加冠词 the 。五 、 疑 问 代 词有 who, whom, whose, what, which 都是来构成特殊问句的。Who 通常做主语和表语,whom做宾语。1 what, who 一般来说,what 问的是职业或地位,who 问的是姓名。-What was her husband?- He was a lawyer.比较 - who was her husband?- He was John Smith, the son of a famous writer.2 which, what Which

11、用于已知情况的选择,其后可以跟 of, 而 what 用于未知情况的疑问,其后不能跟 of.What fruit do you like best?Which do you like better, oranges or apples?3 在以这类代词做主语时,后面的动词可以用复数形式,也可以用单数形式,要看所代表的人或物是复数还是单数来决定。e.g. Who live(s) in this room?如果不清楚代表的东西是复数还是单数,则动词多用单数形式。-Whats there on the desk?- Therere some books on it.六 、 不 定 代 词英语中有下面

12、这些不定代词:all, each, every, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no.以及一些复合不定代词,如:anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everything, nobody, nothing.1 none, no one, nothing 的用法区别(1)none 即可指人,也可指物,且一定是特指,常用来回答 how many/much 引导的疑

13、问句;no one 只能指人,而且只能是泛指概念,常来回答 who 引导的疑问句;nothing 侧重于物,常用来回答 what 引导的疑问句。-How many people are there in the room?- None. (问学生)Who is in the room?- No one./nobody.(2) none 后面可加 of 引导的介词短语,而 something, anything, everything, nothing, someone.却不能。(3)none 后面的谓语用什么?单数还是复数。答:none 做主语时,如果侧重所有人的情况,动词多用复数,如果侧重每

14、个人的情况,动词用单数。None of us are perfect.我们都不是完人。None of us has got a bike. 我们谁都没有自行车。2 each 和 every 的区别(1)each 强调个体,every 强调“ 全体”。不可用 not each 来表示部分否定,而 not every 表示部分否定。并非每个人都诚实(让学生翻) 。not every man is honest.(2) every 还可以表示“每隔.的;每.中的”Every year or two 每一两年 every other day 每隔一天 one car to every 20 peopl

15、e 每 20 人承 1 辆车。 3 another, other, the other, others, the others 的用法(1) another 经常指三者或三者以上中的另一个,意思是“另外一个”,表示泛指。I dont like this coat. Show me another, please. (2) other 表示“ 另外的” ,只作定语。Any other plant, some other day( 某天)(3)the other,两者中的另一个。常与 one 连用,构成 onethe other (一个。 。 。另一个)(4)others 泛指别的人或物,是 ot

16、her 的复数形式,泛指别的人或物(但不是全部,全部是“the others”)e.g. some others(5) the others 特指 其余 的人或物,是 the other 的复数形式。4 全部否定和部分否定(1)All, both, everyone, everybody, everything 和 every 加名词都表示全部肯定, no one, none, nobody, nothing, notany(其实是我们接触过最简单的句型) 和 no +名词都表示全部否定;但当 not 出现在含有表示全部肯定的不定代词的句子中,不管 not 在他们之前还是之后都表示部分否定;e

17、.g. Both of them havent read this story. (not 在后) 他们两人并没有都看过这个故事。only one of them has read this story.All bamboo doesnt grow tall=not all bamboo grows tall.并非所有竹子都长得高。全部否定的例子:all of the boys are clever, but none of them can work out this problem.这些男孩都很聪明,但没有一个人能解出这道题。(2)总括性副词如 everywhere, always, al

18、together, wholly 和 not 连用时,也表示部分否定。如:Such a thing cant be found everywhere. 这种事并非到处可见。 (部分否定)Such a thing can be found nowhere.这种事什么地方也见不到。 (全否)5 both, all, either, any, neither, none 的用法都 任何 都不两者 both either neither都 all any none七 、 it 的 用 法(一)作无人称代词1. 指代天气、时间、距离、季节和自然现象等。例如:It rains continually in

19、 the south in June.It is a half hours walk to the factory.2. 指代上文中提到的无生命的东西。例如:Where is my notebook? It was here just now.There is air all around us, but we cannot see it.3. 代替有生命但不能或不必分阴阳性的东西(包括婴儿) 。例如:The baby cried because it was hungry.Someone is knocking at the door, who can it be?(二)用作强调句,构成强调

20、结构句型结构:It is(was)+强调部分+that 。例如:It was last night that they left for H.K.(三)it 作形式主语和形式宾语it 作形式主语和形式宾语是为了使句子平衡,而把真正的主语或宾语置于句子后面。例如:I found it interesting to study English.It is of great help to master a foreign language.八、few 、a few、little、 a little 的区别和联系: few / a few 用来修饰可数名词,few 表示否定意义,没有,几乎没有; a

21、 few 表示有肯定意思, 有几个。 例如: He has few friends here, he feels lonely. 他这里没朋友,他感觉寂寞。 There are a few eggs in the basket.篮子里有几个鸡蛋。 little / a little 用来修饰不可数名词,little 表示否定意思,没有,几乎没有。 a little 表示肯定意思,有一点儿。 例如: There is little ink in my bottle, can you give me a little ink? 我的瓶子里没有墨水了,你能给我点儿墨水吗? 辩析 1. few 与 l

22、ittle 作形容词用,都表示“几乎没有”,相当于一个否定词。具体区别: (1) few 后面跟复数可数名词。 e.g. few books , few students (2) little 后面跟不可数名词。 e.g. little water, little food e.g. He has few friends. 他没有几个朋友。 They have little money. 他们没有什麽钱 2. a few 与 a little 都表示肯定的意思,指 “有一点,有一些 ”。具体区别: (1) a few 后加可数名词复数 (2)a little 后加不可数名词。 e.g. Im

23、going to buy a few bananas. I can speak only a little Chinese. 3. a little 与 little 也可以用作副词, 表示“有点”“稍稍” 表示“很少” e.g. -Can you speak English? -Yes, but only a little. This book is a little more difficult than that one. ( 可修饰形容词比较级) She slept little last night. 昨天晚上,她没有怎么睡觉。9、for example,such as 和 like

24、 区别。都可用来举例,但用法有所不同。 for example 作“例如 ”讲时,一般只以同类事物或人中的“ 一个”为例,作插入语,用逗号隔开,可置于句首、句中或句末。For example,air is invisible. 例如,空气是看不见的。 He,for example,is a good student. 例如,他就是个好学生。such as 也作为“ 例如”讲,用来列举同类人或事物中的几个例子。Some of the European languages come from Latin,such as French,Italian and Spanish. 有些欧洲语言来源于拉丁

25、语,例如,法语、意大利语和西班牙语。Boys such as John and James are very friendly.像约翰和詹姆斯这样的男孩都很友好。like 也常用来表示举例,可与 such as 互换。但 such as 用于举例可以分开使用,此时不可与 like 互换。Some warm-blooded animals,like/such as the cat,the dog or the wolf,do not need to hibernate. 一些温血动物,像猫、狗和狼都不需要冬眠。He has several such reference books as dict

26、ionaries and handbooks.他有几本像字典、手册之类的参考书。注 意使用 such as 来举例子,只能举出其中的一部分,一般不能全部举出。若全部举出,要改用 namely(意为“ 即”)。He knows four languages,namely Chinese,English,Russian and French.他精通四门语言,即汉语、英语、俄语和法语。巩固练习1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers.A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English

27、 novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it.A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich?-Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry.A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _. A.

28、 they B. them C. themselves D. theirs5. -Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk?-_, thanks. Id like a cup of tea.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None6. -Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food.-Never mind. You can have _.A. us B. ours C. you D. yours7. -Can I come this ev

29、ening or tomorrow morning?-_ is OK. Im free today and tomorrow.A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None8. -How are you going to improve _ this term?-Work harder than last term.A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself9. -Could you tell me _ she is looking for?-Her cousin, Susan.A. that B. whose C. w

30、ho D. which10. -Is _ here?-No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave.A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody11. Paul has _ friends except me, and sometimes he feels lonely.A. many B. some C. few D. more12. If you want to book a round-trip ticket, youll have to pay _ $ 30.A. more B. other C.

31、the other D. another13. -Do you live by yourself, Mr Wang?-Yes. I have two sons. But _ of them lives with me. They are now studying in America.A. neither B. both C. none D. either14. -Have you sent your parents an E-mail telling them you arrived safe?-No. _ of them can use a computer.A. None B. Both

32、 C. Neither D. All15. Who taught _ English last term? Was _ Mr. Smith?A. you; it B. you; he C. your; it D. your; that16. We decided to go for a field trip with some friends of _.A. us B. our C. ours D. ourselves17. -Is there a bus to the zoo?-Im afraid theres _ bus to the zoo.A. no B. any C. some D. none18. You forgot your dictionary? You may have _.A. me B. my C. mine D. myself四.答案 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.A 8.D 9.C 10.A 11.C 12.D 13.A 14.C 15.A 16.C 17.A 18.C

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