1、1句子成分I 句子成分的定义构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语，次要成分有表语，宾语，定语，状语，补足语和同位语。II 主语2.1 主语的定义主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在 there be 结构，疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主句位于谓语，助动词或情态动词后面。2.2 主语的表现形式主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。1. 名词During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. 2
2、0 世纪 90 年代，美国乡村音乐越来越流行。Professor Zhang is a famous scientist. 张教授是著名的科学家。2. 代词We often speak English in class. 我们经常在课堂上讲英语。Who is the man standing over there? 站在那里的那个人是谁？3. 数词One-third of the students in this class are girls. 这个班 1/3 的学生是女生。Two times five is ten. 2 乘以 5 等于 10.4. 不定式To swim in the Li
3、jiang River is a great pleasure. 在漓江里游泳是非常愉快的事。To master a foreign language is necessary. 掌握一门外语是必要的。5. 动名词Smoking does harm to the health. 吸烟对健康有害。Playing football in the street is dangerous. 在街上踢足球是危险的。6. 名词化的形容词The rich should help the poor. 富人应该帮助穷人。In new China the old are living a happy life.
4、在新中国，老年人正过着幸福的生活。7. 从句2When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet. 我们什么时候举行英语测验还没有决定。Whether hell join us in the discussion is of great importance. 他是否参加我们的讨论是很重要的。8. It 作形式主语It is necessary to master a foreign language. 掌握一门外语是有必要的。It is dangerous playing with fire. 玩火是危险的。I
5、II 谓语3.1 谓语的定义谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。3.2 谓语的构成1. 简单谓语由一个动词或动词短语构成。He practices running every morning. 他每天早晨练习跑步。Yesterday afternoon he reached Guilin. 昨天下午他到达桂林。She takes good care of her sick mother. 她仔细照料她那生病的母亲。2. 复合谓语 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。You may keep the book for two weeks. 这本书你可以借两
6、周。Youd better not take the magazine out of the reading-room. 你最好不要把这本 杂志拿出阅览室。He has caught a bad cold. He has to go to see a doctor. 他患了重感冒，他必须去看医生。She doesnt seem to like dancing. 她似乎不喜欢跳舞。We are going to call on him tonight. 我们打算今晚去拜访他。由系动词加表语构成。We are students. 我们是学生。He looked a bit excited. 他看上
7、去有点激动。3IV 表语4.1 表语的定义表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后。4.2 表语的表现形式1. 名词Our teacher of English is an American. 我们的英语老师是美国人。He is an astronaut. 他是一位宇航员。2. 代词Is it yours? 这是你的吗？Thats all I want to tell you. 我要告诉你的就是这些。3. 形容词The weather has turned cold. 天气变冷了。Guil
8、in is the most beautiful city that I have ever visited.桂林是我到过的最美丽的城市。4. 分词The speech is exciting. 这演讲激动人心。The teacher was pleased with my spoken English. 老师对我的英语口语很满意。5. 数词Three times seven is twenty-one. 3 乘以 7 等于 21.He is always the first to enter the office. 他总是第一个进办公室。6. 不定式His job is to teach E
9、nglish. 他的工作是教英语。Their plan is to finish the experiment in a week. 他们的计划是在一周内完成这项实验。7. 动名词His hobby is playing football. 他的爱好是踢足球。4My wish is studying law in a university. 我的愿望是在大学学习法律。8 介词短语The machine must be out of order. 机器一定出毛病了。He is against our plan. 他反对我们的计划。9 副词Time is up. The class is over
10、. 时间到了，下课。My father isnt in. He is out. 我父亲不在家，他出去了。10 表语从句The truth is that he has never been abroad. 实际情况是他从未出过国。What I want to know is when well have the sports meet. 我想知道的是我们什么时候开运动会。V 宾语5.1 宾语的定义宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词后面，但英语介词后也要求用宾语。5.2 宾语的表现形式1. 名词They went to see an exhibition yesterday. 他们昨天
11、去看了展览。He is going to buy a dictionary. 他打算买本字典。2. 代词The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. 那场大雨使我未能准时到校。We should learn from him. 我们应该向他学习。3. 数词-how many dictionaries do you have? 你有几本字典？-I have five. 我有 5 本。54. 名词化的形容词或分词They helped the old with their housework yesterday. 他们昨天帮助
12、老年人做家务。We should take the wounded to the hospital immediately. 我们应该立刻把伤员送进医院。5. 不定式（短语）He pretended not to see me. 他假装没有看见我。She didnt know what to do next. 她不知道下一步做什么。6. 动名词（短语）I enjoy listening to popular music. 我喜欢听流行音乐。He practices speaking English every day. 他每天练习讲英语。7. 从句I think (that) he is fi
13、t for his office. 我认为他称职。He asked me whose pronunciation was the best in the class. 他问我班上谁的发音最好。5.3 宾语的种类1. 直接宾语直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。Lend me your dictionary, please. 请把你的字典借给我。Excuse me, please. Could you tell me the way to the railway station? 对不起，请问到火车站怎么走？2. 间接宾语间接宾语表示动作所向的或所为的人或物，通常指人。间接宾语一般位于直接
14、宾语之前，也可位于直接宾语之后，但此时在它的前面必须加介词 to.The company sent us a few computers last year. 公司去年给我们送了几台计算机。He sent a birthday gift to me yesterday. 昨天他送给我一份生日礼物。3. 复合宾语6有些动词除了跟有宾语外，还需要一个词来说明宾语的身份或状态，以补充其意义的不足，这样的词或短语叫做宾语补足语。宾语与宾语补足语一起就叫做复合宾语。它们在逻辑上有主谓关系。如果直接宾语是不定式、动名词或从句，常用 it 作形式宾语。They elected him their monit
15、or. 他们选他当班长。（代词+名词）I found the baby always happy. 我发现这个婴儿总是很愉快。（名词+形容词）The next day he found himself in the hospital when he waked. 当他第二天醒来时发现自己在医院里。（代词+ 介词短语）I often ask him to help me with my English. 我经常请他帮助我学英语。 （代词+动词不定式）I find it easy to answer this question. 我发现回答这个问题是容易的。（it 作形式宾语）4. 介词宾语谓语介
16、词后面的宾语叫介词宾语。In our school about three-fourths of the students are from the north. 我们学校 3/4 的学生来自北方。VI 宾语补足语6.1 宾语补足语的定义英语中有些及物动词，除了有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有：make(使) ，consider(认为)，cause(引起)，see( 看见)，find(发现)，call(称为,叫做)，get(让,使得)，have(让,使得 )，let( 让)等。Electricity can make a machine run.
17、 电能使机器运转。We consider/think the answer (to be) correct. 我们认为这个答案是对的。What he said made me very angry. 他的话使我很生气。6.2 宾语补足语的表现形式带有宾语补足语的句型一般为：某些及物动词（如 make）+直接宾语(名词或代词)+宾语补足语。宾语补足语在句中的 9 中表示法：1. 用名词（包括名词性物主代词）表示7His father named him Dongming. 他的父亲给他取名东明。We consider Mr. Zhang an excellent teacher. 我们认为张先生
18、是位优秀的老师。2. 用形容词及其短语表示They painted their boat white. 他们把船漆白色。We believed the report untrue. 我们确认这个报告不真实。I saw him young and strong, and now he is old and worn. 我看到他的时候，他年轻强壮，现在他已年老体弱。3. 用不定式及其短语表示You mustnt force him to lend his money to you.你不应该强迫他借钱给你。Nobody noticed him enter the room. 没有人注意到他进了屋子。
19、* see, have, let, make, watch, notice, hear, observer 等动词后的宾语补足语用不定式表示时，不可加 to. help 后的不定式可带也可不带 to.4. 用现在分词及其短语表示We saw her entering the room. 我们看见她正走进那个房间。I heard her singing an English song. 我听见她在唱英语歌曲。5. 用过去分词及其短语表示They found Guilin greatly changed. 他们发现桂林变化很大。At that time, we were there and saw
20、 it done. 那时我们在那儿， 并看见这事做完。*过去分词作宾语补足语时，宾语和它的关系是被动关系。6. 用 as 引出宾语补足语We take English as a useful tool for research work. 我们把英语当作研究工作的一种有用的工具。I look upon him as my teacher. 我把他看成我的老师。7. 用介词短语表示We found everything in the laboratory in good order. 我们发觉实验室内每件东西都放的井井有条。Whenever you may go, you will find h
21、im at work. 不论什么时候去，你都可以看见他在工作。8. 用副词表示Let the fresh air in. 让新鲜空气进来。I saw him out with his father. 我看见他和他父亲外出了。9. 用从句表示We will soon make our city what your city is now. 我们不久就要把我们的城市发展成你们城市目前的那个样子。The plant has its own name. You cannot call it what you will. 这种植物有自己的名称，你不能随便称呼它什么。*能在复合宾语中先用形式宾语 it，然
22、后再用真正宾语的动词并不多，常见的有think, find, consider, judge, feel, make, take 等。8They thought it right to do this test. 他们原先认为做这项实验是对的。（后面的不定式是真正宾语）We all think it our duty that we should support him. 我们都认为支持他是我们的职责。（后面的从句是真正宾语）We find it necessary to master a foreign language. 我们认为掌握一门外语是有必要的。（后面的不定式短语是真正宾语）VII
23、 定语7.1 定语的定义修饰名词或代词的词，短语或从句称为定语。7.2 定语的表现形式定语一般可由形容词，分词（短语），名词，代词，数词，名词所有格，不定式，动名词，介词短语，副词和从句等表示。1. 形容词Guilin is a beautiful city. 桂林是一座美丽的城市。A bright future shines before our eyes. 光明的未来展现在我们眼前。*多重形容词作前置定语排列顺序：美小圆旧黄，法国木书房a pretty purple silk dress 一件漂亮的紫绸女衣the first beautiful little white Chinese s
24、tone bridge 第一座美丽的中国小白石桥2. 分词（短语）Chinese is a developing country. America is a developed country. 中国是一个发展中国家，美国是一个发达国家。Who is the man shaking hands with our teacher? 和我们老师握手的那个人是谁？This is the bridge built last year. 这是去年建的那座桥。3. 名词There are thirty women teachers in our school. 我们学校有 30 名女教师。They are
25、 going to put up a wall newspaper next week. 我们打算下周出墙报。4. 代词His rapid progress in English made us surprised. 他在英语方面的快速进步使我们很吃惊。Do you know the student whose English pronunciation is the best in your class? 你知道你们班上英语发音最好的那个学生吗？5. 数词More than thirty students in our class have read the book. 我们班三十多个学生读
26、过这本书。The teacher asked the students to copy the third paragraph of the text. 老师让学生抄写课文的第三段。6. 名词所有格9You should follow the doctors advice and do more exercises. 你应该听从医生的建议，多运动。Marys parents have gone abroad. 玛丽的父母出国了。7. 不定式Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom. 我们的班长总是第一个走进教室。I cant
27、go with you. I still have a lot of work to do. 我不能和你去。 我仍有许多工作要做。8. 动名词The teaching plan for next term has been worked out. 下学期的教学计划已制定好。You mustnt take the magazine out of the reading room. 你不要把杂志带出阅览室。9. 介词短语He is reading an article about how to learn English. 他正在读一篇有关如何学习英语的文章。Who is the girl in
28、red? 穿红衣服的那个姑娘是谁？10. 副词（多位于被修饰词之后）A noise outside made him turn around. 外面的喧闹声使他转过身来。The man in the room below is friendly. 楼下房间的那人很友好。11. 从句There is nothing that worries him. 没有什么事使他烦恼。I will remember the day when I first met her. 我将记住第一次遇见她的那一天。*如果做定语的是形容词，代词，名词等，通常位于所修饰的词之前，但如果作定语的是介词短语或动词不定式，则位于
29、所修饰词之后。Her father is a famous doctor. 她父亲是个著名的医生。（代词，形容词作定语）Ive got an important meeting to attend. 我有一个重要会议要参加。 (形容词，动词不定式作定语)People in the park were enjoying the warm sunshine. 公园的人正享受着暖和的阳光。（介词短语，形容词作定语）VIII 状语8.1 状语的定义修饰动词，形容词，副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。8.2 状语的表现形式1. 副词及副词性词组Light travels most
30、quickly. 光传播的最快。10Factories and buildings are seen here and there.到处都能见到工厂和建筑物。2. 介词短语He has lived in the city for ten years. 他在那座城市住了 10 年了。In spite of the difficulties, we went on with our work. 尽管有困难，但是我们仍继续工作。3. 不定式（短语）He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination. 他因通过高考而
31、自豪。The box is too heavy for me to lift. 这个箱子太重，我抬不起。4. 分词（短语）He is in the room making a model plane. 他在房间里做一架飞机模型。Not knowing what to do, he decided to ask the teacher for advice. 他不知道怎么办好，就去问老师。Encouraged by the teacher, I made up my mind to learn English well. 在老师的鼓励下，我决心把英语学好。5. 名词（短语）Wait a minu
32、te. 等一下。Would you please come this way? 请这边走。The road is fifty kilometers long and ten meters wide. 这条马路 50 公里长，10 米宽。6. 从句Once you begin, you must continue. 一旦开始，你就得继续下去。It is very difficult to live where there is little water. 在没有多少水的地方，生活是十分艰难的。I must work harder in order that I may catch up with
33、 the others. 为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。8.3 状语的种类1. 时间状语How about meeting again at six? 6 点再见面怎么样？When it rains, I usually go to school by bus. 下雨天，我通常乘公共汽车去上学。2. 原因状语Last night she didnt go to the dance party because of the rain. 由于下雨，她昨晚没有去参加舞会。11Since you are very busy, I wont trouble you. 既然你很忙，我就不打扰你了。3.
34、 条件状语I shall go there if it doesnt rain. 如果不下雨，我将到那里去。As (So) long as you work hard, you can make rapid progress in English. 只要你努力，你就可以在英语方面取得很快的进步。4. 地点状语Mr. Smith lives on the third floor. 史密斯先生住在 3 楼。Where there is water, there is life. 有水的地方，就有生命。5. 方式状语She put the eggs into the basket with grea
35、t care. 她小心地把鸡蛋放在篮子里。He has greatly improved his spoken English by this means. 他用这种方式极大地改善了他的英语口语。6. 伴随状语She came in with a dictionary in her hand. 她进来时手里拿着一本字典。The teacher came in, followed by a group of students. 老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。7. 目的状语In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. 为了赶上
36、其他人，我必须更努力学习。I went there to see a friend of mine. 我去那里看我的一个朋友。Bring it closer so that I may see it better. 把它拿近些，以便我看的更清楚些。8. 结果状语He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 他累极了，立刻就睡着了。He is so good a teacher that the students love and respect him. 他是一位很好的老师，学生们都敬爱他。9. 让步状语She works very hard
37、 though she is old. 虽然她年纪大了，但他仍然十分努力工作。No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome. 不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。10. 程度状语They were greatly moved to hear the heros story. 听了英雄的故事，他们深受感动。I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。11. 比较状语12I am taller than he is. 我比他高。The more I speak English, the better Ill be. 我越多讲英语，就讲
38、的越好。* 副词修饰动词时放在行为动词之后或动词的宾语之后，修饰形容词或副词时放在被修饰词之前。They study hard. 他们努力学习。He was very sad. 他非常伤心。She speaks English quite well. 她英语讲的很好。We go to school on foot. 我们步行上学。IX 同位语9.1 同位语的定义当两个指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置时，一个句子成分可被用来说明或解释另一个句子成分，前者就叫做后者的同位语。名词、代词、形容词或词组以及数词均可作同位语。同位语有两种：限制性同位语和非限制性同位语。限制性同位语和前面的名词或代词的关
39、系比较紧密，中间没有逗号把它们分开。非限制性同位语和前面名词的关系比较松散，中间通常有一个逗号把它们分开，大多数同位语都属于非限制性同位语。Thomas Jefferson，the third president of the United States，may be less famous than George Washington and Abraham Lincoln美国第三任总统托马斯 杰斐逊也许不像乔治华盛顿和亚伯拉罕林肯那样著名。（名词词组作 Thomas Jefferson 同位语）Myra herself had got a medal for her work for th
40、e aged迈拉自己由于悉心为老年人工作而获得一枚奖章。（代词作同位语）9.2同位语的表现形式1. 名词We have two children, a boy and a girl. 我们有两个孩子，一男一女。We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country.我们中国人决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。2. 代词They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。Lets you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩
41、去工作吧，奥利佛。3. 数词Are you two ready? 你们俩准备好了吗？They two went, we three stayed behind. 他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。4. 不定式The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。5. 动名词Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition. 他们最近提出的集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。136. 介
42、词短语The city of Rome 罗马城The art of writing 写作艺术The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好7. 从句The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不实。We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题。练习指出下列句子画线部分是什么句子成分？1. There is going to be an American film tonight.2. H
43、e is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.3. His wish is to become a scientist.4. He managed to finish the work in time.5. Tom came to ask me for advice.6. He found it important to master English.7. Do you have anything else to say?8. To be honest, your pronunciation is not so good.9. Would you please tell me your address?10. He sat there, reading a newspaper.11. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.12. He noticed a man enter the room.13. The apples tasted sweet.
